Management and Operations

Management and
Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Specify and compare the various role and characteristics of a leader and a manager......1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
P2 Examine examples of how the role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in
different situational contexts..................................................................................................3
P3 Application of different models and theories....................................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P4 Justify the key approaches to the operations management as well as the role of leader and
manager..................................................................................................................................6
P5 Explain the significance as well as value of operations management in order to achieve
their business objectives.........................................................................................................7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
P6 Measure the elements within business environment that affect the operational management
as well as decision-making by both leaders and managers....................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Management is a phenomenon that is used for operating and directing a organisation. It is
used by organisations for the purpose of achievement of laid objectives. Present report is based
on the discussion of operations that are used for managing the performance of organisation.
Present report is based on a retail organisation Morrisons that is one of the largest supermarkets
chains its headquarters are present in West Yorkshire, England (Wu and Parker, 2017). The
report is based on role of leaders and managers functions to get better insights of concepts. There
is depiction of importance of practices of operations management and the way it is affecting the
decision making scenario of managers & leaders.
TASK 1
P1 Specify and compare the various role and characteristics of a leader and a manager.
Manager is a person who is responsible for administering or controlling the activities of
an organisation. Managers are regarded as experts in effective planning and policy making for
the company in terms of overall performance and effective management of the company. They
performs their works at different levels and they are called by different names. For the same
manager plays various role and also have unique perspectives which are evaluated as follows:
Manager's role: Figurehead role of manager: Manager perform the duties of a formal and a symbolic in
nature like signing legal documents, welcoming official visitors as head of department.
They are important for the smooth functioning of an organisation. This function is
performed by high level mangers. Monitor role of manager: It is the important role of manager in which they monitor and
maintain the record of spectacular activities which are performed by the employee and
staff of an organisation (Tönnissen and Teuteberg, 2020). Resource allocator role of manager: As a resource allocator, they are responsible for
allocating physical, human and monetary resources and the most important resource that
a manger allocate his subordinate is his time. This role is performed by the top level
managers, in which they create effective plans with proper utilisation of resources in
order to achieve goals on time. For this they make strategies to overcome the risk and
barriers by filling the gap of demand and supply.
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Characteristics of manager: Time management: To being a successful manger time management is important and it
comes from effective time management skill that is the part of expertise knowledge and
skills. For this they assures to completer their task before deadline.
 Organisation Managers who combine their time management and communication skills
to set clear expectations can successfully set goals in action.
 Risk avoider: Manager are consider as risk avoider they don't attract by the innovations
and creativity and for this they choose different methods to work (Wong and et. al.,
2020).
Leaders is a person who leads or commands a group or organisation. The purpose of
leader is to proper utilisation of human resources in terms of effective guiding and directing
singles for the right decision and keep them encouraged in order to meet company needs.
Role of leader: Create vision:Every leader has its own group in which its associates follow the effective
instruction and direction of their leader. Leader has important role to develop vision for
team, in order to achieve their particular goal and for executing some exercises. Decision maker:In terms of taking decision and making hard choice, leaders play an
important role. They adopt spectacular tools and techniques for making decision on
ground of market area and organisation. Resolve conflicts: Conflicts are arises due to the different personalities and work traits of
team member and the team leader is responsible for resolving conflicts. Source of
conflicts can be prevents by setting ground rules and assigning task.
Characteristics of leader: Risk seeker: leaders are considered as risk seeker. They inspire innovation and creativity
that represents features and characteristics to reduce risk with using different methods to
execute different tasks in a more effective way (Gupta, Yang and Jain, 2019). Self management: It is the responsibility of the leader to lead and guide the entire team
so that the number of people working with them is considers. They represents the
characteristics of highlighting the key competencies for self control and management that
leads to effective management for the entire team.
Comparison in between role and characteristics of manager and leader:
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Roles and characteristics Managers Leaders
Risk avoider/Risk seeker Managers are those who are
looking for traditional methods
rather then adopting new
approaches.
Leaders are considers as risk
seekers because they work
with some unique ideas and
innovative approaches to
effective production.
Decision maker/Resource
allocator
Managers possessed the
responsibility of managing the
spectacular resources also
assign them on spectacular
period of time.
In this, whole decision for the
entire team are taken by the
leader.
TASK 2
P2 Examine examples of how the role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in
different situational contexts
Managers & leaders are playing a very effective role as it is related to experience and
skills of experts. The guidance and performance of managers and leaders are influence the
performance of workforce. There is a need to understand the factors that are leading to srtionsg
of issues and then development of solutions to resolve such issues.
Development of Internal conflicts:
Presently Morrisons there are situations where there can be presence of clash amongst the
workforce that may arise because of the difference in perspectives of employees (Herdman,
Yang and Arthur, , 2017). For this manager and leaders in Morrisons have to focus on on solving
such conflicts so that it is not affecting the productivity and effectiveness of the organisation.
There are some specific role that is played by both managers and leaders.
Role of leaders:Role of leaders consist of dealing the situation of conflict while there is
working on special projects. This can arise in organisation so there has to be handling of conflict
and disturbances by deeply analysing the issues faced by employees. This will help in
establishment of effective communication channels so that there can be no ambiguity.
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Functions of managers: Managers are the supervisor who are engage in formation of
policies by providing assistance to top management and especially Board of directors in
Morrisons. There is need of high amount of employee participation to enhance the employee
satisfaction. It includes evaluation of the main reason for conflicts to prevent them from future
occurrence. There is need to develop permanent solutions so that similar situations are not
affecting the performance of workforce.
Adaptation of changes:
Changes are inevitable part of every organisation. There are continuous Changes that are
taking place in products, organisations Strategy that is a affecting the present functioning of
employees. All this leads to high amount of resistance among employees if they are not able to
adapt to such changes with time (Robert, Dunne, and Iun, 2016). So, there is a need to focus on
the role of leaders and managers in management of such type of changes:
Role of leaders: Leaders are the ones who are responsible for creation of vision for the
whole workforce. They help in focussing on the ultimate objective that has to be achieved in the
course of business functioning. In case of Morrison leaders are using certain techniques in order
to reduce the negative impact of high employee resistance.
Functions of managers: Managers are responsible in formation of policies, producers so
that employees are bale to understand the exact change that will take place in their functioning.
For this managers in Morrison before the change is being implemented make adequate
preparations so that the overall technique is understood by employees before hand and they are
bale to formulate plans to enhance the level of comfortability for employees. The perception of
employees is changed.
Management by objectives:
It is a strategic management tool that is used in organisations for effective managing the level of
employee performance by defining of objectives according to management and employees of the
organisation:
 Initially there is formation of mission & vision of organisation. This is performed by
leaders in Morrisons.
 After this these objectives are translated into ultimate organisations objectives in case of
Morrison this includes maximization of revenue and overall profitability.
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 After this employees are stimulated to participate and reduce their resistance in reaching
to such laid objectives.
 After this the role of leaders and managers ion Morrisons is to monitor the progress of
employees in the direction newly formed objectives. Proper guidance and support is
provided if there is any issue faced by workforce (Lopez A2020).
 In last step there is evaluation of performance according to pre set standards. After this
rewards programs are prepared to motive employees to increase their present contribution
level and maximise their level of contribution.
P3 Application of different models and theories
Operation management is a wide concept that is considering different factors that is task
oriented and is also to focus on efficiency of organisation. Leaders are playing a very crucial role
in execution of techniques of operational management. There are different theories that are part
of the leadership concept and are used to deal with the practices of operational management.,
some of these theories in context of Morrisons are discussed below:
Situational leadership theory:
It is used for providing effective direction to workforce according to changing business
situations. There is use of Heresy Blanchard leadership style that is stating that leaders are free to
use any type of leadership style. In this leaders in Morrisons are using the leadership style
according to the competence level of their employees. There are four different aspect of this
situational leadership style that vary according to situation and are used by leaders for the
purpose of dealing with these situations: Telling & Directing: This is leadership style on which focus of leaders is to provide
proper guidable and support to overall workforce so that they are able to carry their
functioning without any confusions (Flickinger, Allscher and Fiedler, 2016). In
Morrisons this style is mostly used in case of new joiners so that employees are provided
proper guidance about the way functioning is actually taking place in organisation. Coaching and selling: In this leaders & managers are willing to work towards
development of new path for employees so that they are bale to perform their job duties,
In Morrison leaders are willing to influence their employees to enhance their participation
by use of this leadership element.
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 Participation & supportive: In this leadership style is focussed on assigning of duties
according to individual competency. In Morrisons this leadership style helps in utilisation
of present competency level of each individual.
 Delegation: In this strategy there is delegation of work to subordinates. In Morrisons
there is proper hierarchy that is present to ensure that there are establishment of
accountability and responsibility channels (Reid and Sanders, 2019).
Contingency approach:
Fielders contingency theory is focussed on identification of leadership style that can be
modified according to changing situation. In Morrisons this approach is used where leadership
style is changes according to situation requirement. Such as if there is a decision related to
working time then there is a need to consider the views of employees as they are getting directly
affected by this policy.
System leadership theory:
It is a skills and capacity of a organisation or a individual that is used for supporting the
process of system level of change. In Morrison it is used as a collaborative leadership and a
coalition building system that is focused on getting insights for purpose of mobilising of the
innovation across organisation.
TASK 3
P4 Justify the key approaches to the operations management as well as the role of leader and
manager.
It is said that the growth as well as development of a business entity is usually relies on
ample number of elements which are chosen by the top management authorities so that they can
perform all the functions in an effective manner. All these methods of operational management
methods have the capability to affect the overall development which leads to increase the
productivity as well as performance of the business entity (Meredith and Shafer, 2019). In
relation to Morrisons, it has been said that this is one of the largest supermarket chain where the
top management team of the company adopt different sort of practices which are as follows: Total Quality Management: This is one of the most effective approach which are
emphasised on the overall quality of products offered by them to their customers. It is
said that the top management team of Morrisons adopt TQM strategy so that they can
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offer high quality products and services to their customers. It has been said that in such
cases managers plays quite essential role in order to delegate all the work in an effective
manner which consist of planning, production, process and so on. In this case, leaders
need to make all the factors clear and communicate them to the staff members for the
attainment of organisational goals and objectives (Gupta, Yang and Jain, 2019). By
implementing TQM in an effective way Morrisons can eliminate their wastage and
enhance the productivity of business entity. Just-in-time: This is the another most effective approach which assist a business entity in
order to conduct their operations in an effective manner and on timely manner. This is
one of the most essential technique needs to be adopted by higher authorities of the
company so that they can easily enhance their efficiency, reduce additional cost as well
as wastage. In this managers of Morrisons are required to guide their employees so that
they can carried out their their operations of company in an effective manner. On the
other hand, in case of leaders it is necessary to effectively use all the prominent skills so
that they can motivate their staff members in an effective and efficient manner.
 Kaizen: Another most used approach is Kaizen where the main aim is to examine all the
defects and issues in the products and process which assist them in order to maintain their
sustainability at marketplace for a longer period of time (Hidaka and et. al., 2019). In this
context, leaders as well as managers both plays very essential role in order to adopt
Kaizen approach in an effective manner. Also managers are required to keep their
personnel motivated so that they can promote innovation in an effective manner at the
competitive marketplace.
P5 Explain the significance as well as value of operations management in order to achieve their
business objectives
Operations management is very essential for a business entity as it includes different sort
of functions as well as operations which assist a business entity in order to conduct all their
operations in an effective manner. Some of the most essential operations management techniques
in context of Morrisons are going to be discussed as follows: Production: Morrisons is one of the biggest supermarket chain offers high quality food
products to their customers. In order to maintain the quality of products it is required by
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the managers of Morrisons to manage their operations in an effective manner and reduce
wastage and errors. Marketing: For every business entity it is very essential to market their products in an
effective manner so that they can maintain their position in an effective manner at the
marketplace. For this, managers of Morrisons adopt online methods for promoting their
products and services at the competitive marketplace. This needs to be modify by the top
management team of the company on a regular basis so that they can beat the level of
competition at the marketplace (Wong and et. al., 2020).
Importance of operations management for Morrisons: Enhanced the overall quality of products: It has been said that the operational
management technique within Morrisons is high which assist in developing high quality
products and services. With the help of TQM and JIT approaches managers of Morrisons
will be able to enhance their overall products quality which will assist them in order to
maintain their position at the competitive marketplace.
 Cost reduction: The biggest advantage gain by Morrisons associated with the operational
management tool such Kaizen, JIT and TQM is that there overall cost will be reduced
which increases their revenue in an effective manner. Therefore, by adopting all the
strategies in an effective manner, business entity will be able to reduce their additional
cost.
TASK 4
P6 Measure the elements within business environment that affect the operational management as
well as decision-making by both leaders and managers
It has been examined that the business environment consist of two factors external as well
as external which have their impact on the decision making process of the entity. In reference to
Morrisons, both manager and leader of the company need to examine their business surroundings
so that take decisions in an effective manner. Some of these factors are as follows: Stakeholders: These are the individuals who are linked with the profitability of business
entity and have their impact on the functionality of organisation. In reference to
Morrisons, major stakeholders of the company are their customers where the needs and
demands are dynamic (Tönnissen and Teuteberg, 2020). This as a result affect the overall
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decision making of the company. Therefore, both managers and leaders needs to adopt
JIT and TQM approaches so that they can effectively modify their product quality
according to their customers preference. CSR: This is the factor which needs to be adopted by the companies in the present
environment so that they can develop positive image of the company at the competitive
marketplace. Managers and leaders adopt CSR activities within Morrisons which can
highly influences the overall process of decision-making of the business entity.
 Culture as well as values: It define as the values, beliefs, behaviours, ethics of a business
entity which motivates the staff members to perform their functions in an effective
manner (Sabbaghtorkan, Batta and He, 2020). Herein, both the leaders as well as
managers of Morrisons take their decisions as per the values and culture of the business
entity. It needs to develop a synergy between workers and managers so that they can
develop positive working environment in a suitable manner.
CONCLUSION
With the help of above mentioned analysis, it has been concluded that both leaders and
managers within a business entity plays very essential role in the growth and development of the
company. It has also been identified that there are various tools and techniques which is used by
higher authorities in order to effectively conduct all their business functions at the competitive
marketplace. Managers and leaders both adopt JIT, TQM and other techniques in their business
functions so that they can operate their activities in an effective and appropriate manner.
Furthermore, these are the methods which assist in gaining success and growth at the competitive
marketplace.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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Gupta, K., Yang, Z. and Jain, R.K., 2019. Urban data integration using proximity relationship
learning for design, management, and operations of sustainable urban systems. Journal
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Herdman, A.O., Yang, J. and Arthur, J.B., 2017. How does leader-member exchange disparity
affect teamwork behavior and effectiveness in work groups? The moderating role of
leader-leader exchange. Journal of Management, 43(5), pp.1498-1523.
Hidaka, T and et. al., 2019. Factors associated with possession of accurate knowledge regarding
occupational health management among operations leaders of radiation decontamination
workers in Fukushima, Japan: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open, 9(5), p.e025729.
Lopez, A.C., 2020. Making ‘my’problem ‘our’problem: Warfare as collective action, and the
role of leader manipulation. The Leadership Quarterly, 31(2), p.101294.
Meredith, J.R. and Shafer, S.M., 2019. Operations and supply chain management for MBAs.
John Wiley & Sons.
Reid, R.D. and Sanders, N.R., 2019. Operations management: an integrated approach. John
Wiley & Sons.
Robert, C., Dunne, T.C. and Iun, J., 2016. The impact of leader humor on subordinate job
satisfaction: The crucial role of leader–subordinate relationship quality. Group &
Organization Management, 41(3), pp.375-406.
Sabbaghtorkan, M., Batta, R. and He, Q., 2020. Prepositioning of assets and supplies in disaster
operations management: Review and research gap identification. European Journal of
Operational Research, 284(1), pp.1-19.
Tönnissen, S. and Teuteberg, F., 2020. Analysing the impact of blockchain-technology for
operations and supply chain management: An explanatory model drawn from multiple
case studies. International Journal of Information Management, 52, p.101953.
Wong, L.W and et. al., 2020. Time to seize the digital evolution: Adoption of blockchain in
operations and supply chain management among Malaysian SMEs. International
Journal of Information Management, 52, p.101997.
Wu, C.H. and Parker, S.K., 2017. The role of leader support in facilitating proactive work
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