TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4 TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4 (a) Differences and similarities between a leader and manager with respect to their roles and characteristics...............................................................................................................................4 (b) Functions of a manager according to Fayol and the way a manager in organisation performs these functions..............................................................................................................8 (c) Explaining leadership theories using various scenarios of organisation...............................9 TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................12 (1) Different approaches to operations management...............................................................12 (2) Explain the one OM measure that is been used in store with explaining role as a store manager......................................................................................................................................13 (3) Importance of operations management in store...................................................................13 (4) Assessing the key outside factors that can have an effect on operations management.......14 5 ) Impact of this factors on decision making of store manager................................................15 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17
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INTRODUCTION To have the highest level of possible efficiency in processes of organisation, operations management plays a significant role. It is all about converting the materials and labour in such a way that maximum output from same can be gained as efficiently as possible (Chevalier and et.al., 2015). Tesco Ireland Ltd has been chosen for the current study which is an Irish arm of supermarket group, Tesco. With reference to same, differences and similarities between a leader and manager with respect to their roles and characteristics will be discussed. Also, functions of a manager according to Fayol and the way a manager in organisation performs these will be explained along with stating leadership approaches like situational, systems and contingency using various scenarios. Further, there will be focus on different approaches and importance of operations management with factors impacting upon decision making as a store manager. TASK 1 (a)Differences and similarities between a leader and manager with respect to their roles and characteristics Leaders A leader is one who gives direction, guidance and support to his team members and influence them to do what he wants them to do with his actions. Leaders are basically the representatives of organization who encourage the people and influence their behaviour towards attaining the set targets. Managers Managers are the people in organisation who create goals and maintain status quo of company (Ferguson and et.al., 2017). They are the people who get work done from employees in an efficient and effective manner. Major function of a manager is to control the risk in business rather than embracing them. They are responsible to build the systems and processes in a way that maximum output can be gained. Comparison of leaders and managers with respect to their roles: BasisLeadersManager RelationshipsA leader always make efforts to maintainhealthyandstrong relationship with his employees as wellashisinfluenceishighly On the contrary, manager always maintainshisrelationshipwith people of his organisation on the basis of position power. 4
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based on the personal power. GuidanceIt is the major role of leader to support his team and act as a coach or facilitator. While, manager always act as a boss.Hegenerallydirectsand controls the employees. StabilityLeaderdoesnotfocuson maintainingthestabilityin organisationashealwaysmake initiatives to bring changes at the workplacetodealwiththe changing trends in market. However, manager’s focus is on themaintainingstabilityinthe organisation so that all tasks will get completed on time and in a systematicmanner(McCaffery, 2018). CultureLeaders always maintain a culture wherethereisintegrityatthe workplace. His focus is basically onmaintainingcoordination among workforce to get the work done with quality and on time. Ontheotherhand,manager’s focus is on creating a culture of efficiency in organisation to get theworkdoneeffectuallyi.e. maximumoutputwithlimited resources. Comparison of leaders and managers with respect to their characteristics: BasisLeadersManager Leadingand managing people Leader’smainmotiveisto motivate,influenceandmake employees able to understand the importanceoftheirsincere contribution towards the success of organisation (Kok and McDonald, 2017). However,manageralways controls a group with an aim to get the set goals accomplished. This is the inspiration and influence only which creates major difference in between leader and a manager. Circlesofpower and influence Leader’smajoremphasisison influencingthebehaviourof people with his actions. While,managershave subordinates on which they have the circle of power and treat them as per the designation they hold in organisation. ValuesLeaders always believe to generate some value out of the efforts that team has made. On the other hand, for managers, value is always countable as either they cut down on the value by eitherrejectingorappreciating people as well as their idea. ControlLeader’semphasisismoreon pushing employees to make their best efforts and set a benchmark that is acceptable for business. Ontheotherhand,managers maintain control over employees to get the work done as per set benchmarks with bringing best out of them (Oshagbemi, 2017). 5
Analysing and differentiating the role of a leader and functions of a manager by applying a range of theories and concepts To analyse and differentiate the role of a leader and functions of a manager, many theories and concepts are there on the basis of which it can be done. Some of them are like: Hard management skills– These are the skills or abilities which can be easily quantified and used to describe job-specific skills.Machine operation– As per the requirement of job based on position one holds in organisation, manager needs to be aware with the way to operate a machine required for performing the tasks to make workers/employees understand the same. Computer programming– In today’s era, to have basic as well as advanced skills of computer programming are necessary to work in an organisation. Without having this skill, to perform assigned tasks are not possible to be performed by the manager (Hallinger, 2018). Soft leadership skills– These are the subjective skills which are actually hard to quantify and often used to describe abilities that lead to maintain relationships with other people.Positive outlook– As per this soft leadership skill, leader needs to have a positive outlook and he must understand that with positivity only, he can bring best out of the team. Feel empathy– It is important for a leader to have an ability to understand the feelings as well as perspectives of employees so that their concerns can be known as there are many people in the organisation who want mental well-being rather having mindless pursuit of professional success. Mintzberg managerial roles The roles that managers play sound very simple but in actual, they are highly complex. To be a leader in any organisation is not an easy but highly complicated and challenging task. There are majorly 3 roles played by the manager i.e. interpersonal, informational and decisional. 6
Figure1: Mintzberg’s Management Roles (Source:Mintzberg’s Management Roles, 2018)Interpersonal roles– As per these roles, a leader needs to be a figurehead for his team to influence them. Then, a manager is supposed to lead the people in order to guide them towards attaining a specific goal. The final role within this category is to act as a liaison to keep things running smoothly.Informational roles– Under this category, manager needs to act as a monitor to track the changes taking place in organisation. Then, he is required to be a disseminator to gather data from a range of internal and external sources (McCaffery, 2018). Finally, manager is supposed to be a spokesperson being the representative of his team. Decisionalroles–Sometimes,beingamanagerinalargeorganisationprovides responsibility to his like he is handling a small business. The second role under this category is that a leader is required to be a disturbance handler as for short and long term productivity, to solve the problem and getting back to the work is important. Then, to be a resource allocator is required for a manager based on the budget available for a project (Kok and McDonald, 2017). Lastly, he needs to be a negotiator to do negotiation within the team whenever required. 7
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By referring all the above depicted aspect, it can be presented that in the context of Tesco both managers and leaders play a significant role in the achievement of goals & objectives. Leaders within Tesco focuses on encouraging personnel and fulfilling targets in terms of both monetary as well as non-monetary. On the other side, managers are involved in development of sound policy framework which in turn maximizes both productivity & profitability. (b)Functions of a manager according to Fayol and the way a manager in organisation performs these functions AccordingtoHenryFayol,thereare5functionsofmanagementi.e.Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating and Controlling that every manager has to follow and so as in Tesco, Ireland Ltd. Figure2: Five Functions of Management (Source:Five Functions of Management (Fayol),2018)Planning– Planning is all about looking for the future. It serves as the base for all other functions and so, a good plan of action is to be made by the higher authority of management. Tesco Ireland Ltd, being in retail industry, needs to adapt the changes time to time as per the changing trends in market. So, manager in this company needs to plan 8
accordingly with taking organisation’s available resources and flexibility of personnel into consideration.Organizing– Functioning of a firm depends on how well-organized it is. Organizing refers to the availability of sufficient human resources, capital and raw materials in order to make the business run smoothly (Oshagbemi, 2017). In Tesco Ireland Ltd, manager is required to delegate the tasks and functions as per the capability and interest of personnel so that with minimum efforts of them, maximum output can be generated.Commanding– Commanding is to give clear instructions and orders to employees to make them understand what they are exactly supposed to do. In Tesco Ireland Ltd, managers give concrete instructions in relation with the activities that are needed to carry out. They communicate very clearly and also, their decisions are based on the regular audits taking place in organisation.Coordinating– It refers to harmonize all the activities so that functioning of a firm can be done in a better way. Managers in Tesco Ireland Ltd are influencing the behaviour of employees positively by stimulating motivation as well as discipline within teams. Controlling– Controlling is all about verifying that whether everything is going in the planned way or not. Managers in the selected organisation first establish performance standards on the basis of targets to be achieved (Hallinger, 2018). Then they measure the actualperformancegivenbyemployeesandreportaboutthesame.Afterthat, comparison is done by them in the actual and desired results. In case if changes are required, they again start taking corrective actions. (c) Explaining leadership theories using various scenarios of organisation There are different leadership theories which are used based on the situations occurring in organisation. Among all, few are explained as below using various scenarios of Tesco Ireland Ltd: Situational leadership– This is the kind of leadership theory that is adaptive as it is a model of choice. It is majorly followed to develop people and workgroups as well as to get the best out of them with establishing a rapport. In Tesco Ireland Ltd, this theory is majorly used while bringing changes in organisation like at the time of implementing new technology and making some 9
changes in company policies. It is because; with the help of this theory, leadership approach as per suitability of condition is selected as there is no single best style which can be used in all the situations. For example: Tesco is planning to introduce technological advancement for ensuring smooth functioning of operations. In this, situational leadership style can be used in the following manner: DiagnoseAt this step, leader assesses the ways and main aspects through which employees can be influenced towards technological change. AdaptInthis,leadersdevelopsstrategiesfor motivatingpersonneltowardschange management CommunicateLeadercommunicatesthebenefitsof technological advancement in terms of time saving, career growth or advancement etc. AdvanceByorganizingtraining&development session for personnel leader manages change. Further, by taking feedbacks from concerned personnelleadermakesfocusontaking strategicactionwhichinturnfacilitates effective change management. Systems leadership– In this leadership theory, leaders in firm make efforts to create conditions where employees working at all the levels can perform their tasks with highest potential to work productively (Systems Leadership, 2018). Leaders in Tesco Ireland Ltd use this theory in difficult situations like when there is reduction in sales and armoury is required who will hear the voice of management and get a place at the table.Moreover, at this time, company lays high level of emphasis on developing competent and strategic and policy framework. Thus, by considering such theoretical framework leader can motivate personnel towards the common goals and objectives. Contingency Leadership– It refers to the leadership style where leader is contingent upon way of leading people that he will choose which would match with the requirement of situation. Leaders in Tesco Ireland Ltd use this style in many conditions depending on the situations like at the time of conflict handling, while delegating tasks, to increase productivity and profits, etc. Strengthsandweaknessesofdifferentapproachestosituationswithinthework environment 10
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There are many strengths and weaknesses of approaches to situations within the work environment of Tesco Ireland Ltd. Some of these are given as below: Situational leadership:In the context of teamwork situational can be applied by Tesco. Moreover, in team work, leader has to deal with several tasks as well as individuals.Strengths– It is a practical approach as well as can be easily understood. Also, Tesco Ireland Ltd uses this as it can be applied in different contexts. This approach focuses on the flexibility of leader. Weaknesses– This approach creates confusion and leads to inconsistency on the part of supervisor in terms of his behaviour. Sometimes, this approach is considered to be manipulative as well as coercive (Sisk, 2018). Systems leadership:In regards to the development of organizational strategic framework, system design as well as process such leadership theory can be employed within Tesco.Strengths– This approach is adaptive and dynamic in nature. In the selected organisation, with the help of this approach, focus is given on achieving individual as well as organisational goals. Weaknesses– Major limitation of this approach is that it is not practical to be used always and make the decisions delay thus, affecting the completion of work on time. Contingencyleadership:LeaderatTescocanusesuchleadershipstyleforchange management. Further, at the time of occurrence of undesirable event system leadership style can be undertaken.Strengths– Managers with this approach in Tesco Ireland Ltd. take decisions that what they can actually do in a given situation to avoid undesirable aspects of environment. Weaknesses– It is a reactive style of leadership depending on its nature; not proactive. The approach sounds very simple but in actual, this becomes complex when practiced. Critically evaluating different theories and approaches to leadership Situational theory –As per this theory, no single leadership style is best. It can be critically assessed that leaders are the most effective when they adapt theory leadership style as per the need of situation. However, on the other hand, their adaptability sometimes make the employees confused and they take this style to be manipulative. 11
Systems leadership –It can be critically evaluated that systems leadership approach helps in creating organisational strategy, effective systems and social process. But, on the contrary, to use this in any kind of situation is not practical. Contingency leadership –It is the most suitable approach of leadership for all kinds of situations. However, with this approach, practice of management cannot take much assistance and so, needs of managers are not effectually satisfied with this (Bisk, 2018). TASK 2 (1) Different approaches to operations management The operation's management is the practice that is been followed within the organisation which helps the organisation to enhance the quality of products and services. It is a process of effectively and efficiently develop and plan the various organisational and business activities. Various approaches are required to be taken in consideration by the store manager that will help in better management of various operations that are been taken in supermarket for proper growth and development of business operations (Chevalier and et.al., 2015). Some of the approaches that are been followed are: Lean management:This approach of operations management will help the firm to reduces the wastage and facilitate the effective utilization of the available resources. It will assist the super market to develop suitable strategies and market plans that will lead to effective utilization of available resources to selected firm. The managers and leaders will look after the proper implementation of this strategy and improve functionality of selected retail enterprise. Six Sigma:This approach of operations management will help the firm to set up proper qualitystandardsandbenchmarksthatwillhelptheorganisationtocheckout, manufacture and deliver high quality product or services to their customers (Gillen, Jacquillat and Odoni, 2016). Leaders and managers will set this standards at their retail stores to have a good customer satisfaction level. Just in time:Also known as the JIT approach, this will help selected retail firm to develop and deliver its products and services to their customers in a stipulated time range. This will plays a good role in improving the work performance and customer satisfaction level of individuals to a greater extent. The managers and leaders of the firm will look 12
after the proper handling of this operations and activities that will help the firm to achieve its operational goals. (2)Explain the one OM measurethat is been used in store with explaining role as a store manager In the selected retail enterprise, the store manager of the firm will look after the proper management of the activities and action plans that will help the firm to carry out the operations in the organisation in much effective and significant manner (Venkat and et.al., 2015).Looking at the operational and functional requirements of TESCO IRELAND, the store manager will adopt the Six Sigma approach of OM. Some of the major steps that will be taken in the consideration by the store manager will be a combination of different OM approaches in order to tackle all sort of problems at the retail store: The store manager will see through the proper utilization of the raw materials and other resources that are available to selected firm. The Six Sigma approaches that are been taken in the consideration will help the firm to maintain and improve the quality of products and services that are been taken in the consideration by the firm. Store manager will look after the incorporation and implementation of these six sigma approaches in store to cater the needs and requirements of their customers. It will help the selected organisation to set appropriate quality standards that will support the effective placing of business activities and thus will lead to the proper placing of business operations and activities. Store manager will look after the on time production and delivery of products or services in an effective way on stipulated time. This will help the effective management of the labour and placing of the appropriate standards to carry out the production process of goods and services. (3)Importance of operations management in store The operation’s management is of great importance for the selected business entity. It supports the proper placing of the business operations and execution of the retail activities in much suitable way. This will help the firm to carry out important functions and activities which will support effective growth and business operations to a greater extent. The operation’s 13
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management will lead the firm to have a good control over the operations and activities that will help the firm to carry out its business operations and activities in a much effective and better way. The rise in the effectiveness and efficiency of an organisation to perform its retail business organisation (Song and Parola, 2015). A store manager will look after the proper implementation of various approaches and plans related to operation management for carrying out effective business operations. Besides this, the store manager will seethrough that the functions or operations that are been taken in consideration by the store manager will lead to an effective development of cited retail enterprise. The store manager will see through effective rise in capability and effectiveness of the business operations and activities that are required to be carried out at the retail store. They will look after the effective management of all retail oriented operations and thus will support a good growth and development TESCO IRELAND store. Various OM approaches will help the organisation in different ways such as: The store manager will apply lean management approach to control the utilization of available resources by the firm. This will help the firm to have an effective growth and management of the retail activities performed by the firm. The six sigma approach will be used by a store manager in setting the appropriate and effective quality standards that will help the firm to identify the barriers and develop a high quality product. The JIT approach will assist the retail store manager to develop and deliver the high quality product on time (Ferguson and et.al., 2016). Thus, this can be said that the proper management of various business operations and activities will help the firm to carry out business operations and activities on time to a greater extent. As a store manager is the major authority ion a store who is responsible to manage all sort of activities and operations related to growth and development. Other than this, it will help the management of TESCO IRELAND to focus on the demands, tackle the team issues, adopt proper technical matters etc. to fulfil the customers needs 14
and demands in much effective and suitable manner. It will help the store to enhance the productivity in much suitable and significant way. Hence, in this case, the store manager of TESCO IRELAND will effectively look after the better utilization of operations management and knows its importance. The managers and leaders of TESCO IRELAND will perform their operations and activities in more effective and efficient manner. The managers will see through specific analysis and evaluation process that are been carried out at the retail store (Venkat and et.al., 2015). On the other hand, leaders will see through proper and effective handling of this analysis measures and operations for important of the firm. It will support a good growth and development of business operations and activities. (4) Assessing the key outside factors that can have an effect on operations management Thestoremanager’soperationsaredeeplyimpactedbytheexternalfactorsand operations that are been taken in consideration by TESCO IRELAND. Their external factors impacts the overall business operations and support the firm to handle their business in an effective manner (Chiarini and Vagnoni, 2015). Some of the key external factors that impacts the decision making of a store manager and are required to be taken in consideration by TESCO IRELAND for a better management of operations are as follows: Globalisation:Globalisation is the measure to give a world-wide exposure to one’s business. This leads the firm to expand its operations on a global level and have a major exposure to competition.Moreover, it enables other companies to offers their products and services to UK customers. This in turn creates competition and thereby impact operational performance of the firm.The measure of globalisation is susceptible to failure due to many other factors like trade restrictions, failure of product etc.In the context of global business activities, firm faces issue in developing operational strategies and policy framework.Thus, in this case, the store manager requires to develop the proper strategies and action plans that will help the firm to carry out the business functions in a better way.The globalisation measures that are been taken in the consideration by the firm will help the firm to enhance the quality of business operations and activities that are been taken in consideration by the selected retail enterprise. Thus, it will cause the retail enterprise to have a good exposure to international customer base. 15
Technicalconsideration:thisfactorisrequiredtobeeffectivelytakeninthe consideration by the TESCO IRELAND that will help the organisation which will support the effective placing of business activities and operations. Any sort of alterations in the technological tools and techniques will lead the organisation to make the changes that can affect the work performance of an organisation to a greater extent.Thus, the organisation will see through the effective placing of the business operations and activities. 5 ) Impact of these factors on decision making of store manager The Macro factors that are been taken in the consideration by the Store manager of TESCO IRELAND will look after the proper management of the work related operations and activities. This will lead to the suitable placing of the business operations that will support the effective placing of business operations and activities that will support the effective placing of operations which will help the organisation to enhance the quality of their products and services. The macro factors will affect the organisation in following way: Globalisation will make the organisation more susceptible to the activities and action plans that will support the effective placing of the operations which are required to meet the busienss operations and activities that will support the effective rise in adverse impact on the operations.Thus, looking at the impending threats, the store manager will see through the effective placing of the policies and activities that will lead to the proper placing of OM approaches according to the activities in much effective way. Technical factors are also required to be maintained by the organisation as it will help the firm to enhance the quality of products and services that are been opted by the organisation in much suitable manner. Store manager will see through the establishment of the proper technological support and plan the operational strategies which will lead the firm to have a good enhancement of the business operations and activities in suitable and significant manner. CONCLUSION From the above report, it can be concluded that operation's management ensures that business processes are efficient and customer requirements are met effectually. It has been assessed from 16
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the report that with using suitable leadership theories and approaches, Tesco Ireland Ltd can attain their targets on time with satisfying the workforce too. Besides this, the key approaches followed in the firm and the roles played by leaders and managers are been evaluated.Other than this, the importance and value of operations management in achieving the business objectives are been analysed. Besides this, the external factors impacting business operations and decision making by the store manager or leader is been analysed. 17
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