Management Accounting

The purpose of this assignment is to provide clear understanding about the management accounting through explanation of different management techniques and their impact on the decision making process of management. This assignment also evaluates the performance of the company from the data obtained from recent financial statement of British Tobacco Company.

Running Head: MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
Management Accounting
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author Note

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Executive Summary:
The purpose of this assignment is to provide clear understanding about the management
accounting through explanation of different management techniques and their impact on the
decision making process of management. This assignment also evaluates the performance of the
company from the data obtained from recent financial statement of British Tobacco Company.

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction:................................................................................................................................4
2. Management Accounting and its importance:.............................................................................4
2.1 Management Accounting:......................................................................................................4
2.2 Importance of Management Accounting...............................................................................5
3. Management accounting techniques available to BAT group:....................................................7
3.1 Marginal costing:...................................................................................................................7
3.2 Ratio analysis:........................................................................................................................7
3.3 Standard costing:...................................................................................................................7
3.4 Activity Based Costing (ABC):.............................................................................................8
3.5 Cash flow statement:..............................................................................................................8
4. Application of Different Management Techniques:....................................................................8
4.1 Application of ABC Costing:................................................................................................8
4.2 Application of Ratios:............................................................................................................9
5. Interpretation of Results and Recommendations:......................................................................10
5.2 Interpretation of financial ratios:.........................................................................................10
5.2.1 Debt-Equity Ratio:........................................................................................................10
5.2.2 Profitability Ratio:........................................................................................................10
5.2 Interpretation of Product Profitability:................................................................................10
6. Conclusion:................................................................................................................................10
7. References:................................................................................................................................12

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1. Introduction:
British American Tobacco Company is one of the leading tobacco and cigarette
manufacturing company in the world. It has its headquarter in London and primarily listed in
London stock exchange. The company has also secondary listing in Johannesburg stock
exchange, Nairobi Securities Exchange and New York stock exchange. It is also known for its
top most selling brands such as Dunhill, Lucky strike, Kent and Pall Mall which is popular
worldwide.
It was formed in late of 1902 due to joint venture agreement between Imperial Tobacco
Company of UK and American Tobacco Company of US to share mutual understanding and to
divide market share among them.
2. Management Accounting and its importance:
2.1 Management Accounting:
Management accounting is the systematic evaluation, analysis and interpretation of
financial information in such a way that the findings of such evaluation, analysis and
interpretation helps the management in formulating policies regarding future course of action and
making strategic decisions. Management accountant generally uses financial as well as
accounting information to predict upcoming threats and opportunities for the company. So it can
be used as an early signs of threats to protect from the adverse effects of such threats before that
threat results into a substantial or material loss to the company. Thus, Management accounting
means the use of financial and accounting data to evaluate, measure and prepare the report on
company’s performance in order to develop an insight about the strategies adopted by the
management and its implications on the current performance.

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The management accounting gives the idea about the health of the company financial
performance through different management techniques such as marginal costing, standard
costing, fund flow analysis and cash flow analysis to the different stakeholders of the company.
Proper use of management accounting techniques gives the management of the company, the
ability to enhance their performance and to formulate strategic road map to tackle upcoming
sudden changes in the process or In the market segment.
2.2 Importance of Management Accounting.
Management accounting has several important features that can be achieved through proper
utilization of management accounting techniques and proper formulation and implementation of
strategic managerial policies. Followings are the importance of management accounting
technique, explained below:
 Calculation and interpretation of variances: variances are the result of the improper policy
adopted by the management. variances is of two type , first one is favorable variances
which is the result of proper planning and the second one is the adverse variances which
is the result of inappropriate implementation of management plan. Variances give the
management the insight about area of improvement in the existing process. For example,
variances like raw material price variances could be the result of improper purchase
procedure adopted and emergency requirement of raw materials.
As British American Tobacco Company is engaged in the acquiring raw tobacco
from different sources, it is exposed towards to the fluctuation in the price of raw
tobacco, which may or may not be favorable for the company. Therefore, proper purchase
mechanism can reduce the adverse price variances due to such fluctuation in prices.

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 Helps in choosing best course of action between Make or Buy: The appropriate strategy
or course of action between Make or buy, can be analyzed through the cost benefit
analysis technique of management accounting. In this technique cost of manufacturing
and cost of purchasing are compared together to understand best suitable alternative to
adopt with analysis of opportunity cost to be achieved or to be lost.
The British American Tobacco company uses different types of raw materials to
be used in the production process. Therefore, it can use the above said technique to
evaluate whether In house production or outsourcing of such material is favorable or not.
 Profitability analysis of the product: the profitability analysis of the upcoming project or
product can be analyzed through use of marginal costing technique. In this management
technique, management accountant uses some historical data to forecast estimated cost
and the amount of contribution that can be achieved through this product to recover
unavoidable fixed overhead related to the product. It gives the clear idea about the break-
even sales and margin of safety that the company will have to maintain for avoiding the
losses, which mostly will consist of, allocated unavoidable fixed overhead. The British
American Tobacco company is on the way of lunch of two products namely B&H
Strawberry and B&H cherry. It can use marginal costing technique to evaluate
profitability of the product.
 Prediction of future cash flows: the management accountant can forecast estimated future
cash flows of a project or product through budgetary control technique and trend analysis
of past cash flows. In budgetary control technique, budgets are prepared based on the past
performance of the company and to compare the actual result of the company with the

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parameters set out in budget which will help the management to take remedial steps to
overcome with the variances occurred in between budgeted and actual result.
3. Management accounting techniques available to BAT group:
List of management accounting that can be used in the BAT group:
 Marginal costing.
 Ratio analysis.
 Standard costing.
 Activity Based Costing (ABC).
 Cash flow statement.
3.1 Marginal costing:
In this, the product pricing depends upon the variable cost and unavoidable fixed cost
associated with the product to determine the target sale by which optimal return on capital
employed can be achieved.
3.2 Ratio analysis:
Ratio is computed based on the financial information to interpret the health of the
business. In ratio analysis, the computed ratios are compared with the industry averages to
understand the level of effectiveness being offered by the company through its work. Investors to
evaluate the return potential of the company mostly use ratio.
3.3 Standard costing:
In this management technique, the management fixes standards by considering past
performances and such other factor, which is directly attributable to the fixing of standard.

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Standard results are compared with the actual result to calculate variances. Variances of adverse
nature are to be reported to the management and necessary steps can be taken to reduce such
adverse variances.
3.4 Activity Based Costing (ABC):
In this, Total Overhead are categorized based on different types of activity and the
allocation of such overhead is done in accordance with the activities taken by particular product.
It is the most scientific method of overhead allocation.
3.5 Cash flow statement:
This statement shows the overall inflow and outflow of cash and cash equivalent such as
Bank A/c in a particular period to determine the cash flow from different sets of activities such
as cash flow from investing activities, from financing activities and operating activities.
4. Application of Different Management Techniques:
4.1 Application of ABC Costing:

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4.2 Application of Ratios:

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5. Interpretation of Results and Recommendations:
5.2 Interpretation of financial ratios:
5.2.1 Debt-Equity Ratio:
As seen from the above calculations, the ratio of 2016 is 3.83 and of 2017 is 1.32. it
means overall Debt allocation to the financial statement as compared to the equity has been
improved but the company still has ratio greater than 1. This means the company is more of debt
funded which is not a good sign for the potential investors and Debt Holders of the company
because they prefer a ratio lower than one. Higher the ratio, the company is more exposed
towards higher borrowing cost.
5.2.2 Profitability Ratio:
The overall profitability of the company has been increased from 59% to 62% resulting in
the more return to the shareholders. The ratio shows that how much return has been provided to
potential investors of the company in terms of Profit after tax. The company has provided more
return as compared to previous financial year.
5.2 Interpretation of Product Profitability:
Using ABC costing for calculating the price of the product is appropriate method of price
fixation but it has some limitations i.e. sometimes the price of the product is market driven. The
estimated return on the product shows the return on capital employed on the product.
6. Conclusion:
It can be concluded that the proper implementation techniques will result in an increase in
the overall performance of the company. The company can achieve proper utilization of the

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resources employed with a significant reduction in the cost through proper utilization of
management techniques and proper allocation of available resources. The management
accounting techniques plays key role in structuring of managerial decisions through deep
analysis of financial results with the application of different management techniques.

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7. References:
Atkinson, A.A., Kaplan, R.S., Matsumura, E.M. and Young, S.M., 2012. Management
accounting: Information for decision-making and strategy execution. Essex: Pearson.
DRURY, C.M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Springer.
Hopper, T., Northcott, D. and Scapens, R.W. eds., 2007. Issues in management accounting.
Pearson education.
Horngren, C.T., 2009. Cost accounting: A managerial emphasis, 13/e. Pearson Education India.
Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Stratton, W.O., Burgstahler, D. and Schatzberg, J.,
2002. Introduction to Management Accounting: Chapters 1-19. Prentice Hall.
Innes, J. and Mitchell, F., 1990. Activity Based Costing: A review with case studies. London:
Chartered Institute of Management Accountants.
Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015. Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning.
Oakshott, L., 2012. Essential quantitative methods: for business, management and finance.
Macmillan International Higher Education.
Otley, D. and Emmanuel, K.M.C., 2013. Readings in accounting for management control.
Springer.