Managing Ecosystems For Ssustainabilty

Running head: MANAGING ECOSYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABILITY
MANAGING ECOSYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABILITY
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

Table of Contents
Part A: Conservation of Biological Diversity..................................................................................2
Contribution of humans in Species Extinction............................................................................2
Classification system...................................................................................................................2
Classification of Peregrine Falcon and Polar Bear......................................................................4
Part B: Ecosystem Management of Mountain Gorillas in Bwindi National Park...........................4
Mountain Gorillas: Habitat and Classification............................................................................4
Ecosystem Approach is to define the stakeholders......................................................................4
Management Objectives and Decision making...........................................................................5
References........................................................................................................................................7

Part A: Conservation of Biological Diversity
Contribution of humans in Species Extinction
Extinction have been a part of the life on Earth. Extinction of a species happens when the
species cannot adapt the changes on Erath and then dies. However, the human existence have
impacted the existence of other wild species (Nyhus, 2016). Five ways that human have
contributed in the species extinction are described below:
i. Climate Change: Pollutions and wiping forests have caused to rise the earth’s
temperature by 1 degree. It results the hotter summers, droughts, floods and extreme
winters.
ii. Hunting: Hunting have been a way for human to wipe out an entire species. The hunted
species are tigers for their skin and bone, leopards, rhinoceros for their horns and
elephants for their teeth.
iii. Deforestation: Humans have converted the forests into cultivating land and cities. It
destroys the habitat of the Animals who were living in the forest.
iv. Technology: Science and technology have caused major harms to nature. For example
the GPS and radio waves are the major cause that the birds and marine animals are near
to an extinction.
v. Interbreeding: The interbreeding are also cause as the species kin is replaced by a new
kind of species that is the hybrid one.
Classification system
International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List

The IUCN Red List is used in institute, communities and business varied from wildlife
departments to the media and students. The people should be educated about the categories of the
Red List ("IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | IUCN", 2020). The List is an important
resource for many reports of biodiversity around the globe. The categories are NE (Not
Evaluated), DD (Data Deficient), LC (Last Concern), NT (Near threatened), VU (Vulnerable),
EN (Endangered), CR (Critically Endangered), EW (Extinct in the Wild) and EX (Extinct).
Canada's Species at Risk Act (SARA)
SARA follows a listing process that uses the biological information related to the
disappearing of species from Canada. It reviews the community, population, habitat status, trend
and threats of a specie for listing process (Canada, 2020). The categories are Extirpated,
Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern.
The Manitoba Endangered Species and Ecosystems Act (MESEA)
It is a successor of the Canada’s Species at Risk Act, in order to monitor the recovery of
species at risk. It is programmed to protect Manitoba’s species by managing information and
recovery ("Sustainable Development | Province of Manitoba", 2020). The category lists follows
the same SARA category of species at risk. Baird’s Sparrow (Endangered), Burrowing Owl
(Endangered), Canada Warbler (Threatened), Swift Fox (Exirpated) etc. are the example of
animal species from Manitoba. For Plants species the same categories are followed.
There Acts support Biodiversity conservation by setting up the priority based categories
for the species at risks. The most critical category is handled with closer monitoring and
observations. The Manitoba program can be considered as a good example of the monitoring and
recovering programs.

Classification of Peregrine Falcon and Polar Bear
Peregrine Falcons status in IUCN is LC (Least Concern), in SARA Special Concern and
Endangered in Manitoba. On other hand, the Polar bear comes under special concern in SARA,
Threatened in Manitoba and Vulnerable in IUCN Red List. The difference in classification status
depends on the population of that species in that particular region, their habitat and ecosystem
around them. It itself helps in benefits for the species by focusing on a smaller region first.
Monitoring locally will help on a global level.
Part B: Ecosystem Management of Mountain Gorillas in Bwindi
National Park
Mountain Gorillas: Habitat and Classification
Mount gorillas are the mostly found in Rwanda and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
in Uganda. They are social animals and their habitat requirements lies near the mountains. Due
to their thick fur, they can survive in the lower temperature regions. They come under the
critically endangered species in IUCN’s Red List. The number of places mountain gorillas found
and their habitat explains the reason behind the classification status (Society et al., 2020). The
habitat of the mountain gorillas is limited to the some African volcanic mountain ranges near
Uganda and Rwanda.
Ecosystem Approach is to define the stakeholders
In Bwindi Impenetrable National park (BINP), a multiple stakeholder planning was done
including the Nkuringo Buffer Zone Joint Mangement Board with the International Gorilla
Conservation Programme (IGCP). By forming the strategic partnerships with the stakeholder,
participations programs and consultations the management plan was developed and defined the

becoming stakeholders of the program (Bitariho and Akampurira 2019). The program itself
benefits the stakeholders directly or indirectly. On other hand, selecting areas for the
consideration of the development plan was challenging. Near Nkuring, the livelihoods of the
people and gorilla conservation both are negatively impacted. It was observed that the habituated
gorillas spent their maximum time south of the BINP and NKuringo Buffer Zone borders of
Kashasha River ("Best Practice Guidelines for Great Ape Tourism", 2020). The area covered
almost 12 km by 350 m. Different programs for this buffer zone management options were
provided. The national Forestry and Tree Planting Act in 2003, then supports and classifies in the
conserving the wildlife are by merging the central, local and community forests reserves.
Management Objectives and Decision making
In Step 2 of the ecosystem approach, the main management objectives for the bwindi
national park was to conserve the Park values with an integrated approach including protection,
restoration and community approaches, using biological resources in a sustainable manner,
collaboration programs, and boundary establishments for the park. The important decision0-
making indications were to manage high cost of development and managing the tourism
programs, give the conservation priority over nay economic or political interest etc. The lowland
are near the Kashasha river, is included inside the decision making process to merge the area into
forests ("Best Practice Guidelines for Great Ape Tourism", 2020). The tourism enterprise, staff,
ministries, protected area authorities were also included in the process chain of decision making
in development.
For the future of the Mountain gorillas and the management learned and evolved their
tourism to achieve the conservation objectives. It was seen that the tourism pattern raised the
concern of gorilla population with disease caused by any tourist may pose a risk to the

ecosystem. Now the tourist numbers have been reduced for any new ape groups for tourism. Due
to absence of human hunting, the habituation of gorillas now only takes 10-14 days. If hunting
continued as before, then the habituation would put the human and the apes in danger (Imong et
al., 2016). The main objective was to avoid any kind of damage of natural or cultural
environment of apes to provide a perfect ecotourism and banning food rewards by tourists. Food
rewards have risks factors of disease transmission and possible injuries to the tourist or the
infants due to their predatory behaviors.

References
Best Practice Guidelines for Great Ape Tourism. (2020). Retrieved 3 March 2020, from
https://www.readkong.com/page/best-practice-guidelines-for-great-ape-tourism-
3237177?p=1
Bitariho, R. and Akampurira, E., 2019. Harvesting of wild climbers, food security and ecological
implications in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. SW Uganda.
Canada, E. (2020). Species at risk public registry - Canada.ca. Retrieved 3 March 2020, from
http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=24F7211B-1
Imong, I., Kuehl, H. S., Robbins, M. M., & Mundry, R. (2016). Evaluating the potential
effectiveness of alternative management scenarios in ape habitat. Environmental
Conservation, 43(2), 161-171.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | IUCN. (2020). Retrieved 3 March 2020, from
https://www.iucn.org/resources/conservation-tools/iucn-red-list-threatened-species
Nyhus, P.J., 2016. Human–wildlife conflict and coexistence. Annual Review of Environment and
Resources, 41, pp.143-171.
Society, S., Expertise, A., Kirsten Gilardi (University of California, D., Stoinski, T., Robbins,
M., Hickey, J., & Greer, D. (2020). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mountain
Gorilla. Retrieved 3 March 2020, from
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39999/17989719#conservation-actions
Sustainable Development | Province of Manitoba. (2020). Retrieved 3 March 2020, from
https://www.gov.mb.ca/sd/environment_and_biodiversity/species_ecosystems/index.html