Managerial Economics: Demand, Supply, and Perfect Competition

This report discusses the effect on the demand curve, supply curve, equilibrium price, and equilibrium quantity in different markets. It also explores the features of perfect competition and the concept of demand elasticity. Graphs and examples are provided to help understand these concepts. Study managerial economics with Desklib.

Managerial Economics

Executive summary
Managerial accounting includes several accounting aspects aimed at enhancing the
consistency of knowledge given to management about indicators of company activities.
Management accountant provide statistics related to the profitability and financial income
produced by the business for products and services. Standard costing is a wide subset of
management accounting which focuses primarily on measuring the overall manufacturing
business costs by evaluating the operating expenses within each production phase, and also fixed
costs. This helps corporations to recognise and decrease wasteful expenses and maximize
revenues. This report, summaries demand curve, the supply curve, the equilibrium price, and the
equilibrium quantity, Perfect Competition characteristic, and many more concept of economic
which are beneficial in making decision.

Contents
Executive summary..........................................................................................................................2
BODY OF PROJECT......................................................................................................................4
SECTION “A”.................................................................................................................................4
1) Effect on the demand curve, the supply curve, the equilibrium price, and the equilibrium
quantity...................................................................................................................................4
2) Features of Perfect Competition with examples................................................................8
3) Graph to show the point the firm should stop hiring worker in a perfect competitive market
form........................................................................................................................................9
4. Demand is elasticity..........................................................................................................10
5. Four tools available for government interventions to deal with the market failures........11
SECTION “B”...............................................................................................................................15
A. Supply schedule and the various factors affecting the supply in the market...................15
2. Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA)..........................................................16
Major characteristics of the emerging market form in the telecom industry:......................17
b. Pricing policies that expected to find in this industry:.....................................................17
c. Profit maximization strategy of this market form with the help of a suitable graph:.......18
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................20
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................21

BODY OF PROJECT
SECTION “A”
1) Effect on the demand curve, the supply curve, the equilibrium price, and the equilibrium
quantity.
A) Market for newspapers
Case1 : The salaries of journalists go up
The reporters are really the key material for the output of the publications in the
illustration described as well as any increases in their wages influence the amount supplied. The
wages limits the supply of commodities at the same amount. The equilibrium price from Sa to Sb
would be moved leftward. This would lead to some other outcome that reduced the amount of
the balance and raises the cost of the optimum (Fernandez, 2018).
Case 2: There is a big news event in your town, which is reported in the newspapers.
Consumers can afford more newspapers at any provided price to learn about the major
news occurrence in community. This would switch to the right, impacting the consumer surplus

and triggering a transition towards Da to Db. There may be an improvement across both the
quantity and price of the balance, and it would also change from Ea to Eb.
B) Market for St. Louis Rams
Case 1: The Rams win the Super Bowl competition.
It can be stated that yes, of necessity, following their performance in winning a title,
individuals will purchase the St. Louis Rams T-shirt so that the market will rise at the given
price. This would swing to the right, impacting the demand graph and making the Da to Db
transition. The equilibrium point would also rise but it will also move towards Ea to Eb, as seen
below.
Case 2: The price of cotton increases.
The expense here is the fabric of the t-shirts, and therefore any increases in prices will contribute
to a difference in the amount supplied. In this situation, the rise in the cost of cotton would lead
to a decline in the production of t-shirts and a drop in the amount of fabric delivered. A back to
the left change of the quantity supplied towards Sa to Sb is seen in the illustration above
(CHULKOV and NIZOVTSEV, 2012). It would therefore result in a decrease in the sum of the

approximation as well as a rising price of the equilibrium. The adjustments from E a to Eb are
described above.
C) Market for bagels
Case 1: People realize how fattening bagels are.
From the above graph it can be clearly discussed that these day, individuals are getting
more safe and mindful of what could react to a decline in demand. The subsequent a shift on the
left hand side will modify the business cycle towards D1 to D2 as well as this will also impact
the price level to decrease forever and transition between E1 to E2.
Case 2: People have less time to make themselves a cooked breakfast
The above graph shows the well and systematic approach which further describe that
if customers have little time to plan for nutritious lunch and begin to select substitutes, bagles
would have been the most successful choice that will raise the market for that too. Mostly on

quantity demanded around D1 to D2, it moves to the customers believe. Both the price and
quantity would also rise through E1 to E2, which help in making decision making to the
customers.
D) Market for the Krugman and Wells.
Case 1: Your professor makes it required reading for all of his or her students.
Students would need to purchase the booklet without any choice as needed, so that
the market for the dataset of Krugnan as well as reservoirs would improve. The graph of
demand would move to something like the right hand side as well as switch towards D1 to
D2. It will therefore raise the cost as well as quantity of the balance because it will transfer
towards E1 to E2, as seen below.
Case 2: Printing costs for textbooks are lowered by the use of synthetic paper.
The printer will sell more tickets for selling at the very same price, because as
expense of processing will decrease. This would raise the supply enough that the graph
moves to the right hand side towards S1 to S2. In some other side, the price of stability will
decrease and the amount of optimization will rise through E1 to E2.

2) Features of Perfect Competition with examples
A Perfect Competition Economy is really the market structure wherein the bargaining power of
buyers as well as seller is quite high, which are all involved with no arbitrary constraints in the
purchasing and sale of a homogeneous commodity and have perfect business awareness at one
time (Stinchcombe, 2013). A substantial majority of producers and consumers, both involved in
the purchases and sales of slightly differently related goods, that are in constant contact to each
other as well as who continue buying and selling freely between each, can be described as the
ideal competition market. The lack of every monopolistic variable is an integral feature of
maximum competition. There are the 3 main attributes of perfect competition:
Huge number of suppliers and producer: The most important condition is whether the
bargaining power of seller and buyers must be so huge that the cost and production of the market
as an entire will not be influenced individually by either of them. The location of a buyer or
seller throughout the marketplace is much like a raindrop inside an ocean.
The Product's Homogeneity: A relatively homogenous commodity must be manufactured
and marketed by each company such that no customer has any advantage over another for some
particular seller's goods. If products are homogeneous thus the total costs in any situation will be
standardised.
Free Business Entry and Exit: The business should have the right to join or exit the
business. If there is expectation of benefit, the company will join the company and if losses are
profitable, the company will dissolve the company. Such as a bookseller in a market is doing
great and there are huge seller of books in the same market then customer can make purchase

from anywhere. As a result if any bookseller wants to close their shop due to increasing
competition than they are free to do so.
A business system wherein the five primary conditions are fulfilled is true competition:
 All companies offer similar items; an amazing example seems to be the supermarket. For
instance, throughout the drinks there is almost always soda even by point of sale and diet
coke too though. The soda checkout counter is always double as costly. The very same
subject could be said about ice cream, gum, etc. Many individuals pay high prices for
prepared salad the manufacturing area whereas the products are just next to themselves.
In certain cases, either flexible and processed fruit / vegetables are marketed at various
prices, including sliced versus un-sliced too though.
 Single price; all commodity products have a standardised price that is dictated by the
retail price.
 Both businesses are price setters; there are powerless to regulate their manufacturer's
selling price.
 Great knowledge; both consumers and vendors have full business skills as well as the
fees paid by each business.
 Right of entering and leave the market; since there are no hurdles to entering and cancel
the contract
 Any business will enter or exit the business whenever it wishes when bearing huge losses
(Brooker, 2016).
3) Graph to show the point the firm should stop hiring worker in a perfect competitive market
form.
It is observed that whenever the overall benefit of the organisation from recruiting an
extra employee exceeds the money on hiring that job, as seen in the figure below:

Firms employ the number of employees for whom marginal pay is equivalent to the
expenses of labour (wage) at optimum employee use. If labour provides more money than its
expenses, the employee must be recruited. In comparison, where the expenses of extra labour
is greater than the increased wages added by the employee, it may not be employed. In
economics, the market type defines the performance of the business in terms of
competitiveness.
The main aspects of the industry are:
Competition perfect: There have been a lot of customers, as well as a lot of suppliers.
Monopolistic rivalry, known as the open market as well: A considerable number of
autonomous entities exist. A business has a relatively limited percentage of the market share.
Oligopoly: A limited group of businesses holding more than 40 percent of the market share
control the market.
Monopoly: Just one seller as well as a vast frequency of purchaser remains due to seller is able
to fix a high price of goods and buyer have to make a purchase in order to fulfil their demand
(Jones Osasuyi and Mwakipsile, 2017).
4. Demand is elasticity
Price elasticity-of-demand is a measurement of the sensitivity of adjustment in quantities
requested by goods / services to the changes in prices, ceteris paribus. If law of demand suggests,
whenever price of a product / service rises, the market for the products will decline.

Alternatively, as price of commodity declines, demand for product rises. Conversely, the degree
with which prices shift has an effect on demand varies greatly across one product to
other product. PED = (change (%) quantity demanded) / (changes (%) in price). If this figure is
larger than 1, the commodity is stated to being price-elastic (price-sensitive) whereby a rise in
prices can contribute to a rise in quantity requested that is more than directly proportional.
When PED is less than one, commodity shall price inelastic (price-insensitive) whereby a
proportional rise in price lead to a greater proportional rise in quantities demanded (Böcker and
Finger, 2017).
A. Yesterday, the price of envelopes was $3 a box, and Jacky was willing to buy 10 boxes.
Today, the price has gone up to $3.75 a box, and Jacky is now willing to buy 8 boxes. Is
Jacky's demand for envelopes elastic or inelastic? What is Jacky's elasticity of demand?
To identify elasticity of demand for Jacky, it is required to divide percentage change in
the quantity by percentage change in price.
% Change in Quantity = (8 - 10) / (10) = -0.20 = -20%
% Change in Price = (3.75 - 3.00) / (3.00) = 0.25 = 25%
Elasticity = | (-20%)/(25%)| = |-0.8| = 0.8
Elasticity of demand is absolute value of around -0.8 or 0.8. The elasticity of demand for Jacky is
inelastic, because it is < 1.
B. Katy advertises to sell cookies for $4 a dozen. She sells 50 dozen and decides that she
can charge more. She raises the price to $6 a dozen and sells 40 dozen. What is the
elasticity of demand? Assuming that the elasticity of demand is constant, how many
would she sell if the price were $10 a box?
In order to determine elasticity of demand, one need to split the percent changes in quantities by
the percentage change in the price.
% Change in Quantity = (40 - 50) / (50) = -0.20 = -20%
% Change in Price = (6.00 - 4.00) / (4.00) = 0.50 = 50%
Elasticity = | (-20%) / (50%)| = |-0.4| = 0.4
The elasticity’s of demand is around 0.4 (elastic). To finding out the quantity when price is 10
per box, use this same formula:
Elasticity = 0.4 = | (% Change in Quantity) / (% Change in Price)|
% Change in Price = (10.00 - 4.00) / (4.00) = 1.5 = 150%

Before considering absolute value, elasticity is -0.4, so now use-0.4 to quantify the
variations in quantities, so that it wouldn't end up with a significant rise in consumption rather
than a reduction.
-0.4 = | (% Change in Quantity) / (150%)|
| (%Change in Quantity)| = -60% = -0.6
-0.6 = (X - 50)/50X = 20
The new demand at $10 a dozen will be 20 dozen cookies.
5. Four tools available for government interventions to deal with the market failures
The main tools which can be used by government in order to deal with number of uncertainties
or market uneven condition that are discussed below:
Ownership of Government:
The most key respects in which many nations are interested in defending their economy and
concentrating in particular on the established corporatists inside the sector is state control of
business ventures. In order to fulfil the primary goal, governmental management of business
companies is predominantly a hybrid entity generated by various facilities. They function
fundamentally since they are private companies that implement the laws of the government
which prevent commercial facilities at about the same time (Stojanov and SamarÅ, 2015). They
still strive to make sure them as just a private entity on the marketplace as well as able to earn
revenues and gain part in business competition. It is worth remembering that this entity is
government-controlled which has its respective special recourse again from government and
state. The key explanation for the creation of this association can be addressed by suggesting that
any services given to consumers are efficiently handled and coordinated to fulfil their
requirements, as they feel that the financial enterprise is not really well controlled. The public
business entity has also been sustained to establish that certain significant businesses thrive in
markets, particularly monopoly businesses, as the costs are high around and no corporation can
hang on because the GBE maintains its satisfaction.
Regulations or Clear Controls
In order to regulate them even within system where all operates to protect and benefit the
economy, governments normally establish certain rules and restrictions on various businesses.
The primary explanation and explanation why policymakers chose to create controls and
legislation as the answer to preventing the problem of market collapse is that it is the only

method to regulate externalities. Implementing may simply be a minor example; implementing
such laws and rules to companies that surpass the sum globally authorised by their emissions can
risk them paying fines because they can cause global alarm and adversely affect the climate. It is
widely acknowledged in various regimes that there are no enforcement policies to secure and
display respect for sustainable development to discourage it from failing (EDOUN and
MBOHWA, 2010).
Regulation on Subsidies
These subsidies are aimed at enabling private producers to increase the production of
products or services to a social cost. A subsidy implies most of the expense is borne by the state.
For eg, per each kilo growing potatoes, the policy may help cultivate a rebate of £ 10. The result
is to move the supply curve to the left, which leads to cheaper costs and increased demand for
quantities. The government is offering a grant of £ 14 (30-16) in this situation. The subsidy
moves the curve of supply towards right. This results in a lower selling price. The price is
between £ 30 and £22. Demand for amounts grows from 100 to 140 which shows positive results
and help to make better results in the upcoming future.
Regulation on Taxation
The taxes on unfavourable externalities was meant to make the full social expense of the good
payable to customers / production companies. This decreases demand and provides a more
economically productive product. There would be around-consumption (Q1 where D = S) if a
commodity has an adverse impacts, without even a tax, so people disregard the additional costs.
A tax proportional to the outward cost of production must be levied on the nice. It means that
perhaps the maximum marginal social expense would end up being charged by customers. If the
current cost of running a vehicle is measured at 2p a mile, the tax on fuel will be determined in

this manner. A tax makes it easier to internalise the detrimental results. That after taxes are
levied, the production of the better will drop from Q1 to Q2. Q2 is economically useful since the
public marginal gain (SMB) = social marginal cost (SMC) would be at that point (Demski,
2013).
The tax on cigarettes, for example:
Growing taxes can lead to a decrease in demand, but this would only have a limited
impact because production is relatively elastic in terms of volume. People are hooked and there
are no immediate solutions. Cigarette are indeed a positive demerit, but customers can overlook
the risk of smokers, – for example they disregard the danger to their own wellbeing; this is really
a justification for attempting to discourage people from smoking.
There are also several harmful externalities of smoking, including passive smoking. The
financial impact is then better than the marginal cost; social productivity will be improved if the
social input is higher than the physical address. The real social price is charged for making
cigarettes pay. A tax moves the supply curve to shift, creating a decrease in compensation since
this is more economically effective at Q2, SMC = SMB.

SECTION “B”
A. Supply schedule and the various factors affecting the supply in the market.
The supply curve is a graph showing how often a service provider strong brand would have
to generate to develop new products and services predicated mostly on aggregate demand curve
at a particular price.
In other terms, in statutory services, it's essentially a supply chart showing the amount that
requires to be generated at each stage of commodity price. For firms, this theory is especially
relevant when they have to consider what occurs to their stock and total sales according to the
market price increases. The equilibrium price, for instance, tells us all that the rise in a value's
sale price would rise the ability of the organisation to deliver the good. Company will then
glance at the budget and determine which cost they will sell the commodity on the sell and also
how many products at a certain price range they would have to manufacture. Simply this tone,
though it's reasonable from there. The amount supplied may be influenced by a variety of factors,
such as the economic landscape of the organization in which the retailer works and the cost of
raw materials. Weather conditions that affect commodity availability, replacement costs and
complementary goods (Stiglitz and Rosengard, 2015).
The reasons that can trigger shifts in the supply of a commodity to the consumer or have an
effect on it may include:
Production technology: Manufacturing process advancement improves performance. This
decreases the total and potential cost, as more value is achieved from the same input factors. A
method to plan product production or inventory control that helps to maximise prices, decrease
expenses and ensure a consistent flow of work. New engineering equipment that may be used by
either a manufactured product may recognise supply obstructions and physical capability
limitations, even although there is still adequate stock to satisfy demand, it normally does not run
at maximum capacity.
Production factor price increases: An improvement in the value of one or even more factor of
production results in a rising cost of output, and conversely. The amount of a product that
individuals consume depends over its value in a market-based economy. The better the amount
of a good, all other products remain untouched, the less unit’s buyers are prepared to purchase.
The lower its size, the more products are bought from it (Anantharaman and Lee, 2014). This

definitive relationship is named the demand calendar, or the supply curve, between both the
selling price of a product and the amount demanded of same, price level (Krishnan and Wang,
2015).
Other commodity costs: the availability of a good can be impacted by the demand for
goods and services, in particular if they are interchangeable.
Amount of production units: the overall output of a good increases as either the number of
manufacturing units grows, and conversely. The output process system is indeed a way to
measure the deterioration over period of an investment's worth. When the valuation of a
commodity is most closely correlated with the number of products it generates instead of the
period of time this is in operation, it will become valuable. In years where the product is
extensively used, this approach also results in larger deductions being made for depletion that
will also counteract times where the facility sees fewer usage.
Government policies: As taxes grow, since the cost of manufacturing rises, the amount
given decreases. When subsidies grow, because the level of production declines, the amount
given rises.
Producers' aspirations: if manufacturers anticipate the cost of goods and services to increase,
they are necessary to decrease the amount produced and wait before the price is rising to offer
the goods at a higher price (Calvert and Kurji, 2012).
Random, social as well as other variables: Natural events and extreme weather impact the
production of agricultural commodities. Extensive strikes, storms, social unrest etc. could be
other factors that affect consumption.
2. Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA).
The Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) was set up in 2003 to govern the United
Arab Emirates (UAE) digital communications and telecommunications (ICT) market and to help
sustain, stability and accountability between telecom operators, consumers and shareholders. By
Regulation No. 3 of 2003 as well as its executive action, the TRA is indeed a federal body with
far more than 1000 workers, supervises the telecommunications industry and licence holders
throughout the countries in compliance with Federal Legislation, and applies the guidelines of
the Committee of Directors. The TRA is an autonomous body and its responsibilities include
ensuring that all regions of the country have access to telecommunications networks,

guaranteeing that licenced operators completely comply with laws and regulations, but
expanding the telecommunications market (Janik and Beck-Krala, 2018).
Major characteristics of the emerging market form in the telecom industry:
Emirates Telecommunications Company that is known as the Etisalat
was leading telecommunications provider throughout UAE. Etisalat has taken advantage of the
ability to deliver free zone innovations to UAE as a whole and to gain complete ownership of the
telecommunications industry. Through this, Etisalat developed its own hegemony in the
telecommunications industry. Not for sure, when a few years later, a further corporation entered
into market and Monopoly developed into duo ply that also operates telephone phones as well as
internet connectivity in UAE, eventually developed into the triple-playing and third company
entered within market (Jawad, Lee, Glantz and Millett, 2018).
b. Pricing policies that expected to find in this industry:
Overall revenues and market elasticity, significance of testing price revisions when they have a
significant influence on overall sales. This is worth pointing out that price elasticity varies from
tier to tier and, as this results demand curve is stable. Moreover, as part of monopoly policy, they
even tend to select prices which are at core elastic point of the entire demand curve. So here
is simple instance of a monopoly company, where formula following is included in Schedule
number 1 that reflects demand, elasticity as well as gross sales. Herein, revenue curve of
monopoly companies is provided in part (B). In general, monopoly companies are striving to
reduce price each unit in attempt to boost revenues. This is not defamatory that profits are
growing as a result of improvements in cost of productions. As per following example, see that
highest overall revenues are accessible in which there are 5 units haves been sold at price of 25
but it is necessary to remember that anything less than 5 units would immediately result in a
reduction in overall sales (Ben Lakhdar, Vaillant and Wolff, 2016).
Q= Quantity
P= price per unit
Q=10-p

Since there is compelling negative trend among marginal cost of revenues and elasticity
and zero marginal sales value at elastic price level, one can see that there another relationship
exists between demand curve as well as price elasticity. From-point of view of negative marginal
revenue, one can see that company would avoid making any excess unit since monopoly
companies are still working on positive marginal revenues.
c. Profit maximization strategy of this market form with the help of a suitable graph:
The corporation proceeds to sell product units as much as marginal sales of these product creates
more income than marginal costs. For this purpose, the benefit maximisation activity of every
business is fundamentally based on marginal rule. The key aim for each company is to hit the
level of profit maximisation, but at that level the expense is therefore measured on the basis
of economist’s understanding of the potential demand. Fig.2 following illustrates how monopoly
company interacts with demand's curve as well as marginal sales (Fernandez, 2018).

In order to verify Figure 2 above, where one can see that point where marginal
revenues and costs cross the volume of QM is in which one see the benefit maximisation at price
of the PM. The findings have been obtained at that stage E.
Three critical areas that help identify monopoly benefit that maximises price and production.
1 – Work out production, marginal costs and marginal revenues.
2 – Then one can focus on the production point at which marginal costs and marginal
revenues would be cross-represented.
3 – Focus on the stage that the result will be marketed and it will be decided by the price demand
curve.
Once the three main points have been finalised and the prices and results of Monopoly Company
have been determined, one could read economic welfare through introducing average
overall cost. (Figure 3)

CONCLUSION
In the end of report, it has been concluded that Managerial Economics emerged mostly with
improving variability and unpredictable nature of the company environment, business
supervisors are becoming progressively focused on finding reasonable capacity to cater to a
climatic change that is being exploited. In general, managerial economics means the integration
of Keynesian economics with company practise. Economics offers tools for managerial
accounting that apply these techniques to management consulting. It simply means, in basic
terms, the adaptation of modern economics to something like the problem statement. Managerial
economics should be interpreted at the stage of the company as economics related to finding
solutions. It encourages the group boss to presume and evaluate items. Any business attempts to
generate maximize the advantages, and although economics stresses profit maximisation. It is
also important to reinvent economic models for the real environment. Both micro as well as
macroeconomics have the features of economic theory. Yet there are only micro aspects of
managerial philosophy. Economic philosophy is concerned with the analysis of both individual
firms and individual consumers. Yet analyses in operational philosophy are only for particular
firms. An analysis of allocation theories of rental, employment, interest and income is discussed
by economic theory. However, management philosophy deals with the study of benefit ideas
alone. On some hypotheses, economic method is founded. Although these hypotheses vanish in
management philosophy due to realistic circumstances. In fact, economic theory is both positive
and normative, but managerial theory is fundamentally constructive.

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