Management Information System: Concept, Features, and Future Trends

This document provides an overview of Management Information System (MIS) and its importance in supporting decision-making in organizations. It discusses the concept and features of Decision Support System (DSS), Executive Information System (EIS), and Expert System. The document also explores the future trends, challenges, and the best type of DSS for supporting a company. The subject of the document is Management, and if mentioned, the course code, course name, and college/university are not provided.

Management
Information System

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Discussing the overall concept and features decision support system, Executive Information
System and Expert System-........................................................................................................1
Difference between Executive Information System, Decision Support System and Expert
System-........................................................................................................................................3
Future trend, challenges or issue of the Expert System and Decision Support System-............4
Best type of decision support system which is to be utilized for supporting company-.............6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFRENCES...................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Management Information System is system of computer that consists of software and
hardware which serves as backbone of the company's overall operation. The data's are collected
from multiple online system, analyzing the information. And report data for aiding the decision-
making into the management.
FYI is the company which sells sunglasses, frame, contact lenses etc., The company
operated its business under the optical industry. Above report includes the overall concept and
features of Expert System, Decision-Support System and the Executive Information System. The
difference among the three of them above. Report carried forward with future trend, challenge or
issued which are faced by company under Expert system and DSS. The report ends with the best
type of DSS which can be utilized by company to run their business.
MAIN BODY
Discussing the overall concept and features decision support system, Executive Information
System and Expert System-
Decision Support System (DSS):
It is the computerized program which is utilized for supporting judgements,
determination and several courses of action into the company or businesses. Decision Support
System shifts by and analyze wide range of data, further compiling the comprehensive
information which could be utilized for solving problem and into the decision-making. The
typical information could be utilized by the DSS contains target or project revenue, figure of
sales or the past ones from various time period, and another data related to the operation or
inventory (Zhang, 2016). The decision support system collects and analyze data, synthesizing
data for producing comprehensive reports of information. It is different from general operation
application, which function is to just collect the data.
Features-
 The DSS is computer-based system which is designed for interactive utilization of
decision maker or the staff user who are controlling sequence of operation and interaction
performed.
 The decision maker are not intended to be replaced, but still the DSS could support
decision maker at every level of company.
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 It is the Web-based system, which delivers a scalable, interactive platform for the rapidly
developing and the deploying project.
 DSS is helpful in improving accuracy, quality, timeliness and overall effectiveness of the
particular decision or relative decision-making.
Executive Information System (EIS):
It is the decision support system which is utilized for assisting the senior executive into
the decision-making procedure. This could be done by rendering easy access to essential data
required to gain strategic goal within the company (Nawaz and Gomes, 2017). Executive
Information System generally feature the graphical display on the easy-to-use interface. It can be
utilized through many types of companies for monitoring performance of enterprise along with
identifying the problems and opportunities. EIS is management information system that support,
facilitates and develop decision for the top executive by rendering them easy access to external
and internal both information.
Features-
 This EIS offers the secure reliable, confidential access into the conjunction with access
process.
 It could be used from various places (Kanishcheva and et.al., 2017).
 This system contains individual friendly interface that consist of graphic users.
 EIS provides company with maximum capability an information system could render.
 It is helpful for companies to identify the opportunity for FYI.
Expert System:
Expert System is computer program which utilize artificial intelligence for simulating
behaviour of the human and judgement or an organization which had experience and expert
knowledge into the particular field. This system incorporate knowledge base that contains
gathered experience and rule engine or inference which described the program. The current
system may include capabilities of machine learning which allow them to enhance their
performance base on the experience. Expert System had played a big role in several industries
including telecommunication, healthcare, financial services, transportation, consumer service,
manufacturing, video games, written communication and aviation.
Features-
 Expert system helps to distribute expertise of the individual.
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 Cost of consultation to the expert can be decline for several domains that are medical
diagnosis.
 They utilize inference engine and knowledge base.
 This Expert system could contain knowledge from more than one human expert hence
developing solution could become more efficient (Koivisto and Hamari, 2019).
 The human expertise can be easily disturbed.
 Complex problem could be easily solved by deducing new fact by existing fact of the
knowledge.
Difference between Executive Information System, Decision Support System and Expert
System-
Executive Information
System
Decision Support System Expert System
It is management support
system which support and
facilitate senior executive's
informations and the needs of
decision-making.
This is an information system
which supports organization or
business decision-making
activities.
Expert system is an
information system which
automate decision-making.
This system uses less
computer knowledge and
utilize both external and
internal data.
They gain knowledge or
extract from the computer
system (Marnewick, 2016).
Injecting expert knowledge
into the computer systems.
It allows decision-making for
meeting strategic goals of
company.
This allows non-routine
decisions into the FYI.
They allow the decision-
making is to be done through
expertise.
The problems can be complex
or general can be solved by
executive's informations.
The DSS had wide and
complex problem that could be
solved through knowledge.
The expert system had narrow
problems which could be
solved easily.
It primary assist top
management for uncovering
problem or opportunity so that
They utilize system data and
goals for establishing
alternative and outcome, so
Under this system it generally
replaces the human decision
makers and all decision is
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problem can be sought out and
decision could be taken further
(Barton and et.al., 2016).
that appropriate decision could
be made.
taken through artificial
intelligence.
The distributed system of
decision environment has been
followed
They had unstructured
environment within the
decision-making.
Expert system has structured
environment of decision-
making.
Future trend, challenges or issue of the Expert System and Decision Support System-
Expert System:
Future trend-
It is the advanced programming technology which is heard by many of the individuals
and would have an opportunity to utilize in near future. It renders project leader and software
engineer with new programming capabilities to incorporate symbolic representation of the
heuristic and article knowledge into the software package. They had developed more flexible,
powerful and efficient approaches for emulating human decision-making procedure. Some new
approaches which have been developed by the researcher is based on newer method of artificial
intelligence (AI) into the businesses (Thatcher and et.al., 2018). Along with machine language,
and the approaches for data mining with the mechanism of feedback. The modern system had
developed new knowledge more easily and thus further updating themselves easily. This
specifies system can be generalized from the existing knowledge better and dealing with wide
amount of the complex data. The big data's are subjected here. These types of expert systems are
known as “intelligent system.” It will be more in trend and used by companies greatly for
performing their jobs.
Challenges or issues-
The expert system works only when the expert exists. While making a decision no
common sense is to be utilized. There is no creative responses which have been developed by
human experts very significantly. The logic and reason behind the decision-making can not be
easily explained within expert system. Complex processes are not easily automated by through
expert system (Guha and Kumar, 2018). There is no flexibility and the ability for adoption to the
fluctuating environments. The major challenges of Expert system emerge when size of
knowledge base enhanced. The complexity in processing is increased. An Expert system with the
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100 million rules, it has become obvious that particular system will be complex and thus many
computational problem can be faced by them. Inference engine will process huge amount of the
rules for reaching the decision. Adding a new piece of knowledge into the business can be
challenging. The modern approaches which rely on methods on machine learning. Database and
system integration is difficult for the early expert system because tool are eventually in platform
which is not familiar with the corporate environments.
Decision Support System:
Future trend-
In future the Decision Support System will be more practical, it would be more creative.
Latest and advance development on the computer technology has initiated in improving DSS.
Further this system will be playing a large role for cognitive psychological, information
economics, political science, management science, behavioural theory and computer science.
The DSS will be improved for applying more unstructured problem. The alternatives can be
developed independently through this. Further, long range of decision support system has been
taken into the perspective for the research (Soomro, Shah and Ahmed, 2016). The research will
be conducted on the basis of both group and individual. Enhancement of the DSS Application
with Ethics and Values across the organization. The main research has been undertaken through
Human-machine Interface and their impact on the learning and creativity. The new products of
the DSS are Incorporating Artificial Intelligence, Intelligent DSS. Focused version of the DSS
for particular set of the applications or users. The user -friendly capabilities are to be
continuously developed. The Decision Support System had continues to mature and develop.
Challenges or issues-
The costing of decision-making is to be decrease once the decision support system is to
be installed. But the implementation and development of DSS need high investment of monetary.
Further the customization could attract huge cost. Thus, company is not getting with the
customized Decision Support System as pet the particular need. An DSS promote relegate
subjectivity and objectivity, that could have serious impact on the particular business. But the
decision maker are fully depended on computerized decision-making and further, so they are not
utilizing their knowledge into the business as whole (Khanam, Siddiqui and Talib, 2016). There
is shift into focus and the decision makers could not have the skills in future due to the excessive
dependency on DSS. The decision-making system within the organization could sometime
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resulted into the information overloaded. Each and every bit of information is specifically not
important in all decisions. Lack of the technological knowledge needed for using an DSS. The
support of top management is lacking to the great extent as all the decision-making is done
through digital technology which can bound them to provide top-level of support for system.
Best type of decision support system which is to be utilized for supporting company-
There are four type of the Decision Support System that can be used by FYI. These are
Data-driven, Model-driven, Knowldege-driven and document driven. The Model based DSS can
be utilized by FYI. In this type of DSS company can utilize the single model or can particular
use combination of two or more models, which is depended on particular need of the user. This
combined model helps the FYI in analyzing and solving complex data. This model is not data
intensive. It had wide range of scope for the model-driven DSS and thus it can be further
increased through integrated application for web-based (Abualoush and et.al., 2018). It has a
clear objectives and particular purpose. The demand forecasting of product can be specifically
done which state that they could have an appropriate forecasting of product and so further they
can place a product into the marketplace. Budgeting and marketing decision can be accurately
taken into the company so that they can have immense growth into the FYI. The production
forecasting decision could be done by FYI through this model they can effectively render
production decision-making. Project can be planned successfully through this model and thus
further by implementing this model into the company helps them to operate their business
activities. The decision-making regrading investment could be done greatly. FYI can have more
alternatives available to them through which thy can examine various option to be successful
within the business operations. They could also easily gain insights of how the procedure of
working is being performed. With the help of these model the better and effective decision are to
be taken into the company for achieving the overall objective and goal of FYI. The cost within
organization can be reduces and thus time taken in decision-making could be reduced,
particularly cycle time of decision process could also be reduced (Nascimento and et.al., 2018).
This directly declines clerical works into the business process. It is the model which is utilized
for specific decision-making. The problems can be further identified and dealing with the
uncertainty within the business. This system of DSS is very helpful for company to gain overall
objective and achieve huge revenue & profit further.
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CONCLUSION
From the above study it can be concluded that the management of information system is
essential for a company. The company can effectively perform their operational and functional
activities of organization. It can be stated by using the some management information system
into the company an individual could effectively use this for gaining their overall objective and
goals. The appropriate decision-making can be done by company through these various system
that saves their time and costing of decision-making within the company. An organization could
sustain and perform in market well if they are having an accurate decision-making process across
organization. The Decision Support System can be helpful for company to test individual,
processes and the several technologies within the context of organization. The coordination,
visualization and analysis of information among the organization can be done effectively through
which a company could gain huge success.
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REFRENCES
Books and Journals
Abualoush, S.H and et.al., 2018. The role of employees’ empowerment as an intermediary
variable between knowledge management and information systems on employees’
performance. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems.
Barton, K.A and et.al.,2016. Information system security commitment: A study of external
influences on senior management. Computers & Security.59. pp.9-25.
Guha, S. and Kumar, S., 2018. Emergence of big data research in operations management,
information systems, and healthcare: Past contributions and future roadmap. Production
and Operations Management, 27(9), pp.1724-1735.
Kanishcheva, O and et.al.,2017, September. Method of integration and content management of
the information resources network. In Conference on Computer Science and
Information Technologies (pp. 204-216). Springer, Cham.
Khanam, S., Siddiqui, J. and Talib, F., 2016. Role of information technology in total quality
management: a literature review. Khanam, S, Siddiqui, J. and Talib, F.(2013),“Role of
Information Technology in Total Quality Management: A Literature Review”,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering and Technology,
2(8), pp.2433-2445.
Koivisto, J. and Hamari, J., 2019. The rise of motivational information systems: A review of
gamification research. International Journal of Information Management.45. pp.191-
210.
Marnewick, C., 2016. Benefits of information system projects: The tale of two countries.
International Journal of Project Management.34(4). pp.748-760.
Nascimento, A.M and et.al., 2018. A literature analysis of research on artificial intelligence in
Management Information System (MIS). In American Conference on Information
Systems. Association For Information System (AIS).
Nawaz, N. and Gomes, A.M., 2017. Human resource information system: a review of previous
studies. Journal of Management Research.9(3).
Soomro, Z.A., Shah, M.H. and Ahmed, J., 2016. Information security management needs more
holistic approach: A literature review. International Journal of Information
Management, 36(2), pp.215-225.
Thatcher, J.B and et.al., 2018. Mindfulness in information technology use: Definitions,
distinctions, and a new measure. MIS Quarterly, 42(3), pp.831-848.
Trantopoulos, K and et.al.,2017. External knowledge and information technology: Implications
for process innovation performance. MIS quarterly.41(1). pp.287-300.
Zhang, Y., 2016, June. Management information system. In 2017 2nd International Conference
on Machinery, Electronics and Control Simulation (MECS 2017). Atlantis Press.
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