Effective Decision Making and Management

The assignment provides an in-depth analysis of effective decision making and management techniques. It discusses the importance of risk modeling, assessment, and management in business, and how it can enhance resilience during islanded operation. Additionally, it explores logistics and supply chain management, including model-based diesel engine management system optimization for transient engine operation. The document also touches on human resource management at work and records management. Overall, this assignment aims to provide a thorough understanding of the principles and practices involved in effective decision making and management.

Management &
Operation

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction to the organisation you have chosen and its management structure...................1
2. Definition and roles of both managers and leaders, highlighting the differences between
management and leadership.........................................................................................................1
3 & 4 Different roles of management and leadership in application to different organisational
situations, supported by theories and concepts............................................................................3
5. Conclusions on how managers and leaders have made an impact on the organisation and
recommendations for future improvements.................................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
1. Introduction to the key operations of the chosen organisation................................................6
2. Key operational functions, identifying the roles and responsibilities of managers.................7
3. Explanation of the key operational approaches to operations management............................7
4. An evaluation of the impact of external business environment factors...................................8
5. How operational efficiencies can be improved to successfully meet business objectives......9
6. Conclusions and supported recommendations for future improvements to be taken by the
organisation..................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Management & Operation is the administration of business practice to create the highest
level of efficiency possible within a company. It provides help the employees to perform its roles
and duties effectively so that targets can be fulfil. In this present report chosen organisation is
Toyota which is a Japanese car manufacturing corporation. In this report following topics are
covered such as : introduction of company and structure, roles of manager and leader &
difference between management and leadership, approach of leadership, key operational
functions of managers. Apart from this, it also discusses about impact of external business
environment factors that affect decision making and recommendations for future improvements
to be taken by corporation.
TASK 1
1. Introduction to the organisation you have chosen and its management structure
Toyota is a Japanese car-manufacturing corporation that start its operations in the year
1937. Products of organisation is almost available across all countries. The main business
activities of this company are motor vehicle production and sales. The number of employees are
369124 as on March 31st, 2018. It has almost 600 subsidiary companies that are involved in
production of automobiles and its parts, commercial and industrial vehicles (Introduction of
Toyota. 2018). It follows the vertical management structure and it is typically organised such as
a pyramid with executive at the top, middle managers in the middle and low level managers and
workers at the bottom. In this type of structure, higher authority gives the command to the
middle level and middle level gives the instructions to the lower level. Company has large
number of staffs so that it follows the vertical management structure (Penn and Pennix, 2017).
2. Definition and roles of both managers and leaders, highlighting the differences between
management and leadership
Manager and leader plays a vital role in the success and growth of organisation and it
manage the company in effective manner so that targets of Toyota can be fulfil as per the need.
Manager: It is a person who holds power to control the organisation and the staffs so that
work can be done as per the requirement (www.collinsdictionary.com).
Role of manager:
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 Interpersonal: This particular role is acting as an overall figurehead as well as acting as
a liaison. It means people are responsible for doing work that someone can considered
flashy or ceremonial in nature.
 Informational: It is related with the process of transmission that is dissemination role,
passing on data from one person to another.
 Decisional: These are specifically relate with the management roles that can covers ten
tasks and responsibility that a manager may require to perform.
Characteristic of manager:
 Integrity: Those manager lead with overall integrity method performance appraisals with
candour, honesty and forthrightness in providing feedback to their employees.
 Self-motivation: These are relate with a small firm that are highly goal oriented. It can
be adept at selecting and hiring right employees.
 Confidence: It would be develop because of strong thinking skills. The company can get
use of these characteristic of manager to make further planning for an organisation.
Leader: The individual who has ability to motivate and lead the group of persons so that
teammates can perform effectively by following the objectives of corporation
(www.collinsdictionary.com).
Role of Leader:
 Guide: A leadership’s action of leading staffs to attain specific goals are lead to attain
overall performance of the company during the period.
 Motivator: A leader can be consider as a good motivator this will lead to make proper
planning to increase the moral of employees by helping them through management games
and bonus (Marchington and et. al., 2016).
Characteristic of leader:
 Direction: It is one of the primary feature of leader that would be use by company in
order to provide right direction to their workers.
 Consistency: A leader is someone who should be able to inspire confidence with
everyone in the organization at all times.
 Communication: The one can assist other staffs and employees to make their work with
full confidence by taking guidance from their supervisor.
Differences between management and leadership
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Basis Management Leadership
Definition Management comprises of
planning, organising, directing
and controlling the group of
members and bring integrity
towards accomplishment of
organisational objectives.
Leadership shows the ability
of the leader to motivates the
team mates so that they
contribute towards the
achievement of corporation
goal.
Personality styles Tend to be rational, under
control problem solvers. They
often focus on goals,
structures, personnel, and
availability of resources.
Managers’ personalities lean
toward persistence, strong will,
analysis, and intelligence.
Leader of Toyota is mercurial
and comfortable to take risks
and have high levels of
imagination (Hugos, 2018).
Focuses To effectively manage the
work in Toyota.
It focuses to lead the group
members.
Role To manage and control the
management and operational
activities of Toyota so that
targets can be fulfil.
To encourage the employees to
perform as per the requirement
of company.
Evaluation on roles, functions, characteristic of leaders and manager
Along with the above lines, people occupied with initiative and the board of Toyota must
to constantly attempt to accomplish targets and objectives of organization and put their extreme
activities towards this so a maintainability in development and execution can be accomplish.
Role of Leaders and Managers in Operations
The role of operation manager is to take responsibility and chose those persons who can
perform as per the need of corporation. Leaders are responsible to hire those workers who can
work on day to day basis. The leader's ability to communicate relevant information so that
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specific mission of Toyota can be achieve. It can encourage the workers so that they put
maximum efforts to accomplish the objectives.
3 & 4 Different roles of management and leadership in application to different organisational
situations, supported by theories and concepts.
In success of an organisation management and leadership plays an important role because
it manages and controls the operational activities in the company so that targets can be
accomplish as required. There are various theories that provide support to the Toyota in
achieving its objectives. There are different approaches, which can be follow by Toyota so that
work can be accomplish as per the requirement of company. There are various strength and
weakness of approaches, which are as follows:
Contingency theory: In an organisation, various activities are perform on regular basis.
As an example, due to transportation strike Toyota faced the problem of insufficient raw
material. In that case, manager takes the decision that they can purchase raw material from the
local suppliers so that an urgent order can be completed effectively. In that case, leader work as a
guide by using its appropriate leadership that encourage the workers to complete the work as per
the desire of corporation so that an urgent order can be completed (him and Chai, 2014).
Strength of contingent approach : Provide help to the manager and leaders to take
decisions as per the contingencies which arises at work place so that productivity does not get
hamper (Haimes, 2015).
Weakness of contingent approach: It is not easy for the manager and leader to make
plans and policies as per the contingent situations. As a result, effective decisions cannot be
taken.
From the above management approach, it has been used to as universally applicable set
of principles to Toyota. It would be operate by management that require various ways of
managing the overall resources.
System theory: To follow a system, is essential for a company so that tasks can be
perform as per the requirement. It enables the management in a corporation to create the
conditions and make organisational strategy where persons at all level can work effectively as
per its potential. As an example, Manager of Toyota has set a quality standard while
manufacturing the cars so that quality products can be produce. To that case role of leader is to
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give instructions that all group members to maintain the quality that is set by the management of
company. As a result, Production can be done as per the specified system.
Strength of systemic approach: Work can be done as per the systems that are created by
the organisation that brings the efficiency and effectiveness as a result objective of Toyota can be
accomplished.
Weakness of systemic approach: Due to complex system and procedure, workers
cannot perform their roles and duties as per the requirement due to which goals of corporation
cannot be achieve.
As the systematic approach is used to determine the project based on the experiential
application of clearly defined steps during the time of evaluating the results.
Situational theory: This theory states that leadership style has changed because of
situations occurs at work place. As an example, if there is a situation arise that Toyota have to
manufacture 350 cars in 20 days to meet an urgent order. In that case manager takes the
decisions that all employees have to work 1 hour extra so that targets can be achieve. The role of
leadership is to motivate the workers so that they can as per the requirement of corporation as a
result corporation can achieve its objectives.
Strength of situational approach: This approach help the management and leaders to
find effective solutions of issues and problems so that appropriate decisions can be taken which
support to the situation. As a result, objectives can be accomplish as per the desire of Toyota.
Weakness of situational approach: Problems can appear any time and any situation and
due to lack of management and leadership skills, managers and leaders cannot take effective
decisions. As a result, relevant solution of a problem can be identified which can hamper the
productivity also (Grahn and McKelvey, 2014). In Toyota wants to increase their overall sales
then in that particular situation, manager wants to increase the overall strength toward producing
maximum units. This would sometime lead to a huge limitation to the company.
Conclusion: If Toyota follows the leadership, theories and approaches than effective
decisions can be taken in the complex situations and conditions. As a result, workers can be able
to perform their roles and duties and achieve its targets which provide help the organisation to
achieve its objectives.
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5. Conclusions on how managers and leaders have made an impact on the organisation and
recommendations for future improvements.
As a conclusion, it can be said that leaders and managers influence the organisation very
much as a result it can achieve its targets and make future growth and investment strategies.
Manager manage and control the management & operational activities and workforce which
made positive impact on Toyota to achieve its goals and get success. Leader of corporation
motivate and leads the group members to perform their duties as per the requirement which make
positive impact on company to accomplish its objectives. So for the success of organisation both
of them provide its maximum contribution so that predetermined goals and targets can achieve.
Recommendation for future improvements
 Organisation should provide training to the employees so that their skills and knowledge
can be develop.
 Rules, regulations and policies can be frame which provide support to company to
achieve its objectives.
 Activities of all employees can be monitor by the management so that efficiency can be
enhanced.
 Leader of Toyota should encourage the group members so that they perform their task in
effective manner and put its maximum efforts to accomplish the targets of corporation.
 For the profit maximization cost can be reduce and it should emphasis to manufacture the
products as per the demands and needs of consumers.
TASK 2
1. Introduction to the key operations of the chosen organisation
Operational management: It is known as one of the effective administration of business
practices that would be used to create the highest level of efficiency possible within Toyota. It is
concern with converting all the raw material and labour into good and services as efficiently as
possible to increase the profitability of an organisation.
Operational manager: It is considered as that particular individual which in charge and
execution of overall routine function and activities of an organisation.
An organisation has to perform various activities and Toyota is a car manufacturing
company that provide its products around all nations. For a corporation it is essential to provide
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quality products and to satisfy the needs and demands of consumers it manufacture quality
products as a result it is helpful to gain competitiveness in the market. Important key operations
of organisation are as follows:
Planning: Management of company makes effective plans that provide help to achieve
the objectives.
Organising: It is process to bring physical, financial and human resources together so
that targets of corporation can be fulfil.
Directing: Instruction has given to employees so that they perform their roles and duties
as per the requirement in a process.
Controlling: To control the activities of workforce management of Toyota can monitor
the performance as a result effectiveness and productivity can be enhance.
2. Key operational functions, identifying the roles and responsibilities of managers
A manager has to perform various roles to manage the operation functioning the
organisation and it has various responsibilities, which is helpful for Toyota to achieve its targets.
Production: It is the key operational function of company and the responsibility of
manager is to identify the need that how much units of car should be manufactured so that
demand of clients can be fulfilled. The role of manager is to ensure that production has done as
per the requirement of Toyota so that targets can be accomplish.
Marketing: This operational function is helpful to maximize the reach of company's
products and services. The role of marketing manager is to focuses that marketing team is
performing as per the desire of company. It is responsible that marking function should
contribute to the growth of Toyota.
Distribution: This operational function is helpful to the product distribution to consumer.
Manager of Toyota is responsible to ensure that logistic team is performing its roles effectively
and deliver the products as per the demand of clients.
3. Explanation of the key operational approaches to operations management
There are various key operational approaches that support to the operations management
as a result all members perform their roles as per necessity and provide value to the organisation.
Total quality management: As per this approach to maintain, the quality is essential for
an organisation. Manager of Toyota can set the quality standards and can give instructions to the
employees to maintain the require quality while manufacturing as a result good can be enhanced
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which bring value to the company. The help of this particular approach can manage the overall
level of the Toyota effective with appropriate quality.
Lean manufacturing: According to this approach corporation should emphasis to
remove the wastage so that unnecessary expenditures can be minimise. Training and
development program can be organised by the manager of Toyota to develop the skills of
workers so that they work efficiently. This will motivate the employees those are often more
flexible which is considered as key elements of lean manufacturing. Employees also benefit from
a safer work environment where risks have been reduce.
Six sigma: This specific approach emphasis to minimize the defects so that quality
products can be produce and unnecessary cost be eliminate while production. Manager of Toyota
can use this approach so that errors and defects can be eliminate while production process. This
will assist in better understanding of all the changing customer requirement, reduction in waste
and overall development of robust products and processes of Toyota Company.
4. An evaluation of the impact of external business environment factors
Toyota Company can make PESTEL analysis for the identification of its opportunity and
threads. Internal as well as external factor influence the organisation and their productivity. So
manager need to build strategies to keep these factors in mind. These factors are as follow:
 Political factor: - This factor can influence the productivity and business operations of
an organisation. It includes tax policy, environmental law, political stability and
government policy. Impact of government policies and any changes will affect the
company's production level. Manager need to know about these changes such as political
stability, policies regarding trade and government support for the industry. Leader and
mangers will make strategies according to it.
 Economic factor: - This factor influences the company's development process. It
includes inflation, interest rate, economic growth etc. Japan currency's value is weak in
comparison to U.S currency that effect the economy of this country. Manager and leader
have opportunities to build strategies regarding grow their business in the U.S market.
Because that country has rapid growth in this industry.
 Social factor: - Company have opportunity to expand their business in the hybrid and
electric vehicles. Because it has huge demand in the market, so after market analysis
manager will make decision because of social demand (Pundi and et. al., 2015).
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 Technological factor: - Technological factor influence the most because Toyota have
same business. It introduces the e-commerce capability and it increase the mobile
application service that is a big opportunity for the company. It will help the leader and
manger to take their decision because of these factors.
 Environmental factor: - Manager of Toyota Company need to prepare strategies in
respect of change in the climate and business stability. Because this organisation have
capacity and capability to introduce eco friendlily products. It can improve their
sustainability performances.
 Legal factor: - This factor influences the business of Toyota because different rules and
regulation effect the organisation. It includes consumer rights, safety and health law,
security of employees etc. Managers will take decision because of improving intellectual
law, environmental law and consumer law. These are the important factors which having
huge impact on the organisation. This company have capacity to provide high-level
quality product that satisfy the requirement of environmental law (Punyateera and et. al.,
2014).
 Culture: The culture of company can influence the working of company. If manager and
leaders of Toyota does not guide employees to follow the culture of organisation than
they can not perform as per the requirement as a result productivity can get hamper.
 Values: To maintain the values are essential for an organisation and it involves beliefs.
The manager and leaders of Toyota can encourage the workers that they have to work as
per the values so that quality products can be produced and needs of consumes can be
satisfy.
 Ethics and responsibility: It is important for the organisation to follow ethics and
corporate social responsibility. As a result Toyota can expand its business in other
countries. The role of manager and leader is to take effective decisions which support to
follow ethics and responsibility.
5. How operational efficiencies can be improved to successfully meet business objectives
Operational efficiency can be improved which meet business objectives and management
and leadership approaches is helpful to achieve success (Christopher, 2016).
Management approach: According to this approach, manager has to manage and
control the operational activities effectively and makes plans that support the management to
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achieve its objectives. As a result, Toyota can get success and able to generate more profits and
can sustain for a time in the market.
Situational leadership approach: As per this approach leader should be able to take
decisions as per the situations occurs at the workplace. Therefore, that better decisions can be
taken which is helpful to achieve the objectives that leads the operational efficiency.
Operation management is important to maximize the efficiency and productivity of an
organisation so that it can achieve its objectives. If all operations are effectively manage as per
the requirement of Toyota than performance and productivity can be enhance as, a result targets
can be accomplished which is helpful to get success and growth. It provides value to the
management operations as a result work can be done efficiently which contribute to the growth
of company.
6. Conclusions and supported recommendations for future improvements to be taken by the
organisation
As a conclusion, it can be said that for an organisation it is essential to perform its key
operations so that all activities can be perform effectively and company can achieve its
objectives. For the growth and success of Toyota manager plays an important role by following
the required responsibilities. Operation management approaches is helpful to minimise defects
and improve the quality of products. By effectively analysing the external factors manager can
take useful decision for the growth of corporation.
Future recommendations:
 Manager of Toyota can use six-sigma and total quality management approach that is
helpful to deduct errors and produce superior quality products.
 Manager and leader can analyse the external environmental factors effectively so that it
can protect its business from the negative impact of this.
 Plans and strategies can be make effectively so that organisational objectives can be
accomplish (Balasubramaniam and et. al., 2016).
CONCLUSION
As from the above report, it has been concluded that management and operation provide
help the company to accomplish its targets. Manager and leader has performed distinct roles that
support the corporation to achieve its objectives. Leadership theories and approaches is helpful to
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take effective decisions in the complex situations so that productivity does not get hamper.
Various operation functions are helpful to meet the goals. To protect the business of organisation
manager and leaders can take effective decisions so that business does not get affect due to
external environmental factors.
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REFERENCES
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Haimes, Y. Y., 2015. Risk modeling, assessment, and management. John Wiley & Sons.
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Penn, I. A. and Pennix, G. B., 2017. Records management handbook. Routledge.
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