Management in IT: Case Study with IT Initiative

This document is a case study on IT initiative in management in IT. It covers topics such as knowledge based systems, staffing skills, staffing approaches, and more. The document provides insights into the challenges and strategies involved in implementing IT initiatives in the management field.

Management in IT
case study
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Table of Contents
Section 1 case study with IT initiative ............................................................................................3
SECTION 2 Review of current it staffing skills..............................................................................4
SECTION 3 Staffing approaches....................................................................................................7
Section 4 IT installation plan ........................................................................................................10
SECTION 5 Evaluation of initiative ............................................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18
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Section 1 case study with IT initiative
The tools regarding artificial intelligence can be divided within two wide systems such as
Knowledge based systems (KBSs) as well as computation intelligence (CI). Knowledge base
used the knowledge within the form of symbols and words. This makes the representation
regarding knowledge more easily read as well as understood through a human rather than a
numerically derived implicit models within the intelligence of computation. KBSs involves the
techniques for example rule based ,case based reasoning and model based reasoning. They were
considered as one of the first forms regarding investigation into the AI as well as remains major
theme (Jinwu, 2017). There are early research that focuses on the specialist applicants within
areas such as medicines, chemistry as well as computer hardware. These are the early successes
that focused on the generated great optimism within the A.I. UK universities has failed in yearly
2000 because of lack of development in technology. Researchers attributed this failure to variety
of issues including poor business models, branding, disruptive technologies, lack of
organizational structure that accommodates such challenges, and failure to integrate a blended
approach. The conditions have since changed and are set to change further. Implications of
technological trends has assisted them in improving their teaching experiences. This also assists
them in decision making and problem solving of students. It helps them in easily answering
questions to students. The knowledge based artificial intelligence system assists them in
formulating the ideas and achieving the objectives firmly. Higher education has witnessed huge
amount of change through e-learning process. Universities when engaged in making use of e-
learning process must also consider ethical aspects. They must not be engaged in violating belief,
attitude and thought value of any student. E-learning process has also made organizational
culture better. It has assisted Universities in increasing their efficiency and productivity. Lots of
students have enhanced their learning experience because of this. Within the knowledge based
system there are two roles that can explicit separated as it is considered as the case where two
modules such as knowledge base as well as control module is called as inference engine. There
are some interface capabilities that are also needed regarding a system called practical system.
While the knowledge base system is considered as the conventional program that able to uses a
data file. A KBS is same as human brain that can control processes are considered as
approximately unchanging within their nature. Such as interference engine behaviour of the
individual is continuously modified through the new experiences as well as knowledge such as
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updating the base regarding knowledge. As the knowledge can be represented by explicit within
the knowledge base as it can enter as well as updated accompanied relative ease through domain
experts that unable to have
program expertise. Knowledge engineer provides a bridge among the computer implementation
and domain expertise. These engineer may uses the meta- knowledge which is Knowledge about
knowledge to assure an implementation that is more effective and efficient.
Aims and objectives- The goal of the university is to develop a university that is fully
comprehensive online university model. There are various lessons that are delivered through the
variety regarding media as well as also include the live sessions and recorded sessions. All the
aspects regarding university may be managed online. They have the clear visions as well mission
. Vision of the university received financial funding regarding research and development to be
utilizes for the innovative ideas to assist their students.
SECTION 2 Review of current it staffing skills
The project management team structure will include many people in it. Each of them will be
assigned different roles on basis of their skills. So, the project team structure is as follows :-
Role description -
Project director- Responsible for the project management role as each person strategically
oversees,managers a project of I.T,monitors form the level called executive level, consider as the
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most responsible authority within a project. This person can charge accompanied managing team
of IT Members as well as allocated resources.
Project manager- Accountable for the overall responsibilities such as execution,controlling,
monitoring, design, execution as well as closure of the project.
Functional team leader- Accountable for guiding the group of the employees while finishing
project as they are accountable for implementing and developing a timeline their team members
to reach as the end goals.
Team member- To boost a team environment as assists each other to successfully achieve the
goals that can be assigned to them regarding various projects as well as duties (Jinwu, 2017)..
Staffing policy plan
Staffing policy refers a process of getting and selecting employees for required job role. Staffing
policy involve all required skills and guidelines which needs to be followed by employees for
performing job role offered by the organization. In the context of well-established University of
UK which wants to develop a fully comprehensive university model and making an effective use
of technology for all types of activities, require effective staff (Mohamed and et.al., 2018). Staff
plays an important role as they are the one who support companies and universities in
performing their activities and help them in accomplishing goals. There are some objecting of
developing staffing policy such as:
 To Get reliable information in order to accomplish university's goals.
 To make sure timely satisfaction of university staffing needs with qualified and skilled
personnel.
 To make sure effectiveness of staff work in order to increase productivity at grid complex
company.
For getting effective staff and accomplishing goal of the University, it is important for this
University to make an effective staffing policy by following discussed steps:
Identifying staffing needs or business goal: Before making a plan and recruiting
employees, it is important to identify needs or the main reason of staffing. In the context of
university, it can be said that it wants to employ people because of accomplishing its goal of
making its educational system more advance or E-university.
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Current staffing situation: After identifying staffing needs, university requires to
analyse its current staffing situation as how many employees it already has and how many it will
require more in order to meet IT needs.
Forecasting future staffing needs: After accessing current staffing, it is also important
to identify future needs. Because this university has an effective vision for which it will require
to have staff who retain within university for the long run. The main important factor for which
university require to follow this step is turnover rate or retention rate.
Gap analysis: By analysing current and future staffing needs, university needs to identify
the gap. In this analysis, it looks at where its staff is now and where it needs to be. In the context
of university, it is identified that it wants to hire effective and skilled IT staff who can help it in
making its educational system advance and managing all activities online.
Staffing plan: After following all steps and identifying staffing needs, university can
make a plan in which it requires including recommendation to implement a corporate training
program with the main aim to address skill gap (How to Develop a Staffing Plan, 2019).
Developing succession policies, effective guidelines and developing training programs,
university can make its effective staffing plan. With the help of this plan it can get skilled
workforce. For making successful policy, it can also be said that university should work with
business leaders as leader can align staffing needs with business goals.
So, from the above, it can be said that by following all steps in a sequence, university can
accomplish its vision of making educational system advance by getting skilled staff members.
University have to adopt the fast as well as changing the environment as the staff
members of the university need to make the change smooth as the Human resource manager
must know the precisely about the skills of the firm's staff, based on the provided information,
university able to organize the training as well as seminars so that the gaps can easily fulfilled as
well as knowledge skills. Mention below some few ways that can reviews the skills of the staff
members.
Give Employee a test- It is considered as the efficient and traditional way to review theoretical
and technical knowledge. Such tests are also conducted within the laboratory conditions, so that
they are unable to provide the precise pictures that the staff members will capable to utilizes the
knowledge within real life or not. These tests can be used by the university occasionally
otherwise that may be disappointed when it comes to the more realistic situations.
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Ask them to prepare self – Assessment
Principles or top management people of the university sends a personnel an
questionnaire that they must fill it by own. While on the other hand it might not benefit from
such objective point of view within either way as their analysis is too pessimistic or optimistic as
this method must be used within the combination accompanied objective one or other.
Feedback from teams
This is considered as ask to share the feedback on the performance of each other staff
members as well as focuses on the high level job (Shetty, Polekar, Das,. and Pansambal, 2016)..
Put them within real situations
It is considered as the most efficient way to assess and train the employees, Here nothing
can be better than the real practice, but what happens when the real time comes and the staff
members fails so it make sure that the staff members able to perform task as well as make it start
with other various actions.
SECTION 3 Staffing approaches
Type of structure for project
The project will have matrix structure in which there will be project manager, project
team, functional manager and executive.
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Different staffing approaches
a) Staffing strategies are sometimes confused with the strategies of the recruitment, but they are
not same thing as recruiting is consider as the single step within the journey of the employment.
It includes boosting and seeking prospective people to imply regarding their roles. Staffing is
considered as the ongoing process as it is includes the initial recruiting step but meanwhile it
goes way that involves that how to retain as well as manage satisfied and competent workforce
that can fit for purpose within the right roles at the right time to fulfil the goals of the university.
There are various approaches mention below.
Ethnocentric approach- This is an approach where staffing means hiring of the employees
consider as the same nationality regarding parent university. When a university pick up citizens
of the parent from to work within the nations called host nations falls under ethnocentric
approach (Wolfe, Dredze. and Van Durme, 2017). The process of the recruitment includes the
four stages such as self selection, technical skills assessment, creating a candidate pool as well as
making decision which is mutual decision. Self selection included the decision through the
employees about the future course of activity within the international arena. Within the next step
the database of the staff members is also prepared as per the manpower need of the university
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regarding the international operations. After that the database is analysed regarding for choosing
the most and best suitable persons for technical skills assessment and global assignments. Thus,
the best candidate is recognized regarding foreign assignments as well as with his consent sent
to abroad.
Polycentric approach- Here the university adopts the approach of limiting recruitment to the
local public. The aim of adopting approach is to decrease the price regarding cost of the foreign
operations. Even those university that adopt the ethnocentric approach also switch to the
approach called Polycentric approach. The primary aim to handling over the management
regarding local people is to assure that the university understands the conditions of the local
market, cultural ,legal and political scenario better. The university that adopts this framework
have also localized department of the Human resource of the university within that nation.
Various international university operating their branches within the developed nations such as
Japan and Britain that adopts this approach regarding recruiting managers to the various
branches.
Geocentric approach- When a university adopts the strategy regrading recruiting suitable
people for available option in irrespective of their nationalities. It is known as the approach
called geocentric approach. university that truly global within this approaching adopts as it uses
the integrated global business strategy as the operations of the human resource are focussed on
the various factors such as ethical and political factors as well as government laws. It is very hard
to adopt such kind of approach as there are large international university that adopts such
strategy within the success. The recruitment on the foreign soil ,university especially focuses
utilizes the manpower agencies as well as repute to the source new staff, Also the effective
utilization of the internal resources regarding global university and recruitment required to
develop the data internally of the staff members as well as effective system of tracking system to
recognizes the most suitable condition for the posting of the global candidates. It is considered
as the best geocentric approach that utilizes by the managers regarding a business without the
regard for their nation (Wolfe, Dredze. and Van Durme, 2017).
Regiocentric approach
It is considered as the one of the methods regarding the recruitment internationally that
the Multi national university consider as the most suitable for the staff members for the job
regarding the nationality. This approach utilizes that the managers from different nations in
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geographical regions of the business. Also, the managers can operate independently within
region as they are not moved normally to the university headquarters.
B) Here university is adopting the Polycentric approach the goals of adopting this framework is
to reduce cost regarding operations of foreign. The basic goal of the handling the local persons
is to ensure that the university focuses on the approach of the cultural market ,local
market ,politician and legal market. The university also adopt such kinds of the framework as
well as also have the capitalized department of the human resource of the organization in that
country (Shetty, Polekar. and Pansambal, 2016)..
c) Ethical impact of the Polycentric approach- The local candidates' skills and knowledge is
lower than the Foreign students and still recruited by the universities for the various company so
this creates a conflict among the university and students as it is highly unethical to the
candidates without having the proper knowledge can be hired for the various posts as it is vital
for the national to hire the skilled and talented labour for enhancing the productivity of the
nations.
Section 4 IT installation plan
Methodology for project
Agile methodology
It is considered as the practices that able to promotes the iteration continuously as well as
testing the development regrading software of the cycle regarding project. Both the testing as
well as development actions are different from the model of waterfall. It has core values such as
collaboration of the consumer over the contract negotiation,working software as well as
individual and interaction of the team over the tools and process.( Mahajan. and Agrawal, 2018).
IT implementation plan
System and software requirements- it is first stage where system and software requirements are
identified. this means hardware and software specifications is selected.
Feasibility study – here, feasibility study is conducted which determine viability of project. the
feasibility is measured in terms of economic, legal way, etc.
Software requirement specification – in this software requirement specification is determined.
User interface requirements- here, the user requirement is identified. this include the entire
interface of app or project.
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Analysis- In this requirement is analysed with project.
Prioritise requirements – the requirement is prioritised on basis of its need.
Selection of hardware and software – the hardware and software are selected on basis of
requirement (Shetty, Polekar, Das,. and Pansambal, 2016).
Design –
Designing IT infrastructure- here, overall IT design is developed.
Coding
Writing code in programming – the programming is done in particular language. Also, codes are
written along with it.
Finding errors- the errors are identified by running programs and codes.
Testing
Testing software and system- the system and software selected are tested. The efficiency of
system is tested with its requirement.
Identifying errors and solving- the results are measured and then compared with standards.
Operations
Installation – in this systems are installed.
Monitoring- here, monitoring of system is done.
Ghantt chart
Task Name Duration Start Finish
System and software
requirements- 3 days Tue 1/28/20 Thu 1/30/20
Feasibility study 3 days Tue 1/28/20 Thu 1/30/20
Software requirement
specification 2 days Fri 1/31/20 Mon 2/3/20
User interface
requirements 3 days Tue 2/4/20 Thu 2/6/20
Analysis 4 days Fri 2/7/20 Wed 2/12/20
Prioritise requirements 4 days Fri 2/7/20 Wed 2/12/20
Selection of hardware and
software 5 days Thu 2/13/20 Wed 2/19/20
Design 7 days Thu 2/20/20 Fri 2/28/20
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Designing IT
infrastructure 7 days Thu 2/20/20 Fri 2/28/20
Coding 10 days Mon 3/2/20 Fri 3/13/20
Writing code in
programming 10 days Mon 3/2/20 Fri 3/13/20
Finding errors 5 days Mon 3/16/20 Fri 3/20/20
Testing 8 days Mon 3/23/20 Wed 4/1/20
Testing software and
system 8 days Mon 3/23/20 Wed 4/1/20
Identifying errors and
solving 6 days Thu 4/2/20 Thu 4/9/20
Operations 15 days Fri 4/10/20 Thu 4/30/20
Installation 15 days Fri 4/10/20 Thu 4/30/20
Monitoring 5 days Fri 5/1/20 Thu 5/7/20
Budget
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Internal resources / staff costs:
- Information Systems (IS) department 300 3000
- user departments 300 6000
- procurement department 300 600
Specification / RFP tools and programs 500 1000
Legal assistance 0 0
Total selection costs 13000
Implementation process
Software costs
Application software user licence 1000 0
Software modifications 0 0
Database user licence 5000 0
Operating system 0 0
Additional security applications 0 0
Sub total 0
Hardware costs
Servers (new or upgraded, dedicated or shared) 20000 0
PC's (new or upgrades) 1000 0
Printers 1000 0
Scanners 0 0
UPS 0 0
Back up devices 0 0
Disk storage 0 0
Sub total 0
Network costs
Cabling or wireless LAN, WAN or other network 5000 0
Racks 0 0
Routers 0 0
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Switching devices 0 0
Modems 0 0
Leased or dedicated lines 5000 0
Communications software 0 0
Internet access eg ADSL / broadband, satellite 0 0
Sub total 0
Project team
Project manager 500 0
Project leader 400 0
Systems analysts 300 0
Programmers 300 0
Systems testers 300 0
Vendor consultants 1000 0
Sub total 0
Project team and office costs
Temporary office accommodation 0 0
Furniture, stationery and supplies 0 0
Additional telephones and lines 0 0
Sub total 0
Incremental budget
It can be suitable when the primary cost drivers are unable to change form year to year. It is also
like to ignore external drivers as well as assumes that the cost will grow
Activity based budget
Determines the amount regarding the required input so that it supports as target output.
Zero budgeting
Assumes that budget of the department are zero as well as must be rebuilt form scratch. It is vert
tight focusses to avoid any kind of expenditures that are not essential.
Master budget
It involves different functional areas as well involves financial system ,financial plan and
a cash forecast. It is consider as an expensive business strategy that able to expected production
level,sales ,future expenses and many more.
SECTION 5 Evaluation of initiative
Impact of the new technology-
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With the help for the new technology University able to makes their online system fast as
various students access to mobile phones and laptops as well as Wi-Fi- network access
information within their fingertip as well as they can easily access more and more information
about what they are studying within the university. It is called as added advantage that assist
them extremely within their studies to be wonderful and excel within their course. It also helps
them to keep up regarding the new and latest versions of the courses as undertaking within
university. Most of the students comes from the places where the sues of the technologies is
quite limits in terms of laptops and computers ,Therefore introducing the use if the ICT
technologies within universities to help in learning is considered as one of the way that allow to
becomes the better users of technology so when the graduate students when go out to be in a
better positions as well as up to date within the outside world and also able to teach others about
the utilization of ICT. As with the availability of the technology such policy of laptop per student
as well as internet. Here students access easily information anywhere anytime regarding their
assignments as well as homework as well as submit to their tutors rather than wasting time to
write the within paper as well as also facing the difficulty to find that their tutors about their
work (Williams. and Scheutz, 2016).
Data visualizing as well as Big data - By combining mobile consumer technology and big data,
universities are also giving various new ways for the students to grasp about the various concepts
as technology aids them to realize the complex environmental datasets. By using big data
visualization or big data within higher education. It has been a major part regarding higher
education as they can generate more granular data as well as break by those silos to the points
where the records as well as statistics that can be viewed within terms of the individual student
(Ouyang. and et.al., 2019).
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Section 5: Evaluation of the initiative
Risk Assessment Plan for IT initiative-
Risk is business concept which is likelihood of the financial loss for company high,
medium, low or zero. Three factor plays a major role in risk determination that is what the threat
is, how vulnerable system is and importance of assets which could damaged or made
unavailable.
Risk Impact Likelihood Risk Control
Security All data and
information could
be theft. Students
and teachers
personal
information could
also mislead
High High
Confidential data
could be leaked
and could be
harmful for
college reputation
(Tang and Wu,
2018).
Firewalls could
be used so that
the data can be
safeguarded from
the attackers.
Privacy Computer system
and profiles could
be hacked by the
professional and
all private
information could
be taken away
(Li, and Du,
2017).
Moderate High
Thus, all essential
information and
profile could be
harmed by the
hackers.
Data server and
base data will be
used for storing
data so that it
can't be theft by
anyone.
Technical Error Technical error
had delay in the
overall
processing. If the
attendance of
student are not
Low Low
As due to
technical error
there can be delay
in several
processes and
The maintenance
of machinery
should be done.
Machines must be
updated time to
time so that
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being marked for
the day due to
technical error.
This could have
mislead in the
attendance of
present students.
functions. technical errors
could be reduced.
Information Information or
data could be
damaged.
Moderate High Data backup
Communication Lack of the
communication
Low Low Scheduling time
to time meetings.
Team Unskilled
employees
Low Moderate Having skill test
during interview
process.
Health, safety
and environment
The user could
get with a
technical accident
and cause fatal
injuries
High High Making
implementation of
health and safety
hazards to
college.
Performance Expected work
can't be
performed due to
system failure
performance
affects.
Low Moderate Implementing
suitable computer
system solution.
Considering environmental impact of the project-
There could be a problem with teachers and students to understand what they had to do
with machine and how they will be further operating it. It could also somewhere mislead as
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students information is not correctly filled up. This could have a fluctuation and
misinterpretation in the data which can have incorrect data of student. Along with negative
impact it could have positive impact as well (Gunning, 2017). It could implement smooth flow of
functioning among the college and can reduce the work force and saves time so that other work
could be done properly.
CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been concluded that Artificial intelligence is very essential
for an organization, business, industry, institute and college as this is helpful in completing the
task effectively. The human will take time for making a decision whereas AI will work on what
program it is and give quick decision on that basis. The repetitive task can easily perform by AI
so that they humans are free to do other work. Machines can work for 24*7 without any break
and they don't even get bore. This eventually reduce workforce also as the machines can do the
work of 10 people at the particular time so it is helpful in saving time. Expertise work and no
human errors in work could be rendered with the help of AI so that they could have a good
quality work in an organization or college. The complex problem could be solved with the help
of AI domains easily.
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Online
How to Develop a Staffing Plan. 2019. [Online]. Available through
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