Managing Financial Resources

This assignment delves into the multifaceted realm of financial resource management. It examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance in emerging markets, explores the importance of financial literacy, and investigates how organizations manage financial conflicts of interest. Furthermore, it highlights the role of resource capability in disaster preparedness for local governments.

MANAGING FINANCIAL
RESOURCES

Table of Contents
MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES.....................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 The sources of finance available to a business......................................................................3
1.2 Implication of sources of finance..........................................................................................4
1.3 Evaluation of appropriate sources of finance for a business ................................................4
2.1 Cost of sources of finance ....................................................................................................5
2.2Importance of financial planning and how it is undertaken ..................................................6
2.3The information needs of internal and external decision makers..........................................7
2.4 Impact of finance on financial statement..............................................................................7
3.1 Cash budget for cited organisation........................................................................................8
3.2 Calculation of unit cost along with the making of effective pricing decisions.....................8
3.3 Different investment appraisal techniques for the organisation..........................................10
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................12
4.1Main financial statement with their purpose, contents and makers.....................................12
4.2Comparison between different financial statement .............................................................13
4.3Interpreatation of financial statement by using different ratios and comparison.................13
CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Financial resources are the basic elements which helps a firm to operate their daily and
routine operations. Firm uses its shares in the market and number of people buy such shares and
pay some money to the company. Such shareholders are the financial resource of the company.
The term financial resource is made with the combination of two words: financial which is in the
form of money and the other one is resources which means the way. So, by the term financial
resources means the way through which money enters in the business. Money is a basic need of a
business and proper allocation of resources is compulsory. For this purpose entity have to
prepare budget in which all the operations which are related with the business is mentioned. This
helps in making the decision of the business effective and helps in made a positive impact of
such decisions on the organisation. All such factors are going to discussed in this report with
more evaluation with the help of taking the example of Sainsbury with its budget.
TASK 1
1.1 The sources of finance available to a business
Business Loan: Business loan is a traditional but still popular source as a funding option
for start-ups and retained equity is an additional advantage (Zhu and et. al., 2010). Even the
government support in the availability of these kind of loans to small business firms. Banks also
provide long-term kind of finance for start-ups. The bank states the fixed period in which the
amount is to be paid back, the rate of interest and amount of repayments. The banks usually asks
for some security for the loan from the start-ups, and these security generally are in form of the
entrepreneur's personal guarantee. These form of funds are good for investing finance in fixed
assets and are usually at a lower rate of interest.
Outside Investors (Share Capital): One of the main source of investment in a start-up
are family and friends of the entrepreneur. Opinions of either of them may sometimes differ in
case of the influence of the one who came out with the idea and how strong it is. Investments of
an average amount for a longer period may depend on the individual's encouragement towards
the entrepreneur whom he personally know. May be they are ready to invest but not interested in
participating in the daily operation of the business.
Business Angels: Angel investors are professional investors and the amount they
generally invest in a start-up may differ from £10k - £750k. Angels are experts in proven

entrepreneurship and tend to invest in businesses with huge growth prospects (Surroca, Tribó
and Waddock, 2010). Their part of investment either comes out of their already settled
business or selling their own business.
1.2 Implication of sources of finance
Loans: Debenture loans, usually secured against asset of the entrepreneur or investor.
The sources of loans usually charges variable or fixed rate of interest on the amount loaned. This
makes the entrepreneur unable to send the asset without the priority of the lenders agreement
(Kusumasari, Alam and Siddiqui, 2010). And in case, the shareholder or the
entrepreneur fails to pay the loan within the given time period, the cost will be repaid even it
may result in a loss by the sale of the asset assigned as security against the loan.
Venture Capital: The source of finance best for a newly started business firm at its early
stages. High level of risks are predictable in the way if this source of finance is owned. But also
the possible potentials seem are big too. The venture capitalists generally look for a share in the
firm's equity and it can be the biggest part of the risk. They often look for a strong return for their
investment. Venture capitals are mostly being acknowledged by the shareholders and
entrepreneurs for their important presence while in the running of the business to prove the value
of themselves.
Credit from Suppliers: Supplier credits are issued for 30 days or more. Maximum
amount of time can be taken by a company to get the money utilized very well and pay back
within the interim period so that they could finance other things (Rockey and Collins,
2010). This method should be considered cautious to make sure that the invoice is been paid on
time. Otherwise, the firm might end up upsetting the supplier and the future working
relationship will be jeopardised.
1.3 Evaluation of appropriate sources of finance for a business
There are two types of sources in the sources of finance for a
business. They are:
External sources, and
Internal sources.
The sources of fund included in external sources are:
 Loans

 Overdrafts
 Debentures
 Shareholders
 Factoring Debts
The sources of finance that comes under internal sources are:
 Profits
 Sale of assets
 Reduced working capital
External sources of finance is flexible and the source is generally for
long terms and thus it can cover the flexibility of the monthly payment
interval. Even this source is quick. Sources like overdrafts are easy to
manage and quick as the cash flow takes place easy in the format (Swayne,
Duncan and Ginter, 2012). In case of internal sources of fund raising, there
are certain advantages of no paper works needed to be done and the
payment to be made to self has no interest to be paid on it. And there is no
need of payment from the profits, as the amount raised in the period of
establishment was made by the own capability of the entrepreneur.
The profit for the entrepreneur is much more than the good money
paid to the customer at higher rates. The money value of share may go up
and up in the stock market and increases in terms of profit. The shares
could be easily sold in the share market. The equity share issued could
increase the capital and is not paid back. The company is not liable of the
issue payment of the dividend, given for making profit.
2.1 Cost of sources of finance
 The cost is the amount the entity must pay to raise the finance for
starting the business. Cost of capital is a term referring to the cost
paid by an organization to raise the funds. Bond issuing and loans
from banks can be a part of this (Snell, Morris and Bohlander, 2015).
It is generally presented in form of an annual percentage.

 The contributed weight of every source of capital by the total funding
proportion it provides is known as weighted average cost of capital
(WACC). WACC also appears as an annual percentage.
 The amount paid by the debtor to secure a loan and the fund to be
used that includes maintenance of accounts, cost of finance,
origination of loan and other expenses related to the loan are referred
to as cost of borrowing. Cost of borrowing is measured as amounts, in
the currency of nation where the company is situated.
 The amount an organization pays as an overall average rate on all its
debts are called as cost of debt. Cost of debt is appeared as annual
percentage.
 The returns produced by the demands of the stock market investors
who are bearing the risk of being owners are called as cost of
equity(COE). Usually, COE is to be appeared as an annual percentage.
 Cost of funds can be defined as the payment the financial institutions
made as the interest cost for the use of money (Renz, 2016). Appears
as an annual percentage.
 Regionally divided rate of an established Cost of funds are known as
cost of funds index (COFI). Also appears as an annual percentage.
2.2Importance of financial planning and how it is undertaken
The short and long term life goals of an organization can only be
cleared by creating a financial plan. It is a step which is very crucial in
mapping out the financial future of the organization. It is much easy to
make decisions related to finance and keep focused on the organizational
objectives.
 Financial management makes it possible to manage the income of the
organization more effectively. Management of the income helps in
understanding the amount of money needed in the future for tax
payments and other monthly expenditures.

 Financial management supports in the increase in cash flow by
monitoring the organizations pattern of expenditure (Broadbent and
Cullen, 2012). Planning of taxes, prudent spending and budgeting
carefully is going to help the company more hard to earn money.
 Increase in cash flow is followed by an increase in capital. Thus,
allowing the organization to think of investments to create progress in
you financial well being.
 An appropriate financial plan gives importance to the entrepreneur's
personal situations and objectives. It also takes care of the risks
tolerated by him.
 A good financial plan could help in saving and saving can help them
prove beneficial in difficult times (Surroca, Tribó and Waddock,
2010). It can also include the company's insurance coverage so that
any lost income shall be replaced under its care of.
 Understanding the finance and its related surroundings can achieve
the financial goals that are measured during the decision making
process. It can help the company's budget attain a completely new
approach and suggest to improve control over financial lifestyle of
the organization.
2.3The information needs of internal and external decision makers
The organizational information of a company are communicated to the
external users generally in the form of financial statements (Zhu and et. al.,
2010). The financial statement's purpose is to provide the various need of
users in need of the market related information of the organization in order
to assist them create a better and effective set of financial decisions.
The information may contain the recording , classification and
transactions summarized and events in such a manner that it would help the
users to assess the performance financially and position of the entity. As
soon as the events and transactions are identified, they are recorded and
the classification is done, so as to summarize it in a manner that could help

the user of the organizational and accounting information to determine the
nature and the effects of those transaction a events.
2.4 Impact of finance on financial statement
Finance is a necessary element which helps in preparing all the financial statement. These
statements are generally prepared with the aim of examine the growth of the company,
investment of the firm etc. All such things are mentioned and can be clearly understandable to
the company shareholders with the help of financial statement. Without any fiscal activity an
entity will not be able to prepare their financial statement. For better understanding of the firm
whole year activities as well as their routine activities preparation of this evidence is compulsory.
If company is going to present their financial statement to the owners of the company which are
shareholders then it made a positive impact over on them and their investment can increase with
the help of this.
Profit and loss statement: A p/l statement helps in summarising the revenue, cost and expenses
of the company which are generally incur during the entire year. This helps in clear
understanding of all the detriment which are related with the business.
Balance sheet:A balance sheet is a summary of all the company total assets, liabilities and
shareholders equity. It helps to the investors to examine and monitor out what the company owes
and owns in the near future. This is a helpful factor because it also helps in the lucid
understanding of all the records which taken place during an accounting year(Aras, Aybars and
Kutlu, 2010).
Whenever any kind of financial transaction take place it become compulsory for an
organisation or a proprietor to record it in financial statement. So whenever any activity took
place it affect the fiscal evidence of a company. Hence by recording all the transactions in
corrective manner made a positive impact on a business as well as on its financial statement also.
If a business entity have good finance position in their financial statement then it promotes in
providing a true image of their organisation. Moreover it also create easiness in taking the
decision by their investors. Hence with the help of above mentioned statement it provides in
taking beneficial decision for a business related operations.
3.1 Cash budget for cited organisation
Table 1: Budget for J Siansbury PLC for six months
Particular January February March April May June

Opening balance 100000 88800 54800 -42000 -146000 -59000
Cash Inflow
Credit Sales 45000 60000 56200 80000 120000 60000
Cash Sales 15000 25000 20000 15000 22000 24000
Total 160000 173800 131000 53000 -4000 25000
Cash outflow
Credit Purchase 20000 30000 100000 120000 60000 50000
Cash Purchase 30000 40000 30000 20000 10000 5000
Loan repay 0 7500 7500 7500 7500 7500
Interest 0 300 300 300 300 300
OD interest 200 200 200 200 200 200
wages 20000 20000 30000 30000 30000 30000
Capital Expenditure 20000 20000
Bill 4000
Allowance 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Total 71200 119000 173000 199000 55000 94000
Surplus/ deficit 88800 54800 -42000 -146000 -59000 -69000
Cash budget is an appropriate method which helps an entity to identify the position of
cash and its inflow and outflow for the Sainsbury. The above present budget is of six months, it
specifies that in the starting two months company is facing the surplus but after that their profit
get decline. This shows that company is suffering heavy loss(Conway2013). The major areas on
which cited firm has to work are the bank loan and over draft interest. For controlling all such
things company have to use cash effective techniques for improving their conditions.
3.2 Calculation of unit cost along with the making of effective pricing decisions
Unit cost is the total expenditure which is incur on the activity from production to its
storage. Their is a formula which helps in calculating the unit cost by the company:
Unit cost = C/U
According to the formula, here,
C = Total cost of merchandise
U= Total No. of unit

In any workplace there are mainly three types of cost which are:
a) Fixed cost
b) Direct labour cost
c) Direct material cost
According to these types types, fixed cost is a such type of cost which do not get vary and
keep remain fixed. Company produce any quantity but the fixed cost remains the same(Farmeret.
And et. al., 2012).
Direct labour cost is directly paid to the labours which helps in making the merchandise.
This cost is generally paid directly to the workers or employees who are a part of the
organisation.
Direct material cost is simple in understand. It is same as direct labour cost but
not properly. This cost is paid in the purchasing of raw material and while making of the goods.
All such expenses are also includes in this concept which suddenly arises.
Now lets simplifies these definitions in the form of calculation. Sainsbury cost
calculation is as follow for the month of August. Let assume that total unit production is £6000
and direct material cost, direct labour cost and fixed cost are £ 10,000, £ 12,000 and £
14,000 . Along with the profit margin of 10%. So, the calculation of this concept is as follow:
Unit cost = C/U
= (£ 10,000+£ 12,000+£ 14,000)/ £6000
= £ 6 units.
Now another concept is if company added profit margin then selling price of the product
is get calculated.
Profit = £6* 10% = £0.6
Selling price = unit cost + profit
SP = £6+ £0.6
SP = £6.06.
Hence, profit of the company is 10% and the total unit production is £ 6 units. Then selling price
of the goods become £6.06. Another factor which can get concluded by this calculation is
company profit is £0.6.
So company have to set their price which is £6.06. This can only calculated with the help
of using formula. Company have to take their pricing decisions on the basis of such factors of

cost which are fixed cost, direct labour cost and direct material cost. These elements are get
included by the firm to make their price(Singer et. al., 2011).
3.3 Different investment appraisal techniques for the organisation
Investment appraisal techniques are used by the firm top find out the appropriate project
in which company want to invest their money. This technique is helpful because it helps in
selecting a best project from numerous numbers. Some famous techniques of the investment
appraisals are:
1. Net present value
2. Accounting rate of return
3. Payback period
4. Internal rate of return
These approaches are used by the firm to find out the best project from group of task.
Calculation of new present value and payback period are as follow:
Year Project A
(£)
Project B
(£)
1
2
3
4
5
Salvage value
Initial Investment
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
20000
100000
20000
25000
40000
50000
60000
20000
100000
Net Present Value:
Table 1: NPV of Project A
Year Project A (£)
PV at discount
factor rate of
10% Present Value (£)
1 50000 0.91 45500
2 40000 0.83 33200

3 30000 0.75 22500
4 20000 0.68 13600
5 10000 0.62 6200
Resalable value 20000 0.62 12400
Total Present Value 133400
Initial Investment 100000
NPV 33400
Table 2: NPV of Project B
Year Project B (£)
PV at discount
factor rate of
10% Present Value (£)
1 20000 0.91 18200
2 20000 0.83 16600
3 35000 0.75 26250
4 30000 0.68 20400
5 40000 0.62 24800
Resalable value 20000 0.62 12400
Total Present Value 106250
Initial Investment 100000
NPV 6250
Company selects such project which have high NPV because it helps them in attain the
higher profit. It is an essential method because it helps in evaluating the practicality of the
project which is based on the time and have some value(Rockey and Collins, 2010). According
to the above calculation it has been concluded that project A gives higher profit as compared to
the project B. Project A has high rate that's why company choose that.
Payback Period:
Table 1: Payback period of Project A
Years Cumulative cash flow

Initial investment 100000
1 50000 50000
2 40000 90000
3 30000 120000
4 20000 140000
5 10000 150000
Payback period for project A=
3+20000/30000
= 3.67 years
Table 2: Payback period of Project B
Years Cumulative cash flow
Initial investment 100000
1 20000 20000
2 20000 40000
3 35000 75000
4 30000 105000
5 40000 145000
Payback period for project B=
4+5000/30000
= 4.16 years
Payback period specify that how much time that project will take in repaying the money.
Is the project capable to repay the amount in given time frame. So, in this concern Project A is
going to take 3.67 years whereas Project B takes 4.16 years. Hence, in any case Project A is
suitable for the company.

TASK 2
4.1Main financial statement with their purpose, contents and makers
Financial statements are prepared with the basic aim of examine the company net profit
and net loss(Kusumasari, Alam and Siddiqui, 2010). It shows the clear picture of all the financial
activities which are taking place during an accounting year. So some of the financial statements
which are generally prepared by the firm for clear understanding of all the activities are as
follow:
Balance sheet: Balance sheet helps in making the statement of all assets and liabilities of
the organisation. The main purpose of this financial statement is to get fully aware about that
what is the status of the company's assets and how much they have to [pay to their creditors.
Cited organisation charted accountant or the accountant of the company is the maker of balance
sheet.
Cash flow: Cash flow helps in calculating the amount which enters in the business and
what amount company expand or pay their creditors. The main purpose of preparing this
statement is to calculate the inflow and outflow of the company. The main purpose is to examine
the stability and position of the company. It shows the change in balance sheet which take place
due to change in cash equivalent. It also helps in analyse the company's operating, financing and
investing activities during an year.
4.2Comparison between different financial statement
Each and every company is different in nature. Hence, they adopt financial statement
according to their will. Like sole proprietor choose balance sheet method where as the large
corporations uses P/L method. All statements are different in nature but provide the same
information(Remund, 2010).
Sole proprietor: Owner generally adopt balance sheet or income statement because both helps
him to identify the assets and liabilities of its business. It is helpful in making the decision on the
small level.
Partnership: This is a form in which two or more than two people share equal profit and loss of
the business. They use income statement as well as partners capital account or balance sheet

method. It helps them in analyse the profit and loss of business and in what ratio they going to
distribute that.
4.3Interpreatation of financial statement by using different ratios and comparison
Ratios Formula 2014 2015 2016
1.Profitability ratio
Gross profit ratio (Gross profit / Net
sales)*100
5.8% 5.1% 6.2%
Operating profit ratio (Operating profit / Net
sales)*100
4.2% 0.3% 3.0%
Net profit ratio (Net profit / Net
sales)*100
2.99% -0.70% 2.00%
2. Liquidity ratio
Current ratio (Current assets / Current
liabilities)
0.64 0.64 0.66
Quick ratio (Quick assets-stock /
Current liabilities )
0.49 0.48 0.50
3. Total assets turnover
ratio
(Net sales / Average total
assets)
1.64 1.44 1.40
4. Inventory turnover
ratio
(Cost of goods sold /
Average inventory)
22.65 22.54 22.44
Interpretation of the financial statement helps in determining the performance of the
business. It helps in evaluating that company really grow or not. So for this concern different
ratios are used by the company for each activity. It helps in defining the activities in a systematic
manner. According to the ratio analysis of the Sainsburry, it clearly shows that in the year 2016
firm gross profit ratio is 6.2% which is more as compared to its previous year. But their
operating ratio is declining day after day which means there is a lack of efficiency in their
operating activities. For the evidence, ratio analysis can be used by the shareholders.

Also it is compulsory for a business to identify the methods which are use by their
competitors. Along with this thing they have t make appropriate comparison between their
financial statement as well as with their rivalries. So a basic differentiation between Sainsburry
and their competitors are as follow:
Sainsburry is the third largest retail outlet in
UK. Their financial statement is good and
show the true image of their company.
Tesco is a leading company in all of the retail
business. They have good customer base with
high rate of investors.
Also cited firm have to analyse their statement
with others and make a suitable comparison
through which their operations become
effective.
According to them they are already lead the
whole market and for this concern and
continue up with their performance they have
to maintain confidentiality in their reports.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded from the above report that for better and effective growth and success of
the business, finance allocation is necessary. Not only this but their proper management is also
compulsory. This helps in increasing the firm productivity. Company can allocate their resources
by using different financial statement. These statement helps in getting the clear picture of the
organisation.

REFERENCES
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Online