Management Accounting Research Review

This assignment tasks you with reviewing a selection of scholarly articles focused on contemporary trends in management accounting. The provided list covers areas like environmental management accounting, knowledge transmission within family businesses, the role of management accounting in lean manufacturing, and the gap between academic research and practical application. The review requires critical analysis of these diverse perspectives within the field.

Management Accounting
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
(P1) Define management accounting and discuss its types and essential requirements in
organisation............................................................................................................................1
(P2) Discuss different methods used for management accounting reporting.........................3
(M1) Discuss benefits of management accounting systems and their application.................5
(P3) Calculate costs by using tchniques of cost analysis eith help of absorption costing and
marginal costing.....................................................................................................................5
APPENDIX......................................................................................................................................8
Working Note 1......................................................................................................................8
Working Note 2......................................................................................................................8
(M2) Different management accounting techniques..............................................................8
(P4)Outilne avantafs and duadvantages of tools used in budgetary control..........................9
(M3) State the use of different planning tools and their application for preparing and
forecasting budgets...............................................................................................................11
(P5) Compare how organisations are adapting management accounting systems to respond to
financial problems................................................................................................................11
(M4) Discuss how, in responding to financial problems, management accounting can lead to
success..................................................................................................................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14
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INTRODUCTION
Management accounting is useful tool for organization to have full control on the internal
factors of it so that if any deviations exist then it can be solved with the help of management
accounting techniques in effective way. This report deals with Zylla Company which is quite
successful in its set up from past few years (van der Steen, 2011). It is also good in its working
and is able to make good image in market. Management accounting information is essential for
firm as it jot down inefficiencies if exist in organization and suggest ways how to eradicate it
with the help of management accounting system by the firm. Several tools like cost accounting,
job costing, price optimisation and inventory management system are very much helpful for firm
to effectively meet its objectives and goals.
TASK 1
(P1) Define management accounting and discuss its types and essential requirements in
organisation
Management accounting is quite useful for organisation as it helps it to have internal
control in organisation itself. The management accounting information is required by
management to improve its performance, if deviations exist in organisation. It is an essential
requirement to managers so that they may take quick and timely decisions for betterment of
company. This will help organisation internally vibrant and will become capable of performing
competitive in market. Management accounting provides accurate and timely information about
financial statements. It also provides statistical data to provide support to managers to take
enhanced and better decisions for the company. Zylla Company also uses management
accounting information to improve upon its working to be competitive in market.
Management accounting is utmost important for managers as it measures the internal
strength and weaknesses of organisation in the way which help it to improve upon weaknesses.
When managers know strength and weaknesses then they can make enhanced decisions for
betterment of company (Albelda, 2011). This will produce more productivity to organisation and
will be more successful in its operations and working effectively so that it can achieve its
objectives and goals in effectual manner. Management only to make decisions internally uses
management accounting information. It is not made available to external users like stakeholders,
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government, tax authorities, customers, banks, labour unions, researchers and suppliers. Only
financial information is made available to them not internal information. Management
accounting is quite useful for managers so that they may be able to make enhanced and useful
decisions for company for betterment of it in effectual manner.
Management accounting is process of preparing management reports to make decisions
for company. It identifies measures and communicate information to enable organisation to
pursue its goals. Through financial accounting, which provides information regarding accounting
reports based on daily activities. Management accounting aids decision making through financial
accounting. Management accounting is useful to forecast the future of firm. It also helps to
predict cash flows and impact of cash flow on business. It also involves trends, budget charts and
tables; it helps managers to allocate money and resources in optimised way to generate growth
and projected revenue.
The different types of management accounting and their requirement in organisation is as
follows:
1. Inventory management system-
It is the ongoing process, which deals with moving parts and products into and out of
company location. Zylla company also manages effective inventory management as it clarifies
company that what amount of inventory is needed and how it can manage to get the products
timely produced and made available to final consumers. Company manages their inventory on
daily basis as they place new order for products and ship ordered goods to customers. It is
however important that business leaders gain grasp of everything involved in inventory
management process (Burritt, Schaltegger and Zvezdov, 2011). This will give them useful
insight, no wastage of stocks will be done, and no additional cost will be incurred. Thus, they can
find out ways to solve inventory management challenges by finding appropriate solutions for
company to flourish in bets possible way.
2. Cost accounting-
Cost accounting is the important phenomenon in organisation. It measures and controls
cost in the organization which helps them to keep a watch over its expenses and no additional
expenditure is incurred. It also provides measures to control. Estimating accurate cost is required
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so as to arrive at profitable operations. Firm must know which products are profitable and which
are not. This can be ascertained by calculating correct cost of it. Further products costing system
helps in calculating and estimating closing value of materials inventory WIP (Work in Progress)
and finished goods for purpose of preparation of financial statements for organisation. It has
been divided in two parts such as process costing and activity based costing.
Process costing is cost accounting system that accumulate manufacturing expenses
separately for each process held in production of goods. It is more appropriate for products
whose production is assigned into different departments and cost flow from one department to
another department. Example, process involved in oil refineries and chemicals products. Activity
based costing involves calculation of activity rates and application of overhead expenses to
products based on their respective activity usage.
3. Job costing-
Job costing is the process, which involves accumulating information about costs associated
with specific production or service job. This information is quite helpful in order to submit
cost information to customer’s under contract where expenses are reimbursed (Caglio and
Ditillo, 2012). This information is also helpful for determining accuracy and transparency of
company estimating system regarding allocation of job to factors of production, which
should be able to quote price to allow reasonable profit to organization. It involves three
type of information such as direct materials, direct labour and overhead involved in carrying
out effective production by company.
4. Price optimisation-
This method is based on mathematical models to calculate how demand varies at
different price level and then resultant data combined with information on costs and stock levels
to recommend that amount of price, which will improve and provide more profits to firm in
effectual manner. This is done because if prices are too high, customers will not purchase and if
prices are too low, then firm will not earn profits. As such, price optimisation is used to improve
upon profits to company. So, formula of price optimisation is based on overall demand for
product in market, level of competition. Finding perfect balance between the price and profit is
essential part of this system. This will provide clarity to business on how much price is to be
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quoted to gain more profits by analysing demand for the product in market and determine level
of competition from rivals. As such, this technique is quite useful for Zylla Company to target
high profits in effectual manner.
(P2) Discuss different methods used for management accounting reporting
 Segmental report:
It is the report of operating segments of company in disclosures accompanying in its
financial statements. It is required for public held entities and not for the private ones for its use.
Creditors and investors regarding financial strength of operating departments of company use
segment reporting. Zylla Company prepares this report for providing information to them in
effective way as by relying on this report, they can make decisions regarding company. Segment
report includes information like factors used to identify reportable segments, types of products
sold by each segment, revenues and indirect expense, depreciation and amortisation. It also
includes information such as material expense items, income tax expense, non-cash items and
profit or loss incurred. As such, this all type of information is helpful for analysing strength of
financial position of company for investors and creditors for enhanced decision making.
 Performance report:
This report is detailed statement that measures results of some activity in terms of its
success over a specific time (Christ and Burritt, 2013). For example, company regarding
employee’s performance in accomplishing tasks may produce annual report. Alternatively, such
report might help management assess success of project or product and how well budgetary
constraints are adhered to. The actual results are compared with budgeted standards obtained
under some conditional assumptions over same period. Variations from such budget or standards
are known as variance and may be favourable or unfavourable depending upon higher or lower
measurements relative to the standards. Thus, corrective action are taken if any deviations are
occurred in performance of various parameter such as employees performance report or other
such thing which provides business to improve and attain stated objectives in effectual manner.
 Inventory management report:
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Inventory means stock of goods which are held in company warehouse for the purpose of
future production or sales. The stock of goods can be retained by company in for of raw
materials, spare parts, partly finished goods or finished goods in its godown or future sales or
production purpose. By inventorying stock in effective manner, company requires inventory
management report. This report deals with figures and facts about inventory currently in hand in
company’s warehouse. It provides managers useful information as how much amount of
inventory is used for production purpose and how much more is required to complete production
of specific items. This ensures that stock is not overestimated or underestimated and no
additional cost is incurred and production process is carried out in effective manner. Managers
do this as unnecessary stock in godown results in additional expense to company, which can be
clarified by inventory management report.
 Accounts receivables ageing report:
This report lists down all the unpaid invoices, which are overdue for payments for
customers. This involve all such information, which is required by company to jot down lists of
unpaid invoices from customers (Dillard, J. and Roslender, 2011). It also includes unused credit
memos by date ranges. The ageing report is primary tool for company’s personnel’s to determine
invoices of customers, which are overdue for payment. This report can be used to configure to
also contain contact information for each of customers liable for payment of invoices. This report
is also used by management to determine effectiveness of credit and control functions of
company in effectual manner. The report is sorted by customer name with all invoices for each
customer directly below its name usually sorted by either of invoice number or invoice date on it.
It is very powerful tool for management as it provides them useful information regarding the
overdue payment, which should be taken in time by the company. By analysing this information,
company gains payments on time from the customers, which is needed for company’s effective
functioning.
 Job cost report:
Job cost report shows expenses incurred by company in specific project. They are
usually matched with estimate of revenue so that company can evaluate its job profitability.
Zylla company effe5ctively shows its expenses through job cost report. This report helps to
identify high earning areas of business so that company can focus its efforts on those high
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earning areas instead of wasting time and money on jobs which yield low profit margins to
company. These reports are also used to analyse expenses while project is in process so that
managers can correct areas before expense is incurred on particular project. This helps company
to establish those jobs, which yield them high revenue margins so that it may flourish in manner
so that it can achieve its objectives and goals in effectual manner (Fullerton, Kennedy and
Widener., 2013).
The benefits of management accounting systems and their application are:
Management accounting system helps business to reduce unwanted expenses, which may
not be incur by company as it reduces their profits and impact their overall efficiency.
Operational expenses can be lower down by managers by using this system in effective way.
This also provide clarity to business what resources are being used to carry out production. As
such, expenses are controlled and management accounting system in company observes wastage
of money and tom.
(P3) Calculate costs by using techniques of cost analysis with help of absorption costing and
marginal costing.
Marginal costing-
Marginal costing is the increase or decrease in total production cost by producing one
more unit of product or of service to customer. In manufacturing concern, marginal cost of
production decreases as the volume of output increases because of economies of scale in
production. Expenses are lower down because company take advantage of discounts for bulk
purchases of raw materials, optimise full use of equipment’s and engage more specialised labour
in carrying out production. However, production will reach point where diseconomies of scale
will enter marginal expenses will begin to rise. Cost may be aroused as company will hire more
management, more labour and more use of machinery will be made by it (Giovannoni,
Maraghini and Riccaboni, 2011). This will increase marginal cost to company. Marginal costs
can be used by management for production decisions.
Marginal costs ae bifurcated on basis of variability into fixed and variable costs. It helps
to determine prices n basis of marginal contribution. Marginal cost = Direct Material + Direct
Labour + Direct Expenses + Overheads. It also helps in determining and valuing stock. It helps
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company to ascertain department and product profitability based on contribution margin. As
such, it is profitable technique which is used by Zylla Company to conquer its objectives and
goals in effectual manner.
Statement of profit and loss on the basis of marginal costing:
2. Absorption costing-
This costing helps company to ascertain cost by taking indirect expenses and overheads.
It means that units produced absorb all manufacturing costs. In simple words, cost of finished
unit in inventory will include indirect materials, direct labour and both variable and fixed
manufacturing overhead. This method is also called full absorption or full costing method.
Absorption costing is contrasted with variable or direct costing. Some of direct expenses includes
manufacturing a product, raw materials used in production, and all of overhead costs such as
utility expenses, used in producing a good. Absorption costing includes everything that is direct
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expense in producing a good at the cost base. It also includes fixed overhead charges are
included as product expense.
It counts for all fixed expenses, which reflects certain situation in which inventory is not
sold because assets remain part of company’s books at end of accounting period. As such, it
reflects more fixed costs attributable to those items within ending inventory. For Zylla company
absorption costing will result in more accurate regarding ending inventory (Lambert and
Sponem, 2012). In addition to this. More expenses will be counted for unsold products, which
reduces actual expenses reported. This eventually results in higher net income calculation when
compared to variable costing calculations. This will achieve company’s goals in effectual
manner.
Statement of profit and loss on the basis of absorption costing:
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APPENDIX
WORKINGS OF P3
Working Note 1
Fixed Production overhead absorption rate (OAR)= £1,800/600 = £3 per unit
Working Note 2
The different management accounting techniques are:
 Financial planning-
It is planning of investor’s current value and future financial state by using
currently known variables to predict the future cash flow, asset values etc. financial
planning is based on individual clearly defined financial goals. A snapshot of assets and
liabilities serve as a benchmark for measuring goals towards financial planning.
 Revaluation accounting-
This accounting revalue the difference between an asset’s fair market value and
its original cost by deducting depreciation. Revaluation accounting us useful for firm as it
recognises firm’s equity and do nit affect income statement.
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(P4)Outline advantages and disadvantages of tools used in budgetary control
Zero based budgeting-
This type of budgeting tool is based on zero base. In which all expenses must be justified
foe each new period. It means that no previous year data is used to make budget. Zero base
budgeting start from zero and every function within firm is organised for its needs and costs.
Budget is then prepared about what is needed for upcoming period by organization regardless of
previous budget whether it was higher or lower.
Advantages:
1. zero based budget are flexible budgets, focused operations. As it is based on zero basis,
flexibility is obtained in preparing budgets as no previous data is used in preparing budgets of
organization.
2. More disciplined execution can be observed in zero-based budgeting. It is useful technique to
prepare and forecast future budget for organization so that they may execute budget in enhanced
way which fulfils its goals and objectives in effectual manner.
3. Lower costs are obtained in implementing zero based budgeting. This is far better budget to
forecast best efficiency in organization. Firm need not incur additional expenses regarding
budget. It attains cost effective benefit in effectual manner.
Disadvantages:
1. It is quite resource intensive (Tucker and Lowe, 2014). It takes lot of time and effort to draw
up budget from scratch rather than using existing budget to modify it.
2. It can be gamed by managers as they get more resources into their departments. This makes
biasness among department. As such, it is not useful tool for organization.
2. Incremental budgeting-
This type of budgeting is based on simple basis. In this budget, only incremental values
are added to the existing budget to arrive at a new budget. Budget used for current fiscal year
becomes base for working on forthcoming year’s budgetary allocation. Management estimates
and assumes that all the departments will continue to operate at their current level of expenditure
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and if any additional amount is required will be added to arrive at next fiscal year budget
estimates by company.
Advantages:
1. This method is very easy to implement and does not have any complex calculations to arrive at
new budget because only values are added to the current year from previous year budget. This
can be achieved for various departments as it need not require ant detailed analysis by all of
departments in organization.
2. Incremental budgeting ensures continuity of funds for department without any detailed
analysis as it is easier to cope up by departments.
3. It provides stability to organization as no changes are made which led to deviations as such,
stable budget is provided by it in effective way to firm (Parker, 2012).
Disadvantages:
1. It is based on just on increment basis assuming that structure of business will remain same.
However, it does not take place in dynamic environment. As structure of firm with respect to
industry or economy may warrant for significant changes.
2. It results in unnecessary use of funds as departments may demand for additional funds leading
to wastage of valuable funds and increasing expenses to organization.
3. Fixed budgeting-
Fixed budgeting is useful for company as it is based on company’s anticipated level of
output. Fixed budget are collected and analysed before the period begins. Once company sets up
static budget, it will follow it but also keep track of its actual spending on various activities. It
focuses on department spending as a result, budget is tracked by company in effective way so
that no wastage of resources is made.
Advantages:
1. It is easy to implement and follow by organization as a result, company need not to incur any
extra expenses on its implementation. It also need to be updated continuously throughout the
year.
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2. Fixed budget also offers strong and useful insight to company’s cost and profits when variance
analysis is performed by it (Schaltegger, Gibassier and Zvezdov, 2013). This allows company to
see whether it is overestimating ore underestimating its expenses or revenues.
3. As underestimating and overestimating the expenses and revenues is found by it, it makes
easier for it to make any alterations in their strategies.
Disadvantages:
1. It lacks flexibility because company cannot change it anytime during fiscal year. As a result, if
company set the budget for sales volume to certain level and then volume increases, it cannot
allocate more resources to it, which is greatest drawback of this budgeting.
2. It is based on previous data as such, newer business face difficulty to implement it because
they do not know about the market fluctuations. As a result, fixed budgeting is not useful for the
newly established set ups.
4. Capital budgeting or investment appraisal: By applying the tools and techniques of investment
appraisal firm can do effectual planning regarding monetary investment. Sometimes, business
unit face difficulty in making selection of project that needs to be considered for the purpose of
investment. In this regard, by applying varied techniques of investment appraisal such as
payback period, NPV, IRR and average rate of return firm can select best proposal that aid in the
profitability aspect.
For example: Firm has two projects having different cash flows but initial investment is the
same:
Calculation of NPV
Year
Project
A
PV
factor @
10%
Discounted
cash flows
Project
B
Dis
cou
nte
d
cas
h
flo
ws
1 50000 0.909 45454.5 48000
436
36.4
2 68000 0.826 56198.3 57000
471
07.4
3 64500 0.751 48459.8 54500
409
46.7
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4 76000 0.683 51909 68000
464
44.9
5 92000 0.621 57124.8 82000
509
15.5
TDCF 259146
229
051
II 180000
180
000
NPV 79146.5
490
50.9
Computation of IRR
Year
Projec
t A
Projec
t B
0
-
180000
-
180000
1 50000 48000
2 68000 57000
3 64500 54500
4 76000 68000
5 92000 82000
IRR 24% 19%
Interpretation: Out of the two projects depicted above, business entity should invest money in
project A. Moreover, both NPV and IRR of project A are higher such as £79146.5 & 24%
respectively over B. Thus, considering the selection criteria of investment appraisal it can be
stated that project A will prove to be beneficial for firm.
The use of different planning tools and their application for preparing and forecasting budgets
are:
Cash flow forecasting is the planning tool for forecasting for firm in effectual manner. It
assists owner of business in identifying peaks and troughs in bank finance. Cash flow forecasting
will assist in identifying constraints in which growth is to be managed. Cash flow forecasting as
a budgeting tool is useful fir business as it gives clarity to it so that enhanced decisions can be
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made by organization in effectual manner. Another tool is fund flow statement, which deals to
analyse reasons for changes in two balance sheets.
(P5) Compare how organisations are adapting management accounting systems to respond to
financial problems
1. KPI (Key Performance Indicator)-
A measurable value depicts how effectively a company is achieving its efficiency to
accomplish its goals and objectives. It is performance measurement by company. KPI defines set
of values against which to measure. These raw sets of values, which are fed to systems, are
called as indicators (Shah, Malik and Malik, 2011). KPI is useful to assess performance of firm,
its employees and departments so that improvement can be made if there is deviation in
performance. In order to evaluate KPI, it links to target values so that value of measure can be
accessed as meeting expectations or not within the standards. It evaluates success of organization
as it provides evidence to company regarding its current position in market and also employees
are evaluated on behalf of it. Employees are evaluated through KPI as this measure the
effectiveness of employee’s productivity in achieving organizational goals in effectual manner. It
is useful accounting system to cope up with financial problems of company so that it may not
waste valuable resources and it should be fully optimised which is accomplish through KPI.
 Financial governance-
Financial governance is an important accounting system which focuses on increasing
efficiency of financial matters in the company. It also focus on improving reliability of financial
management and reporting in the manner by which company can achieve its goals in effectual
manner. When firm is faced with multiple priorities including financial transactions, it raises
issues to improve upon governance of their financial processes in effective manner. It is then
firm takes financial governance as an accounting system so that it may strengthen financial
position in effective way. Financial governance is constantly seek by office of finance so that
increase in efficiency in management of financial close and compliance process can be
introduced in financial system of accounting. Financial governance can build control cycle so
that risk adjusted insight with unified financial reporting (Van der Stede, 2011). It enhances
timeliness and quality of financial reporting in firm, which achieves its financial governance
accounting system to provide pace to company in effectual manner.
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 Budgetary target-
Budgetary target is useful accounting system in firm. Zylla Company also uses it in the
manner, which provides it efficiency so that it may accomplish its goals and stated objectives.
Using this tool organization makes forecast about future operations in the way, which provides
and yields it maximum results and efficiency so that it may flourish in best possible way. This
helps to make budget target in best possible manner. Budget target is used to make the target of
budget by which organization can make provision regarding future to make fully optimised its
valuable resources in effective way. Budget is important for company because it provides clarity
to it to make good decisions on behalf of its resources. This leads to efficiency in firm. Firm
makes budget and then compare with actual results so that it can be improved by taking any
corrective action if any deviations exist in it. As such, budget target is essential tool for Zylla
company to make effective working.
 Balanced Scorecard-
It is useful accounting system which is a performance metric used by management to
identify and improve various internal functions of business and their resulting outcomes.it is used
to provide valuable feedback to organization. Data collection is vital to provide quantitative
results as managers to make decisions regarding it in effectual manner interpret information
gathered. The balanced scorecard is used to reinforce good behaviours in organization by
isolating four separate areas such as legs, involve learning and growth, business processes,
customers and finance (Ward, 2012). Balanced card is used to attain efficiency regarding its
objectives and initiatives that result from these four functions. Zylla Company can easily identify
the factors, which hurdles company performance, and outline strategic changes tracked by future
scorecards. Company can easily implement this accounting system and can identify those factors,
which hinders organization performance in negative way. Firm also uses balanced scorecard to
make strategic initiatives and strategic decisions. This helps company to flourish in its working
and operations. It achieves its goals in effectual manner.
Management accounting can lead to success
Management accounting helps organization to make enhanced decisions. It prepares
reports about internal factors of organization so that managers can make short and long-term
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decisions. This makes quick and timely decisions, which achieves its goals and objectives in
effectual manner. Through management accounting, financial problems can be easily identified
which hinders organization success (Roberts, 2016). As a result, financial problems can be
solved by using budgeting tools and techniques by which managers can take decision and can
provide corrective action to improve upon performance. This eventually achieves organizational
goals in effective manner.
CONCLUSION
Hereby it can b concluded that management accounting plays an important role in growth
of organization. By implementing management accounting, firm can become vibrant in its
working. Firm can use several tools for budgeting such as cash flow forecasting and fund flow
statement. The management accounting is useful for organization as it provides way for making
short term and long term decisions reactively and within stipulated time which accomplishes its
goals and objectives in effective way. The management accounting system can be used to make
firm more vibrant and improve its performance when any deviations exist in internal factor in
firm. The accounting system such as KPI (Key Performance Indicator), budget target, financial
governance can be used by organization so that it may enhance its efficiency in the best possible
way, which maximises its profits, and also full optimisation of financial resources can be made
in effectual manner.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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Albelda, E., 2011. The role of management accounting practices as facilitators of the environmental
management: Evidence from EMAS organisations. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy
Journal. 2(1). pp.76-100.
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Burritt, R .L., Schaltegger, S. and Zvezdov, D., 2011. Carbon management accounting: explaining
practice in leading German companies. Australian Accounting Review, 21(1). pp.80-98.
Caglio, A. and Ditillo, A., 2012. Opening the black box of management accounting information exchanges
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Dillard, J. and Roslender, R., 2011. Taking pluralism seriously: embedded moralities in management
accounting and control systems. Critical Perspectives on Accounting. 22(2). pp.135-147.
Fullerton, R. R., Kennedy, F. A. and Widener, S.K., 2013. Management accounting and control practices
in a lean manufacturing environment. Accounting, Organizations and Society. 38(1). pp.50-71.
Giovannoni, E., Maraghini, M. P. and Riccaboni, A., 2011. Transmitting knowledge across generations:
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function: a multiple case-study perspective. European Accounting Review. 21(3). pp.565-589.
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investigation of the research-practice gap in management accounting. Accounting, Auditing &
Accountability Journal. 27(3). pp.394-425.
Parker, L. D., 2012. Qualitative management accounting research: Assessing deliverables and
relevance. Critical perspectives on accounting. 23(1). pp.54-70.
Schaltegger, S., Gibassier, D. and Zvezdov, D., 2013. Is environmental management accounting a
discipline? A bibliometric literature review. Meditari Accountancy Research. 21(1). pp.4-31.
Shah, H., Malik, A. and Malik, M. S., 2011. Strategic Management Accounting-A Messiah For
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Van der Stede, W .A., 2011. Management accounting research in the wake of the crisis: some
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Ward, K., 2012. Strategic management accounting. Routledge.
Online
Roberts, 2016 Budgeting and financial forecasting tools [Online] Available Through: <
http://www.robertsnathan.com/budgeting-and-financial-forecasting-tools/>
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