Comparison of Roles and Characteristics of Leader and Manager

This document discusses the roles and characteristics of leaders and managers in an organization. It compares their different functions and highlights their importance in achieving business objectives. The document also explores various theories and models of leadership approaches and their application in different situational contexts.

Management and
Operations

Table of Contents
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1. Compare the different roles and characteristics of leader and management.........................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
P2. Determine the role of leader and function of manager apply in different situational context
.....................................................................................................................................................3
P3. Application of different theories and models of leadership approach...................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
P4. Analysing the approaches to operations management and role of leader and manager........7
P5. Importance and Value of Operations Management in achieving business objectives..........8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
P6. Assess the factors in business environment and how they affect the decision making.........9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Operations management refers to strategical approach that is carried out by manger to operate the
whole organisations and concern with designing and controlling the process in production of
goods and services (Benjaafar and Hu, 2020). It involves the ensuring the efficiency of business
operations and meet the requirement of costumer. In this report Sainsbury is taken which is UK
based retail company and second largest supermarket founded by John James Sainsbury. In this
report it is studied about difference between the roles and characteristics of leader and manager
and then analyse the role of leader and functions of manager applied in situational context. Apart
from that different theory and model of approach of leadership theory and key approaches to
operations management and role of leader and manager is discussed. Importance and values and
the ways through which they achieve business objective has evaluated and factors within
business environment and their influence the decision making by leader and manager.
TASK 1
P1. Compare the different roles and characteristics of leader and management
Manger is person in management who manage all the activities and function of
organisation such as planning, organising and controlling and monitoring the business
process in order to improve the effectiveness of company(Chary, 2017). In the Sainsbury
company, manger is works to supervise the whole process and from scratch and maintaining
operation system of organisation effectively. Right from planning to implementing the idea
in business is done by with the help of manger and responsible of many decisions in firm.
Leader who lead the group of people or individual in organisation and influence them to
complete the task. They possess with charismatic quality that everyone is attracted to them
by their attitude and traits and this characteristic is rare in individual. In the company
Sainsbury, leader impact the behaviour and attitude of people and influence to accomplish
their task on time and motivate them to put all their efforts and build confidence in them.
They are important part of organisation and play essential role in the function of company.
Basis Manager Leader
Characteristics They are generally focused
on process in organisation
rather on internal process
It focuses on process
oriented and maintain the
relations with all employees
1

that how effectively it is
done.
It controls the risk and make
sure that everything is as
per the standard and
evaluate the risk properly.
They do not have their own
style and copy the
competencies from others to
carry out their task.
and direct them towards
goals.
It takes the risk and courage
to initiate it and challenge
the situations accordingly.
They do not step back from
the circumstances.
They are unique in their
own way and work actively
to build their own
personality among
employees.
Roles They improve the
performance of
management function and
activities by monitoring
them (Choi, Wallace and
Wang, 2018).
They care about the figures
and numbers and does not
focus on the condition of
employees in organisation.
Always emphasis on
completion of task.
They work to assigned the
task to employees and set
the deadlines on which they
need to complete the work.
They think for short term
period and does not think
much about the future of
They enhance the
productivity of employees
by motivate them through
their attitude and behaviour.
They care about people in
organisation like employees
that their working
conditions and business
situation is favourable to
them or not.
They guide the employees
that how its to be done and
inspire them to do task and
support them if they needed.
They usually think for long
period and set the goal to
achieve in future and take
the thinks into bigger
2

organisation.
They are authoritative in
nature and believes in
assigning the task to their
subordinate and in return
they require the
accountability by them (Dai
and Tayur, 2019).
Managers set the goals and
ensure that every function
and activities is carried out
according to set standards
and focus on productivity of
management.
picture.
They are charismatic in
nature and able to earn
respect from whole team
and organisation and
eventually employees
become their followers.
They set the vision for
company and focus on
turning into reality and
make the people capable to
complete the task.
TASK 2
P2. Determine the role of leader and function of manager apply in different situational context
Role of leader is important in every organisation as it comprises of many qualities and
responsibility that are essential for business (de Sousa Jabbour and et.al., 2019). It handles
the all the employee effectiveness and performance and make them enthusiastic towards
their goal and objectives. The inspire them through motivation skills and helps in building
confidence in themselves that they can do perform better and accomplish their task. In
Sainsbury, the role of leader is integral part and its importance is increasing day by day in
company as they monitor the performance and working condition and business
environment and make sure they do not face any issue during their task. They greatly
influence the company’s efficiency as they enhance the productivity of employees through
consistency in communication and maintaining the proper relationship with them. They
facilitates in set vision and direct the employees towards it.
Function of manger is to manages all managerial function and activities related to
every department and combine them all in order to achieve the common goal of
3

organisation. It integrate everyone efforts into one direction and make it more productive
to fulfil the desired goal of business. They perform many functions like planning,
directing, organising and controlling all managerial activities (Feng and Shanthikumar,
2018). If manager is not in business then there is nobody who can regulate all function and
they has different responsibility and roles according to their position in organisation. In
context of Sainsbury, they perform all major responsibility towards business and their used
to change according to their role in company and focus on fulfilling the objective. Manager
undertakes many activities like production, finance and distribution in company and take
overview of every function run by its subordinate and ensure proper smoothing in
organisation. It has some levels in structure and set the goal and plan every operational
strategy that needs to accomplished.
Role of leader and functions of manger in situational context-
 Introducing new rules and policies: In this situation when Sainsbury is
introducing new rules, regulation and policies in organisation in order to improve
the efficiency and bring new change in betterment of company. It is important for
company also to come up with new reforms in management to enhance the
profitability (Gölzer and Fritzsche, 2017). The role of leader in this situation is to
make aware about these policies to employees as they are part of management and
necessary to inform them about rules and regulation. In this situation the function
of manager is to formulate them from the point of every person in organisation.
They play important role in making these rules according the scenario prevail in
market and to overcome the issue in management and to solve these they take
measurable actions and implement them. Rules are important in every organisation
as they decide internal functions and environment in business. Manager is also
responsible for all the scenario and it coordinate different departments and inter
link their functions and then introduce new policies and rules. After that it realised
the impact of this on entire organisation that whether it is benefit or not for future
condition. As, manager play important role in introducing new policies and rules
for future growth.
 Launching new product in market- In this context the company Sainsbury is
coming up with new services or product in competitive market to give tough
4

competition to its competitors in order to sustain in market (Grover, Kar and
Dwivedi, 2020). The role of leader in this situation is to inspire the employees and
build positive and yet competitive environment in organisation to build the work
capacity of employees and involve them in brainstorming and maintaining the
effectiveness. For this they required to develop the competency and creativity that
how they could penetrate in market with new product and enhance the profitability
and performance in employees. The function of manager in this situation to analyse
the whole market and evaluate the opportunity and challenges for company and
accordingly formulate different strategy and tactics. They set the objective and
assigned the respective task to its subordinate and coordinate all activities to fulfil
the goals. It involves in almost all planning, organising, controlling and directing in
organisation and maintaining the whole situation efficiency and effectiveness.
Mangers are integral part of business and they managers everything in proper
manner to achieve the objectives.
P3. Application of different theories and models of leadership approach
There are certain theory that used in management and the ways through which it could be
beneficial for organisation. In this company Sainsbury, there are some theories that applied
in management in following way to improve the efficiency in business and useful in many
ways some of the ways are-
 Scientific management theory- This theory is developed by Fedrick Winslow
Taylor where it emphasis on improving the efficiency of individual in organisation
and increasing the production (Heizer, 2016). This theory is useful in Launching new
product in market of organisation where it focuses on every individual to work
towards the goals as this theory suggest to optimization of resources by proper
planning and functional foremanship. In this time, motion and fatigue studies is used
where manager could determine the fair amount of work done by every individual. It
is useful theory that emphasis on providing adequate training to employees which
were working in business so as to boost their productivity. In this company needs to
undertake many steps to step into new market.
5

 System leadership theory- In this theory it states that leader is systematic and
approachable towards goals. It undertakes various discipline activities to solve the
issue and manages the whole business organisation. In this theory, introducing new
policies and rules is applicable and leader is able to use this in order to bring new
changes in organisation. As, in this leader must be properly discipline and think from
the point of view from organisation and act systematically and maintain the
efficiency in business. This is kind of holistic approach where every steps needs to
take with full research and evaluation that how, what and when these rules require to
implement in company (Ivanov, Tsipoulanidis and Schönberger, 2017). In this
situation, the leader is able to take right decision that will be beneficial. Many leader
are very adaptive in nature and this theory is useful in complex situation where
leader needs to take difficult decision but yet they are essential for company. This
theory helps the leader to think in broadly manner and improve in critical thinking
where it improve the decision making ability in leader through many ways and it will
be so helpful to monitor every issue effectively.
 Contingency leadership theory- This theory states that leader is not right is every
decision he makes and somewhere he faced the challenges. On one side leader could
be right but might be wrong in another side, so it not important that it is right in all
situation. This theory is says that leader can adopt any style depend on the situation
and it is flexible in nature and does not prescribed in rigid set standards. This
facilities the leader to take its own decision to choose the style as in the Launching
new product in market. In this situation leader could any style that is best suitable as
in this leader might require to act differently in various situations (Ketokivi and
McIntosh, 2017). So, according to the situation in company, it can adopt any own
style that is best suitable as in this situation they require to take many activities and
functions. At the same time, they have to do many task and leader is able to take
major decision and which is benefited from all perspective.
 Situational leadership theory- In this theory it concerns with leader can change its
leadership style according to the situation. In this it can adopt the style that is best
suited in situation and could change this after some time when he feels to do so.
Many leaders use this type of leadership style to handle the situation in organisation.
6

It is widely prevailing in market and leaders were able to lead the individual and
group when there are multiple type of situation at the same time, so they adapt this
kind of style to manage properly. In the company Sainsbury, leader could use both
the situation in order to take the appropriate steps and action. As, in these both the
situation there are different kind of situation will come where leader need to take
some style to monitor the situations and through this style he can change according
to respective situations. So many leaders choose this style over other as this enable
them to act which is beneficial for all employees and organisation to meet the
requirement. In this situation leader needs to deal with employees of different
department and whole organisational structure where all kind of individual come
where they have to properly manage with all of them. As, it is necessary for leader
also to influence everyone and not focuses on individual group and treat them
equally. So, this leadership style is useful in both the situational context of company.
TASK 3
P4. Analysing the approaches to operations management and role of leader and manager
In analysing the approaches company uses some of them and the way in which the role of
and manager is playing in order to improve the efficiency in organisation. Some of
approaches that applied in company in following way-
 Kaizen approach- This refers to “change for better” developed by Japanese
business philosophy that focuses on improving in gradually in production
performance (Terwiesch and et.al., 2020). Role of leader in this to encourage to
increase their involvement in business process. The role of manager in this to
control every thing and make sure that everything is on proper manner some small
changes that he could take like just-in-time delivery, standardized work and
efficient use of equipment. It needs to focus on eliminating the waste and recognize
small changes that could bring big change in future.
 Six Sigma approach- In this approach they use quality control methodology that
focuses on work faster with fewer mistakes and use some methods to eliminate the
mistakes. Role of leader is to improve the costumer experiences by enhancing the
employees skills and improving the statistical business process in company and
7

motivate them to give their best (Kumar, Mookerjee and Shubham, 2018). The role
of manager is to analyse the way to enhance the quality and assigned the task to
employees to check whether they are working properly or not. They take overview
of every process in business and reduce the wate and mistakes through various
methods.
 Total Quality management- It is costumer focused process that focuses on
continual process in business process and maintain the organisation efficiency
(Sabbaghtorkan, Batta and He, 2020). The role of leader is to motivate the
employees to work and ensure everyone is moving towards common goals and
improving the quality in product and services. The role of manager to hold all the
activities in production process and improve overall quality in final product.
Manager seeks every department that all the process is going according to set
standard and it include supply chain management and production process mainly to
monitor in this approach.
P5. Importance and Value of Operations Management in achieving business objectives
The importance and value of Operations Management in achieving business objectives is
explained as follows-
 Achievement of objectives- Operations management is useful so that the different types
of business objectives are set and can be attained without problems and issues (Choi,
Chen and Zhao, 2016). Thus in this way the management of Sainsbury’s can make sure
that they are able to create short-term, medium-term and long-term plans which will help
a lot in attaining the relevant business objectives in the future.
 Improvement in productivity- Operations management is helpful in ensuring that the
improvement in the overall productivity level can be seen. In this way the managers of
Sainsbury’s will be able to ensure that the identification of the way productivity can be
enhanced is done which is quite helpful in raising the efficiency and effectiveness level in
the future.
 Enhancement of goodwill- Operations management is helpful in ensuring that the
enhancement of goodwill can be done (Qi and Shen, 2019). If a company is able to
ensure higher-level of efficiency and effectiveness in operations then this will make its
good image in the market and this will help it a lot in ensuring that goodwill can be
8

enhanced without facing problems and issues thereby contributing towards the success of
the organization.
 Optimum utilization of resources- The resources which are available with the business
are quite limited. Therefore it becomes crucial that these limited resources are used
correctly to derive maximum efficiency and effectiveness (Lee, 2018). When the
resources are used optimally the different types of short-term, medium-term and long-
term goals and objectives can be attained. The management in Sainsbury’s has to focus
on identifying the resources which are needed for their business and making better plans
which will be helpful in ensuring that the best use of these different types of resources are
made in the future.
 Motivation of the employees- With the use of Operations management the motivation
level of the workers can be enhanced without problems and issues (Lu and et.al 2018). In
the context of Sainsbury’s, it is quite important that the motivation level of the employees
can be raised which therefore contributes a lot in ensuring that the efficiency,
effectiveness and productivity level of the workers can be enhanced which will help in
the attainment of the relevant goals and objectives.
 Better functioning- The use of Operations management makes sure that the functioning
of the organizations can be handled in a better manner. Thus it is quite important for
Sainsbury’s that the use of Operations management is made which will help a lot in the
attainment of the relevant goals and objectives in the future. Thus it is important for the
management of Sainsbury’s that it is able to identify the way an organization tends to
function which will help it a lot in ensuring that the functioning can be made better which
will be useful in enhancing the overall level of profits and making the organization better
in the future.
TASK 4
P6. Assess the factors in business environment and how they affect the decision making
The company is affect by many business environment factors and it is important for every
organisation to recognize before formulate any policies and rules. There are some factors and
need to be assess by firm as it affects their decision making in certain ways-
9

 Corporate social responsibility- This refers to broad concept that include volunteer
efforts, philanthropy and many CSR programs. This might influence the decision making
of organisation as this is self-regulating business model that involve taking certain
practicing and accountable to stakeholder, citizen and public (Lee and Tang, 2018). If
company takes negative decision then it will going to affect the relationship of
organisation and citizen and will impact negatively on the functions of company.
 Change in technology- This refers to impact of technology on busines as due to rapid
improvement in technology in market will greatly influence the working condition of
organisation. As, company is not able to match the technology requirement in market
than it business will face major competition and difficult to compete them. So, this is
important for company to consider this factor in order to give tough competition in
market. So, if Sainsbury is unable to meet the technology advancement than it will be a
big issue and might affect the decision making in company.
 Legislative practices- In this it states that due to change in policies and regulation in
country will influence the decision making in organisation (Lee, 2018). It requires to take
this factor very seriously and needs proper assessment of this in order to face certain
consequences that could be related to anything. If in country there is increment in any
interest rate then it will be major issue for company and has to make certain changes in
its operational strategies to overcome these situations. So, this factor highly impact the
business organisation and it is essential to consider this for smooth functioning in
management process.
CONCLUSION
In this above report it is concluded that operations management is approach that help in
improving productivity of company and maintain in efficiency. It is integral part of
organisation where it undertakes many activities and responsible to achieve objective of
company. In this report it is define the role of and characteristics of manger and leader in
management and examine the way in which role of leader and functions of manager in
situational context has been studied. Apart from that different theory and models of
leadership applicable and key approaches to operations man agent and role of leader and
manger in this is discussed. Analyse the importance and value of business and assess the
10

factors of business environment that impact the decision making by leader and mangers has
been identified in this report.
11

REFERENCES
Books and Journal
Benjaafar, S. and Hu, M., 2020. Operations management in the age of the sharing economy:
what is old and what is new?. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management. 22(1).
pp.93-101.
Chary, S. N., 2017. Production and operations management. McGraw Hill Education.
Choi, T. M., Wallace, S. W. and Wang, Y., 2018. Big data analytics in operations
management. Production and Operations Management. 27(10). pp.1868-1883.
Dai, T. and Tayur, S.R., 2019. Healthcare operations management: A snapshot of emerging
research. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, Forthcoming.
de Sousa Jabbour, A. B. L and et.al., 2019. Circular economy business models and operations
management. Journal of cleaner production. 235. pp.1525-1539.
Feng, Q. and Shanthikumar, J. G., 2018. How research in production and operations management
may evolve in the era of big data. Production and Operations Management. 27(9).
pp.1670-1684.
Gölzer, P. and Fritzsche, A., 2017. Data-driven operations management: organisational
implications of the digital transformation in industrial practice. Production Planning &
Control. 28(16). pp.1332-1343.
Grover, P., Kar, A. K. and Dwivedi, Y. K., 2020. Understanding artificial intelligence adoption
in operations management: insights from the review of academic literature and social
media discussions. Annals of Operations Research, pp.1-37.
Heizer, J., 2016. Operations management, 11/e. Pearson Education India.
Ivanov, D., Tsipoulanidis, A. and Schönberger, J., 2017. Global supply chain and operations
management. A decision-oriented introduction to the creation of value, 2.
Ketokivi, M. and McIntosh, C. N., 2017. Addressing the endogeneity dilemma in operations
management research: Theoretical, empirical, and pragmatic considerations. Journal of
Operations Management. 52. pp.1-14.
Kumar, S., Mookerjee, V. and Shubham, A., 2018. Research in operations management and
information systems interface. Production and Operations Management. 27(11).
pp.1893-1905.
Lee, C. K. H., 2018. A review of applications of genetic algorithms in operations
management. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 76. pp.1-12.
Lee, H. L. and Tang, C. S., 2018. Socially and environmentally responsible value chain
innovations: New operations management research opportunities. Management
Science. 64(3). pp.983-996.
Lu, G. and et.al 2018. Addressing endogeneity in operations management research: Recent
developments, common problems, and directions for future research. Journal of
Operations Management. 64. pp.53-64.
Qi, W. and Shen, Z. J. M., 2019. A smart‐city scope of operations management. Production and
Operations Management. 28(2). pp.393-406.
Sabbaghtorkan, M., Batta, R. and He, Q., 2020. Prepositioning of assets and supplies in disaster
operations management: Review and research gap identification. European Journal of
Operational Research. 284(1). pp.1-19.
12

Terwiesch, C. and et.al., 2020. A review of empirical operations management over the last two
decades.
13