Management of Casualty and Disaster Question Answer 2022

Running head: MASS CASUALTY AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT OF CASUALITY AND DISASTER
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1MANAGEMENT OF ASUALITY AND DISASTER
1. Difficulties encountered by rescue personnel during the rescue and
extrication of persons trapped.
There are different type of difficulties that are encountered by the rescue personnel at
the time of rescuing the trapped persons and while extracting the trapped persons of
Granville 1977 and Thredbo 1997.
During the Granville 1977 incident numerous number of passengers were trapped in
the train for many hours when the rescue team have arrived to save them. There were
many passengers who was alive but they died at the time they were rescued (Hong et
al., 2014). This caused the biggest challenge for the rescue teams. There the rescue
team have continued their work for 48 hours in a very critical condition, there were
huge amount of risks while working on the rescue mission, there were huge chances
of explosions Tatham & Spens, 2016). It was a big challenge for the rescue personnel
to work in the dark during the night where was very low amount of air (Zafar, Babar
& Abbas, 2013). Even it was more challenging for the cranes to lift the large blocks of
the bridge as it may have fallen down which may cause more damage. It was very
challenging for all the rescue personnel including the medical teams and others.
At the time of the Thredbo 1997 incident the rescue personnel had a big contribution
to control the situations It was very difficult for the rescue teams to work in such a
critical condition. As the concrete slaps was very linear (Haghighi et al., 2013). There
were people who were tucked under three concrete slabs. When the rescue personnel
tried to move each slab, it caused harm in their ways so the persons had to work with
more challenges. They couldn't even lift the tucked persons, as if they were alive they
would have been died if they were lifted Tatham & Spens, 2016). The condition of the

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tucked persons made it difficult for the rescue teams to work in a constant manner.
They had to study the situations and after they reacted on the incident.
Both the above explained accidents denotes that they occurred due to certain
negligence. There are number of legal obligations which caused this accidents:
Negligence:
Negligence is an important factor that results to this accidents. The laws of negligence
is very important, and if people gets familiar to this type of laws it will prevent from
arising of this type of problems.
Occupational Health and safety legislation
This is a type of legislation which is applied in various government bodies and also in
various ESOs. Due to this it helps in preventing the risks for both the employees and
all other people.
There are also more different type of problems that are encountered by the rescue
personnel at the time of rescuing. Firstly due the climatic change with no notification.
That is sudden change in the climatic condition cause serious problems(Tatham & Spens,
2016). Secondly due to lower skills of the rescue personnel, this occurs due to insufficient
training of the personnel. Special training programs must be conducted for the personnel
before they are introduced to any live tasks. Technology must be developed which shall
be introduced among the rescue personnel so that they can use that technology for in their
work field which will help to solve various problems in the scene(Jennings et al., 2015).
Communication problem is another type of problem which cause serious effect while
communicating among the rescue personnel and the affected people. In this case more
communicating skill should be induced among the rescuers which will help in their work
field. There are different rescuers who are more educated regarding their work field

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theoretically but they lacks in practical skills that cause a huge amount of problem for the
rescuers. This is a big challenge for the rescuers while they are in there live task. Thus
practical trainings must be given to the rescuers before they are induced to any work field.
By this practice it will help rescuers to work better in their field. Sense of time is another
criteria that should be followed by the rescuers while they are in their work field. This
problem is faced by the rescuers which must be resolved.
2. Factors involved in the deaths associated with the incident (crush
injuries, time trapped).
Crush injury can be defined as a type of injury which cause body compression. This is a
rare type of injury which is very rare in case of normal civilians, though this is common
in case of natural disaster. Mainly it occurs when any person gets stuck under any
collapsed building. After the rescue of that person it can be noticed(Sheng, Zhang & Yu,
2013). It is a syndrome caused by the rhabdomyolysis and also due to release of the
contents of the cells. There are various complications of the crush injuries that include
hypovolemic shock, hyperkalaemia imbalance and electrolyte imbalance, compartment
syndrome and the failure of the acute renal. This is a type of injury which may cause in
the permanent disability or it may also lead to death. The prime cause of this type of
injury is by natural disaster, besides this may also cause due to any time of serious
accidents and other type of disaster that may cause huge injury. The treatment that is done
in this case is done on the problem of not releasing of the tourniquet and also due to the
overloading of the fluid in case of the patient. In this case pressure is to be released that
may restrict the fluid, proteins in the diet of the patients are also released(Zona &
Christenhusz, 2015). The patient must be protected against several problems including
hypotension, acidosis, hypocalcaemia, renal failure and hyper kalmia. For the reason of
preventing hyper kalmia there are numerous doses that should be maintained: