Management and Operations: Roles of Leaders and Managers in Different Situational Contexts

This report discusses the roles and characteristics of leaders and managers in the field of management and operations. It explores how leaders and managers apply their roles and functions in different situational contexts, such as team-building activities and launching new products. The report focuses on Tesco, a multinational retailer, and its management structure and strategies.

Management and operations

Table of Contents
Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
An introduction to the organisation and management structure......................................................1
LO 1.................................................................................................................................................2
P1) Define and compare the different roles and the characteristic of a leader and a manger.2
LO 2.................................................................................................................................................5
P2) Examine examples of how the role of a leader and the function of the manager apply in
different situational context....................................................................................................5
P3) Apply different theories and the models of approach......................................................6
LO 3.................................................................................................................................................7
P4) Explain the key approaches to operations management and the role that leader and
manager plays.........................................................................................................................7
P5) Explain the importance and value of operations management in achieving business
objectives..............................................................................................................................10
LO 4...............................................................................................................................................11
P6) assess the factors within the business environment that impact upon operational
management and decision making by leaders and managers...............................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
RECOMMENDATION.................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Management and operations is an action that is performed by the management
department of the company that has the concern about the designing and the controlling of
different process that has been operated within the business. It has been operated in order to
produce the better goods and services within the certified period of time and with more
sufficiency. This report is based on the Tesco that is the British multinational retailers of the
merchandiser and the groceries (Ichinose, 2018). It is the report that includes the different roles
and the characteristic of the leaders and the manager within an organisation. In addition to this
the different roles of the leaders and the different function of the manager that is apply within the
different situational basis that will be generated on random basis. It also covers the different
theories and the models of approach that are used within the company by the leader and the
manager as per different situations. Furthermore includes the key approaches of the operation
management that are played by the leader and the manager. There is different importance of the
operation management that helps to achieve the objectives of the business. As the end includes
the different impact of the business environment on the operation management and the decision
making process of the leaders and the managers.
An introduction to the organisation and management structure
Tesco is the third largest retailers all across the world and that is as per the gross
reverence and it is on number nine as per the largest retailer that is measured in terms of revenue.
Tesco is the public limited company and provides the diversified range of retailing products as
like clothing, books, furniture, toys, software, electronics, telecom services, petrol and the
internet services as well. Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen in 1919 Hackney, London England
and having headquartered in Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire England, UK. They works in
6800 number of locations all across the globe and that helps to make the better and effective
connection with the large number of customers. The management structure used by the Tesco is
hierarchical structure that is basically the functional structure and by this they focus on each and
every different department within more perfectionism. Tesco uses this structure as it is the very
big organisation and thus they were divided into the multiple layers as they work in the different
places. There are three levels in the Tesco that is lower, middle and the upper level and the flow
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of information will be balanced as from the upper level authority that is the CEO of the
company.
LO 1
P1) Define and compare the different roles and the characteristic of a leader and a manger.
Management is the process of dealing the different operation that are performing with the
company in effective and efficient style by which the business objective will be attain within the
timely manner. It is the administrative department of the company that manages and controls the
different operations and makes the sufficient utilisation of all the required resources by which
company gain the maximum profit and more success and development (Chan, 2018). On the
other hand leadership is the practical skills that encompass the working ability of an individual
that could lead the team and guide as well as influence the working behaviour of other members
of the team.
There are different functions that are operated and performed by the management
department and that is as explained below as:
Henri Fayol's model
It is the model that is defined by the Henri fayol’s and he states the management theory
and about the managers as how they get interact with their personnel. This theory states how the
management department covers the whole process of the company. It is most vital for the human
resource manager of Tesco and it is as defined below as:
Planning: It refers to the different plans that is developed by the HR manager of Tesco to
come over from the different situations that are generated on random basis and affects the
working behaviour of the company. They develop the different strategies that are implemented
within the business in order to reduce the diverse effects of the business and it helps to maintain
the longer sustainability. There is some example of planning as like to exceed the employment
opportunity more in the business by which they could gain the higher skilled employees.
Organizing: It states the different formats through which the human resource manager
organised the different activities within the business by which everything will be occur and
accomplish within the certain time period. The example is as the manager will divide the whole
task to the team and assign the mentor and under their guidance work will be performed and by
these better and effectual outcomes will be received (Hu, 2018).
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Commanding: It defines the different state through which the human resource manager
provides the command to the other supervisor by which they could further manage the other
members of the team with more perfectionism. The example of commanding is that the manager
will assign the duty to the supervisors that then they further provide the working report to the
manager by which everything will be recorded and accomplish under adequate supervision.
Coordinating: It defines the condition in which the better coordination will be maintained
by the human resource manager by make the better coordination with the other entire employee.
It helps to make the effective communication in which everyone shares their views and feelings
with more easiness. There are some examples of the coordinating the human resource manager
will coordinate with the other manger and transfer the required information within the company
to create more clarity within the business.
Controlling: It states the different situations under which the HR manager of the Tesco
will make the better control on all the different function that are performed within the company.
There is an example of the controlling as manager will assign the task to the team and then they
further control each activity and takes the appropriate outcome and helps to perform the different
function with more adequacies (Gay, 2018).
Leadership roles and the different works and the actions that are performed by a leader
within the company and with these they could apply different functions within the company in
superior manner. There are some roles that are as defined below as:
Interpersonal roles: It is the roles that define the different relation that will be make by
the leader with the other members of the company. It is the ability of an individual with that the
employee will get connected with the leaders and they further try to resolve their different issue
in successful manner.
Informational roles: It is role that is played by the leader and in order to provide the
adequate information to the other entire employee by which they could perform their work with
more compassion and insert more zeal within the employee that reflects in their continuous
growing performance.
Decisional roles: It is role in which the leader could take some decisions that are in the
favoured of the employees and the company. They take some decisions that are in the favour of
the employees and provide them adequate direction to achieve their objective with more
attractiveness
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Leader and a manager perform different function within the company and there are some
difference between the leader and a manager and that is as defined below as:
Leaders are most trustworthy and bring more loyalty within the employees too and with
this they could encourage the other employees to work with more zeal and more faith. While on
the other hand Managers are more honest towards their work and always try to emphasis the
working performance of the company by motivating the employee through their decision making
process. Leaders of the Tesco have brought the effective leadership style by which they could
influence the behaviour of the larger number of people with more easiness (Liu, 2019). The
managers will follow the management style by which they could induce the different activities
within the business by which the continuous development will be measured by the company.
Leaders working abilities of the leader are more flexible and by this they could work with more
flexionless and changes the behaviour of others as well. The manager also has more compliance
and with this they could induces the different changes with more appropriate way. The leader has
worked under the team and has a narrow team and they always need and want to be a manager.
While on the other hand the management is the wider platform that gets managed by the
manager. The leader is an informal group that get provides more help to an individual to measure
success with more easiness while the manager is a part of the organised structure. The leader has
get that authority by making their skills and abilities more applicable while the manager has that
authority as they are the delegators part of the management.
There is different application of the leadership theories within the Tesco and that are as
defined below as:
Transformational leadership: It is the theory of the leadership in which the leaders
performs their work by identifying and analysing the different needs of the team. They create the
vision of the team and then influence the members to make the better execution of all the action
in durability manner.
Transactional leadership: In this the leader promotes the compliance with the members
by providing them adequate rewards and the punishments as per the requirement and demand of
the situations.
There are different applications of the management theories as well that are as defined below as:
Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y: It is the theory that defines the
motivation of the management that is provided for the betterment of the employees. It shows the
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different aspect of the human behaviour and different point of view of the employee with respect
to get motivates themselves by inducing different changes within themselves.
There are different roles that are played by the leader and various functions that are
performed by the manager. The leader could use the transformational leadership approach in
order to bring the continuous changes that are better for the company and the employee. On the
manager could improvise the performance of the employee by differentiating their behaviour on
the basis of McGregor theory.
Figure 1https://research-methodology.net/tesco-organizational-structure/
LO 2
P2) Examine examples of how the role of a leader and the function of the manager apply in
different situational context
Tesco is a multinational company which is having wide market hold and their products are
offered to customer around the globe. In order to deal with all the complex situation which may
arise in future, the manager and leader of Tesco is executing their roles and responsibilities in an
efficient way. It is very essential for the business so that to get assistance over goal attainment
and to receive success in desired manner. With the help of leader and manger the business is able
to complete their obligations in the market and receive market competitive edge (Chiu, Owens
and Tesluk, 2016). Numerous responsibilities are exercised by manager and leader so as to
control the business functions in various situations and to perform in an effective manner. If
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situations are not handled in an appropriate manner then this may lead to have ineffective
working in the business. Some of the situation which are faced by managers and leaders of Tesco
are mentioned as below:
Team-building activities: Team building is the process under which group of
individuals collectively work and tasks are delegated as per skills and knowledge of the team
members. In order to achieve goals business uses these activities so that to motivate their
employees. In this context Tesco is having team activities in their organisation, as stores requires
high team working so as to provide full assistance to customer in a proper way. For instance
when customer is entering in stores all the store employees are required to work as a team so as
to provide ultimate satisfaction to their customer regarding their visit. In absence of proper team
building activities and their management this is not possible for Tesco to manage their business
activities in proper manner. With the help of team building activities coordination between
management and employees can be improved which may help the business to touch new heights
in marketplace. The manager of Tesco is having responsibility to enhance communication skills
of their workforce so that to stimulate opinions and ideas in the business organisation which can
provide benefits to the company. Furthermore, Tesco delegates their task in teams so this give
chance to workers to work under team rather than working individually which lead to have
corporation in the team members. Leaders of Tesco are having high innovative skills which help
them to adapt changes in a considerable and continue manner. On the other side the leaders of
Tesco are responsible to maintain loyalty between their team mates so that secrecy can be
maintained in the business. Due to Brexit laws of UK are changing so leaders and managers of
Tesco is having responsibility to make their organisation capable so that their working do not
face any difficulties when the decision of Brexit comes out.
Launching a new product: The manager and leader is required to formulate strategies
when a new product is launched by Tesco in order to position that product in the market in an
effective manner. Within this context Whenever Tesco is planning to introduce a new product
and wants to establish market expansion then manager and leader is having their specific roles in
handling these situations. This situation includes various functions to be performed by manager
and leader so in absence of execution of these roles launching may be unsuccessful and
inefficient.Decisions are taken by managers with respect to launching of new products and all the
strategies are conveyed to entire team members so that they can have their follow-ups. The
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leader is responsible to look after all the strategies and to monitor all those problems which are
faced by the employees. Leader acts as a guide so that no difficulty may be faced in this period
(Bolden, 2016). As Tesco have launched organic food after growing healthy habits of customers
and for this various challenges are faced by them in marketplace. Competitors of Tesco such as
Sainsbury’s, M&S is having various product in this range so managers of Tesco is required to
analyse all the market condition with analysing all aspects so as to grab the opportunity to
expand their business in this industry.
P3) Apply different theories and the models of approach
Various leadership theories are used by leaders and managers of Tesco which are
explained as under:
Situational leadership: This leadership style is a free leadership style under which no
specific leadership approach is ascertained as leaders and managers can modify their approach as
per the prevailing situation. This theory is named as life cycle theory of outcome in which the
leader is required to adapt the changing market needs and accordingly formulate strategies in
order to take out efficient results. This theory can be used by leaders of Tesco while activities of
team building as this leadership style is helpful in facing issues during business
functions(Shonhiwa, 2016). So in the situation of market changes autocratic leadership style can
be chosen by Tesco so that decisions making process can be executed by upper level and leader
and manager try to follow the given instructions. On the other hand at the time of launching a
new product democratic style can be used so as to take out opinions from all the employees. This
helps them to create trust within the business as employees feel motivated and perform with their
level best.
Systems leadership: This theory states that an organisation is required to sum up their
employees and organisational functions as a single entity. In order to enhance motivation and to
stimulate team building activities, this theory is used by manager and leaders so as to maintain
the business efficiency. By adopting this style of leadership, performance can be enhanced which
lead to have high business efficiency due to which business goals can be achieved in the
stipulated time. On the other hand management uses this style of leadership so as to motivate
their employees so that to maintain friendly relations with them (Popli and Rizvi, 2016). For
launching of new product this leadership style is helpful as this assist the business in maintaining
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efficiency which helps the business to position their new product I n the market and to deal with
complexities in an effective manner.
Contingency leadership: This theory was propounded by Fred Edward in the year of
1964 which is focused on the adaptation of changes according to the personality of leaders and
managers. This approach is having two leadership styles one is task oriented leadership style and
the second one is people oriented style. For launching a new product in the market Tesco may
use style which is task oriented due to which high performance can be obtained by employees
and the overall business (Inyang, Agnihotri and Munoz, 2018). On the other hand at the time of
team building activities, task oriented style is adopted, which helps to motivate their employee
due to which skills of individuals can be improvised which can contribute the business in
success.
LO 3
P4) Explain the key approaches to operations management and the role that leader and manager
plays
Operations management defines the different approach of the company by which they
could get the better outcome within the adequate input and thus company measures the higher
success and more growth. It includes the concern about converting the raw material into the
goods and services that are served by the Tesco in more reliable manner. There are different
approaches of operations management within the Tesco that are as defined below as:
Total quality management: It is the process through which the quality of the different
diversified products and the services that are presented by the company will get modified. As
from this there will be better utilisation of all the resources by which the Tesco get the more
profitable ratios as from this competitive market (Khodaei, 2018). It is more helpful in the Tesco
as by this they could maintain the better quality that attracts the customers towards their services.
Advantage:
 It improvised the competitive edge of the Tesco and provides more satisfaction within the
customers.
 It helps the Tesco to produce the better brand image in the market.
Disadvantage
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 It takes a lot of time period thus waiting time is quite more by which it is hard for Tesco
to wait for that much longer time.
 It is even create more problems in between the relation of the employee and labour that
reduces the production time.
Just-in-time: In this process the resources will get utilised with more efficiency by
which Tesco achieves its objectives in optimised manner. It is more helpful in the Tesco as by
this on time correction will be implemented by which the company make the effective
connectivity with the customers.
Advantage
 It emphasis the capital production of the company thus right quality products will be
developed at right time.
 It improves the quality of the different products and reduces the waste of the Tesco.
Disadvantage
 It requires the higher amount of the delegation that is sometime not possible and quite
hard for Tesco.
 It requires the better coordination in between the mangers and the workforce and it is not
promising at every time (He, 2018).
Continuous improvement: In this process the different goods and services of the Tesco
will get continuously improvised by inserting changes and innovation in timely manner. As from
this the customer will get attracted by the company for the longer period of time. It is helpful in
the Tesco as by this they could induce the change with more easiness and customer gets the
better services with affordable prices.
Advantage
 It helps the Tesco to provides the better accountability to the stakeholders and promote
the business even more.
 It helps to access the overall production time under which the better products will be
developed.
Disadvantage
 If the quality will not maintained then reflects the bad image and create more
misunderstanding in the market.
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 The selection of the optimised matrix wills not easy for the Tesco thus it creates
uncertainly with the stakeholder’s (Gao, 2019).
Six Sigma: It is the process through which the different defects and the loopholes of the
company will get filled by which the profit will take out by the Tesco in terms of more
productivity and profitability. It is helpful in the Tesco as they could decreases the different
defects by which the better and required products will be provided to the customers.
Lean production: In this the better and most magnificent resources will be used to
develop the different products and the services. It is helpful in the Tesco as by this there will be
better alignment and usefulness of all the needed resources by which they could produce the
better products within opportune manner.
Queuing: This will be used in the Tesco as by which all the different functions will be
performed one after the other by which there will be better allocation of all the required capital
within the company. It is helpful in the Tesco because from this they could resist the adverse
effects that depreciate the value of the company (Amano, 2019).
Role of leaders in operation management
Creative vision: They create the better vision within the company and by which the
behaviour of all the employees by which they could work with more achievements. It helps to
increase the efficiency of the employee by which they have more clarity and better understanding
of different sources.
Coach potential: The leader will guide the employee by which their working potential
will get more developed by which they could perform their entire task with more usefulness. It
provides the support to achieve the objectives of Tesco with more charisma
Role of manager operation management
Resource allocator: The manager will allocate and distribute the better alignment of all
the resources by which they could get better outcome in judicious manner. As from this the
manager will improvise the efficiency of the employee and by this Tesco get better result with
required input.
Assigning roles and responsibilities: The manager will assign duty to all the different
supervisors by which they better and effective outcome will be achieved with more adequacies.
As from this the objectives and the set target of the Tesco will be achieved as task is assigned to
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whom those have more knowledge by which they could perform their work with more generosity
(Mutha, 2018).
P5) Explain the importance and value of operations management in achieving business
objectives
There are different objective of the company that would helps to maintain and attain the
advantage as from the aggressive market competition these are as defined below as:
Survival: It is most important for the Tesco to get survive in the huge competition and
for this imply different strategies within the company by which they could attain the higher
success and more profit. It is most important for the business to get long term sustainability by
which they could imply the better change within the company as to give competition to their
competitors.
Increasing value: It is the value and the image that could be maintained within the
market about the Tesco’s diversified range of products. It is the objective of the company to
enhance the value by which more and more people get know and aware about the Tesco.
Maximizing profit: It is the different scenario through which Tesco maximise their
profit by inserting the different change with more accuracy. As operation management support to
gain the objective and increases the profit as compared to their competitors.
Satisfying customers: It is the most basic objective of the Tesco through which they
could try to satisfy the need and requirement of the customer. Tesco works to satisfy the need of
the customers by which they attains the large number of loyal customer base.
Growth: It reflects the different aspect by which Tesco gets the higher profit and market
share by which they get long term growth in the market that is all across the globe (Tucki, 2019).
There are different importances of the operation management within the company that are
as defined below as:
Control and distribution system: The operation management helps to maintain the
effective distribution of all the different products and the services in the marker by inducing the
better supply chain.
Transformation of raw material into finished goods and services: Operation
management helps to transform the raw material into the finished goods and they manage that
there will be more balanced consumption of all the different sources.
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Process design: The operation department of the Tesco will more productive and
implement the better design to manage the complete process of the manufacturing. It is very
much important as it provides more differentiation in between the different products that are
presented in the market.
Capacity management: It is the management of the inventory and it is the basic
importance of operation management and as from this effective supply of goods will be provided
in the market.
Logistics and inventory management: It reflects the management of the stocks and they
could manage the different operation through which the need of the customers will get satisfied
and there will be required amount of flow of resources in the market as per the need of customers
(Mehrjerdi, 2019).
Scheduling: In this the whole manufacturing process will be schedule and in this
adequate time will be assigned to each activity and Tesco gets the valuable profit.
The operation management helps the company to make the better advantages and helps to
achieve the objectives of the company. As from the operation management different work will be
performed in order to develop more potential and valuable inputs within the company. It in
returns helps the Tesco to accomplish its goals within the time and also provides more
satisfaction of the employees by which they perform better. It also helps to make the better
relationship with the customer by mange the continuous supply.
In this operation management is very much necessary for the business there are different
importance of it that helps to achieve objective and gain higher revenues. Operation management
plays crucial role and develop better outcome with efficient period of time.
LO 4
P6) assess the factors within the business environment that impact upon operational management
and decision making by leaders and managers.
There are different factors on the contemporary business environment that has the direct
impact on the operational management and decision making process of Tesco that are as defined
below as:
Corporate social responsibilities: These are the different responsibilities that are
performed by the Tesco in order to develop the higher share of the market. The decision making
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of the company will get affected as by this they could influence the market from their different
sources. It is done and performed by the Tesco in order to improvise the living standard of the
society and thus they insert different changes within the company to provide more care to the
society (Wang, 2018). There are lot of profit of CSR as it enhances more value and profit to the
company and helps to make better relation with the customers. On the other hand there are some
of the disadvantage as well as it takes lot of money and sometimes create more conflicts within
the market and affects the profit ratio of the company.
Sustainability: It is the most balanced condition within the Tesco it result the better
performance of the company as compared to other rivals in the market. As much the Tesco gets
stable that much easy for the operation management to implement their necessity within the
company with more acceptances. It has positive aspect for the Tesco as with the help of it they
reduce the carbon footprint and clean the environment that helps to make better environment.
There is some negative aspect as well by which it has direct impact on the economy of the
company. In order to maintain sustainability some hazardous substance will be used that creates
badness for the environment.
Stakeholders: These are those people that have made their contribution to enhance the
success of the company. The more the stakeholders that much profit share will be gained by the
company and shows the positive aspect of the business in the highly competitive market. There is
some positive impact of stakeholders within the Tesco as they provide different way to the
business to measure the success and make investment for capital generation. On the other hand it
also has the negative impact as well they contribute the in the success only and didn’t bare the
loss.
Organisational Culture: It is structure through which all the different function of the
company will be managed with more perfection. As much the better structure will be maintained
that much profit will be gained by the company. There is some positive impact of organisational
culture as it imparts better flow of information that create better achievements of success. On the
other hand there is some of the different negative impact as well it provide more freeness to the
employee by which they didn’t take company objective seriously.
These are the different factors that have both positive and negative impact on the
performance of the company (Easter, 2019). As by considering these factors Tesco develops
more positive outcome with more sufficiency.
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CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the above report that the leaders and the mangers are play the
vital role within the company. They play different roles and the function that helps to attract the
large number of people and the employee that are working within the company. There are
different characteristic of both of them that helps the company to attain its objectives within the
particular period of time. There are some of the different theories that are used by the manager
and the leader as like the system theory, contingency theory and many others. There is different
function of operation management by which the company could maintain the better and effective
outcome within the appropriate period of time. There are different CSR activities that improvised
the impacts of the operation management within the company as in appropriate manner.
RECOMMENDATION
It has been recommended that Tesco must uses the different management training methods
by which the adequate training will be provided to the leaders and the managers. It builds more
compassion in between the leaders and the managers by which they could solve the different
situation with more perfection.
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ONLINE
Tesco Organizational Structure, 2016, [Online] Available through: < https://research-
methodology.net/tesco-organizational-structure/>.
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