Management of Casualty and Disaster Question Answer 2022

Running head: MASS CASUALTY AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT OF CASUALITY AND DISASTER
Name of Student:
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1. Difficulties encountered by rescue personnel during the rescue and
extrication of persons trapped.
There are different type of difficulties that are encountered by the rescue personnel at
the time of rescuing the trapped persons and while extracting the trapped persons of
Granville 1977 and Thredbo 1997.
During the Granville 1977 incident numerous number of passengers were trapped in
the train for many hours when the rescue team have arrived to save them. There were
many passengers who was alive but they died at the time they were rescued (Hong et
al., 2014). This caused the biggest challenge for the rescue teams. There the rescue
team have continued their work for 48 hours in a very critical condition, there were
huge amount of risks while working on the rescue mission, there were huge chances
of explosions Tatham & Spens, 2016). It was a big challenge for the rescue personnel
to work in the dark during the night where was very low amount of air (Zafar, Babar
& Abbas, 2013). Even it was more challenging for the cranes to lift the large blocks of
the bridge as it may have fallen down which may cause more damage. It was very
challenging for all the rescue personnel including the medical teams and others.
At the time of the Thredbo 1997 incident the rescue personnel had a big contribution
to control the situations It was very difficult for the rescue teams to work in such a
critical condition. As the concrete slaps was very linear (Haghighi et al., 2013). There
were people who were tucked under three concrete slabs. When the rescue personnel
tried to move each slab, it caused harm in their ways so the persons had to work with
more challenges. They couldn't even lift the tucked persons, as if they were alive they
would have been died if they were lifted Tatham & Spens, 2016). The condition of the

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tucked persons made it difficult for the rescue teams to work in a constant manner.
They had to study the situations and after they reacted on the incident.
Both the above explained accidents denotes that they occurred due to certain
negligence. There are number of legal obligations which caused this accidents:
Negligence:
Negligence is an important factor that results to this accidents. The laws of negligence
is very important, and if people gets familiar to this type of laws it will prevent from
arising of this type of problems.
Occupational Health and safety legislation
This is a type of legislation which is applied in various government bodies and also in
various ESOs. Due to this it helps in preventing the risks for both the employees and
all other people.
There are also more different type of problems that are encountered by the rescue
personnel at the time of rescuing. Firstly due the climatic change with no notification.
That is sudden change in the climatic condition cause serious problems(Tatham & Spens,
2016). Secondly due to lower skills of the rescue personnel, this occurs due to insufficient
training of the personnel. Special training programs must be conducted for the personnel
before they are introduced to any live tasks. Technology must be developed which shall
be introduced among the rescue personnel so that they can use that technology for in their
work field which will help to solve various problems in the scene(Jennings et al., 2015).
Communication problem is another type of problem which cause serious effect while
communicating among the rescue personnel and the affected people. In this case more
communicating skill should be induced among the rescuers which will help in their work
field. There are different rescuers who are more educated regarding their work field

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theoretically but they lacks in practical skills that cause a huge amount of problem for the
rescuers. This is a big challenge for the rescuers while they are in there live task. Thus
practical trainings must be given to the rescuers before they are induced to any work field.
By this practice it will help rescuers to work better in their field. Sense of time is another
criteria that should be followed by the rescuers while they are in their work field. This
problem is faced by the rescuers which must be resolved.
2. Factors involved in the deaths associated with the incident (crush
injuries, time trapped).
Crush injury can be defined as a type of injury which cause body compression. This is a
rare type of injury which is very rare in case of normal civilians, though this is common
in case of natural disaster. Mainly it occurs when any person gets stuck under any
collapsed building. After the rescue of that person it can be noticed(Sheng, Zhang & Yu,
2013). It is a syndrome caused by the rhabdomyolysis and also due to release of the
contents of the cells. There are various complications of the crush injuries that include
hypovolemic shock, hyperkalaemia imbalance and electrolyte imbalance, compartment
syndrome and the failure of the acute renal. This is a type of injury which may cause in
the permanent disability or it may also lead to death. The prime cause of this type of
injury is by natural disaster, besides this may also cause due to any time of serious
accidents and other type of disaster that may cause huge injury. The treatment that is done
in this case is done on the problem of not releasing of the tourniquet and also due to the
overloading of the fluid in case of the patient. In this case pressure is to be released that
may restrict the fluid, proteins in the diet of the patients are also released(Zona &
Christenhusz, 2015). The patient must be protected against several problems including
hypotension, acidosis, hypocalcaemia, renal failure and hyper kalmia. For the reason of
preventing hyper kalmia there are numerous doses that should be maintained:

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 Calcium gluconate
 Sodium bicarbonate
 Regular insulin
 Glucose
 Kayexalate
Thus cardiac arrhythmias may also develop while in this case the electrocardiographic
monitoring should be done which will lead to a particular treatment.
Time trapped is a type of struck of the people due to any disaster. This includes
natural disasters, accidents and many other causes. The prime reason in this case is
natural disaster. The disasters may cause collapse of huge buildings, roads, bridges.
This occurs due to heavy storm, Tsunami, Earth quake, Floods and other
reasons(Granville, 2016).During this disasters there cause numerous number of
injuries and deaths. There are many countries that are effected by serious natural
disasters. In this countries the people also experience storms and floods. This leads in
the collapse of the buildings which trap the people who are inside the buildings.
People gets stuck until the survival team arrives which is defined as the time trapped.
From a study it is found that in last few years 200 million of people were affected due
to around 400 natural disasters occurred around them. In this cases 16000 people have
died and around 50 million of the people have their homes. Natural disasters have
caused effect in both poor countries and in rich countries(Triaud et al., 2013). In the
developed countries there cause huge amount of loss economically, though there are
less causality among the people of the developed countries. It is also revealed by the
scientists that this type of hydrometer logical disasters that includes the hurricanes,
floods and cyclones are increasing in a daily basis due to the change in the climates.
The system of the international market have enough capacity that is well developed

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and it responds fast on this disasters. Due to this problems the rescue team includes
doctors, sniffer dogs and all other equipment of rescue. Though it takes enough time
to complete the process, most of the lives can be saved, but in some cases when the
time trapped period becomes high it becomes the effected people may lead to death.
In this cases the international media mainly focuses on the response internationally
through more efforts must be given on the local communities(Wong & Hensher,
2018). A related incident that occurred was the hitting of the press building where the
people were trapped and thus the people were dragged out throughout the day and in
this incident the roof of the building have collapsed and it have fallen on the floor that
caused this type of accident. This was due to the result of the earthquake which
occurred in the month of September. This are the reasons that cause time trapped
which affects the people badly and also leads to death.
3. Differences in treatment protocols from Granville 1977 to the
Threadbo disaster 1997 addressing technological advances and
medical breakthroughs.
After the incident of Granville that occurred in the year of 1997 there are certain
strategies that are certain treatment protocols which is induced to overcome the
loss(Feary & Niemoeller, 2015). There numerous strategies of risk management of the
NW Rail, besides of this the structure and the informed responsibilities should also be
established. There are certain factors that should be implemented in this case:
 Effective Governance and Effective Management is to be developed with high
compliance level of safety, work and health that is to be done by the organised
structures.

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 Proactive focus and active focus must be given on the licence, accreditation
and certification.
 Healthy environment and safe environment must be developed for the staffs
that opens a channel for communication among the levels of the NSW Rail
and to remove all the silos.
 Culture and Capability helps in building of a culture of the accountability,
improved performance and the sustainable performance.
In this case the most important factors are of design and of engineering which relates
the disaster of the Granville(Bray, Hensher & Wong, 2018). The both of the factors
that contributes are communication and of maintenance. This are attached with the
engineering and also to the design which have the outcome which is also changed.
The engineering and the design of the bridge, the schedule of the locomotive
replacement and the replacements of the decisions, the maintenance schedule and the
teams have three systems parts that are different to that of the whole of the system
which must be considered. The NSW Rail must implement a mitigation strategy for
the owner who is in the risk. After this the effective team is created for the people
who owns the accountability in case of the strategies that are of different parts(Hubble
et al., 2013). A plan must be developed by the organisation in which the opportunities
will be identified for assisting a deliver on that particular strategy. This will also
improve the behaviours rights and will also drive the behaviour rights. There must be
better objectives and better target where the NSW Raoul will be achieved. The
requirements are to be formalised which will provide a time line that is documented
for the purpose of achieving. The requirements will be formalised y the plans and a
time line will also be documented. The all level commitment which is in the
organisation will be needed for supporting all the objectives that will achieve long

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goals and the short goals(Calori et al., 2014). Local risks, actions of operation,
implement control and the schedule of maintenance will be addressed by the plan is
case to mitigate the risks. The owner of the strategy and the team needs to
communicate for the purpose of planning the and also to intend for the actions that
will reduce all the risks that will rise the levels for buying them from the staffs.
Besides this different resources should be implemented in the budget restrictions
which ensures the success that is of the strategy for mitigation. A different document
will also be created for tracking the progress of the performance that is against all the
parts of the particular strategy.
The difference in between the Granville 1977 and the Thredbo disaster 1997 can be
addressed. In case of the Thredbo disasters the treatment protocols are utilised section
ally. In case of the human inertia the remedy is accountable with the openness to that
of the changes that is necessary(Petersen & Ogawa, 2016). In case of human
incompetence the remedy can be overcome by monitoring the performances that are
only acceptable. In case to use the advice that is best available the superior
technocrats must be rewarded. The whistle blowers must be utilised officially. In case
of the deficiency of the physical resource the equipment of the sound work should be
used to match the needs of the work(Osman et al., 2014). Beside to this the
application of the principle of Precautionary is also is used as a treatment protocol for
the Thredby 1997 incident. Thus the above two explanations describe the difference
between the treatment protocol that are applied in case of the Thredby 1997 incident
and the Granville 1977 incident.

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4. Probable victim outcomes of current clinical techniques were
available in 1977.
After the Granville incident of 1977 the victims affected on trauma. It was said that it is
only possible for the victims to survive from the initial stage of trauma but the victims
will have to face certain unwanted matters that may include the living of the victim
without any part of the body, stopping of various functions of the body(Lagier et al.,
2015). There are certain clinical techniques that are applied on the victims which includes
the following:
 Oral Maxillofacial Surgery
 Orthodontics
 Paediatric Dentistry
 Restorative Dentistry
 Dental public health
All the above mentioned clinical techniques applied on the victims of the accident
helped them in curing as fast as possible. The oral maxillofacial surgery that is done
on the victims helped them to reconstruct their facial structure that was effected
during the accident(Daniels, 2013). The Orthodontics performed on the patients
helped to reconstruct the jaws and the tooth of the patients by positioning them
accordingly. The technique of paediatric dentistry which is performed on the children
victims for promoting their dental health which helped the children who are
effected(Peckham & Awofeso, 2014). A technique of Restorative dentistry is also
applied among the clinical techniques. In this case a diagnosis is done regarding the
disease which effects on the tooth of the victims. Due to this diagnosis it helped the
victims not from getting affected from any type disease of the teeth.DPH is a type of

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non-clinical speciality that is of the dentistry which deals along with prevention of the
disease that are oral and also to promote the oral health. DPH is also involved along
with the assessment of the dental health which have various solutions that are
effective in case to improve dental health of all the victims of the incident those are
affected. This are all the practices that are performed by the programs that are
sponsored by the government. This played an important role in case to cure the
effected victims that occurred due to the train accident happened I the year of 1977,
18th January. This is the disaster which is known as the Granville disaster.
From the above explained topics the difficulties which are encountered by all the
rescue personnel at the time of rescuing the trapped person are discussed. After which
all the factors are discussed that are involved for the deaths which is associated along
with the incident. A difference scenario is explained in between the treatment
protocols that are done on the Granville 1977 incident and on the Threadbo disaster
1997 incident, in this case the advancement of the technology is addressed and the
medical breakthroughs are also addressed(Pallesen et al., 2013). In last the outcomes
of the victims are also discussed which caused due to the clinical techniques that are
performed on the victims of the Granville 1977 disaster.

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