Management Accounting and Resource Practices

This assignment delves into the crucial role of management accounting in shaping organizational strategies. It examines how accounting practices influence decisions regarding resource allocation, performance measurement, and ultimately, sales growth. The analysis considers various perspectives, including the resource-based view and the impact of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems on effective resource management.

MANANGING FINANCIAL
RESOURCES AND DECISION
MAKING

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................2
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Different sources of finance available to the business..........................................................3
1.2 Implication of different sources of finance identified...........................................................4
1.3 Appropriate source for raising finance for business project.................................................5
2.1 Cost of each source of finance..............................................................................................5
2.2 Importance of financial planning to the organisation...........................................................5
2.3 Information needed by different decision maker..................................................................6
2.4 Impact of sources of finance on financial statements..........................................................7
3.1 Analysing the cash budget and its appropriate decisions......................................................7
3.2 Calculation of Unit cost........................................................................................................8
3.3 Viability of the project using investment appraisal techniques..........................................10
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................12
4.1 Main financial statements..................................................................................................12
4.2 Different types of statements prepared by different business organisation.......................12
4.3 Analysing the financial position by calculating ratio of Sainsbury....................................13
CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

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INTRODUCTION
Finance is the discipline of management in which various sources of funds are analysed
and best of them is selected for the firm. In addition to this, it can be said that finance is the sum
up of revenues and all the transaction related to money (AO'Brien and et.al., 2006). In this report,
sources of finance are identified along with its implications which can be used by the company in
order to raise its capital with an aim to launch a new business project. In addition to this,
importance of planning for all the financial activities in advance are also listed. Along with this,
information required by the decision maker is also mentioned.
Besides this, cash budget of J. Sainsbury has been analysed in order to take appropriate
decisions. In this project report, viability of the project is analysed by using investment appraisal
techniques. At last, ratio of two companies are examined in order to find which company’s
financial position is good.
TASK 1
1.1 Different sources of finance available to the business
There are different types of sources of finance that can be used by the company to raise
its capital up to £300000. Some of the sources to meet long term and short term requirements are
as follows:-
Short term requirement of finance
Trade credit: Trade credit can be defined as a simple time period when supplier extends
the time to pay money for the raw material taken. In simple words, it can be said as an extra time
limit that can be availed by the buyer (Batt, 2002).
Bank overdraft: It is the facility that is provided by the bank to its customers. Through
which, customers are able to draw more amount of money than what is actually deposited. This
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facility is allowed for a period of one month to twelve months in order to overcome sudden want
of the finance.
Long term requirement of finance
Bank loan: Company can also meet its requirement of £300000 by borrowing money
from the bank. Banks are the financial institutions that are always ready to help company to raise
its capital.
Issue of stock certificate: By issuing stock certificate to the local people, company can
raise its capital in order to launch a new business project. Company can issue stock certificate
even by using short term and long term financing method (Campbell, Wollenberg and Edmunds,
2002).
1.2 Implication of different sources of finance identified
Trade credit
Legal aspects: No organisation is required to follow any legal procedure at the time of
availing trade credit facility. A simply oral or written agreement is made between buyer and
supplier if they want.
Cost: While availing this facility, company will not be able to grab various benefits like
extra discount on early payment and so on (Epstein and Buhovac, 2014).
Suitability:-This method is suitable only for meeting up the short term requirement of
finance for some time period.
Bank overdraft
Legal aspects: No legal procedure is followed by the company at the time of using
overdraft facility.
Cost: Company is required to pay interest on the extra amount withdrawn. This in turn
may increase the burden of company because this facility is available for only one week to one
month time period.
Suitability: This method is suitable only for fulfilling very term requirement of finance.
Bank loan
Legal aspects: An organisation to required to follow a legal process at the time of
availing loan facility. Company is required to undertake various legal policies and norms into
consideration.
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Cost: Company is required to pay high rate of interest to the bank which in turn can
reduce the profit margin of the company (Horngren and et.al., 2002). In addition to this,
collateral security is also required to be submitted.
Suitability: This method is suitable for meeting up both short term and long term
requirement of finance.
Issue of shares
Legal aspects: A complete legal procedure needs to be followed by the company at the
time of issuing stock certificate.
Cost: Company is required to pay dividend to its shareholders out of the profit earned by
them at the end of financial year (Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, 2015). In addition to this, company
is also required to give voting rights to the shareholders in decision making process.
Suitability: This method is suitable for expanding business at large extent.
1.3 Appropriate source for raising finance for business project
As an entrepreneur of the company, it can be suggested that moving on with bank loan
will help organisation to accomplish the requirement of around £300000 within a short period of
time. Selecting this source will reduce the burden of company as it can easily repay the amount
through instalments. Payment in small instalments will minimize the burden of company. Bank
provides loan at low interest rate as compared to other financial institutions which may prove to
be beneficial for the firm. Beside this, business organisation will be able to avail various tax
benefits. Thus, at the end, it can be interpreted that moving on with Bank loan will prove to be
significant for the company to raise its capital up to £300000 in order to launch a new business
project.
2.1 Cost of each source of finance
Company can move on with trade credit and bank loan in order to meet up its
requirement. Different sources used represent different cost to the company in terms of
opportunities and financial cost. These two cost have a great influence on the working of
organisation.
Opportunities cost: It is the cost that can be beard by the company at the time of selecting
the best alternative out of various other alternatives. For instance, if company uses its available
retained profit then in that case they may not be able to grab various opportunities that can occur
in future (Markus, Tanis and Van Fenema, 2000). In addition to this, they may not be able to pay
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dividend to the shareholder at the time of loss. This in turn can create negative impact on the
mind of investors.
Financial cost: Bank charges high rate of interest against the loan provided by them.
Along with this, company is also required to repay the amount of money raised through bank
loan. This in turn may increase the financial burden of company and will also affect the liquidity
and profitability ratios of it.
2.2 Importance of financial planning to the organisation
By planning all the financial activities in advance company will be able to utilize various
benefits. Planning of all the activities will help the company to move on towards the
achievement of the desired objectives.
Able to maintain balance between flow of capital:- Planning of the financial activities in
advance in will help the company to maintain a proper balance between flow of cash from with
and outside the organisation.
Sale forecast:- Financial planning will assist the company to analyse in advance the sale
that can take place during a upcoming year.
Coordinate all the activities:- Advance planning will create a coordination among all the
sections, which in turn will increase the productivity of the employees (Poston and Grabski,
2001).
Utilization of resources to the last extend:- Financial planning will assist the
organisation to utilize the available fund and resources in an effective manner, so that no wastage
is take place and condition of surplus and deficit will not occur.
2.3 Information needed by different decision maker
Variety of information are required by different decision maker in order to take various
necessary decisions. Some of the information require are listed below:-
Investors:- They are the one who invest there personal saving into the company with an
aim to get high rate of return on the capital invested by them. They want that company should
generate high profit at the end of every year. In regard to which they opt to see the financial
statements of the company to decides whether an organisation is flourishing and they should
further invest in the company or not.
Directors:- Directors are the one who works for the melioration of the company by
developing various strategies (Priem and Butler, 2001). Therefore, in order to develop various
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strategies they prefer to see the income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement of the
company.
Legal authority :- They work for the advancement of the society. They want that every
industry should grow and generate more and more employment opportunities in order to reduce
the rate of unemployment. Therefore, in lieu of which they tries to see the profit and loss and
balance sheet of the company.
Employees:- They work in order to increase the productivity and profitability level of the
company. They want that company should pay them sporty salary and should pay remuneration
on a timely basis. For this they opt to see the income statements of the company (Sirmon and
Hitt, 2003).
Distributor:- Distributor are the one who supply raw material to company in order to
manufacture a finish products. They want that company should make payment to them for a
goods supplied on a regular basis. Thus, for this like to see the financial statements of the
company.
2.4 Impact of sources of finance on financial statements
Different sources of finance affects the financial statements of the company in one or the
other way. Thus, at the time of selecting a source of raise to raise its capital company should take
the complete the care. They should the source by properly analysing its advantages and
disadvantages. For example if company issue shares of £300000 @ 15%. and on the other hand
takes the bank loan of £25000 @ 10% than the entry of both will be as follows:-
Income statements
Particular Amount Particular Amount
To dividend 45000
To interest 25000
70000
Balance sheet
Liabilities Amount Assets Amount
Issue of shares 300000
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Bank loan 250000
3.1 Analysing the cash budget and its appropriate decisions
Cash Budget
Receipts
Januar
y
Februa
ry
Marc
h
Apri
l
May June Total
£
Cash sales 20000 15000 20000 300
00
35000 40000 160000
Total 20000 15000 20000 300
00
35000 40000 160000
Payments
Van 15000 15000
Furniture &
Fittings
20000 100
00
10000 40000
Salaries &
wages
8000 8500 9000 950
0
9500 10000 54500
Petrol 300 300 300 300 300 1500
Lighting
&Energy
550 600 650 700 750 3250
Insurance 400 400 400 400 400 400 2400
Purchase-
inventory
3500 3500 4000 450
0
4500 5000 25000
Total 46900 13250 14300 253
50
15400 26450 140650
Net balance (26900
)
1750 5700 465
0
19600 13550 (19350)
Balance
b/fwd
20000 (6900) (5150) 550 5200 24800 38350
Balance (6900) (5150) 550 520 24800 38350 (19000)
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c/fwd 0
On the basis of the above budget it can be analysed that financial position of the company
is good. It flow of cash is changing. It is seen that in the month of January payment was more
than income. But gradually and slowing company is able to increase its sales and reduce its profit
margin. Till first two months a negative balance has been carried forward which means that
condition of deficit has occur, which is not good. But on the other hand right from the March
company is able to carry forward a positive balance. Therefore, this in turn indicates that
company has started developing various strategies and planing its financial activities.
3.2 Calculation of Unit cost
Unit cost:- It is cost that is beard by the company at the time of manufacturing any
product (Slack, Chambers and Johnston, 2010).
Pricing decisions:- Price is the cost and fixed amount of profit that is beard by the
company. By using this method company will be able to reduce its expenses.
Unit cost = Direct cost per unit +Indirect cost per unit
direct costs or variable cost=
streak(s) = 5
vegetables(v) = 3
labour(l) = 4.5
(S+V+L = 12.5)
Indirect cost or fix cost=2 (overhead)
Mark-up =50%
Cost = 100%
Selling price = 150%
Name of Items Costs (In £)
Steak(direct) 5
Vegetables and other ingredients(direct) 3
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labour(direct) 4.5
Overheads (indirect) 2
Total Costs 14.5
Mark Up (50%) 5
VAT (30%) 3
Price to charge customer 22.5
Currently changing 30
VAT
Price exclusive VAT (Net) = 100%
VAT = 30%
Selling price inclusive (gross) =130%
Food cost percentage= Total costs of ingredients/sales price
Food cost percentage = Total costs of ingredients/Sale prices
Food cost percentage = 14.5£/22.5 £*100
Food cost percentage = 64.44%
Profit percentage on sales = Profit/sales prices*100
Profit percentage on sales = 8£/22.5£*100
Profit percentage on sales =35.55%
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As per the above calculation it can be interpreted that total cost of the company is £22.5
including VAT and mark up value, but company is charging £30. This indicates that company is
able to get £7.5 profit on every product he sells. Therefore, in regard to which food percentage
of the company is 64.44% and profit percentage is 35.55%.
3.3 Viability of the project using investment appraisal techniques
Investment appraisal techniques are the techniques that are used by the organisation in
order to find out the viability of the company. By using this tools firm is able to analyse the time
period after which they are going to recover its money invested.
Calculation of Pay back period
Proposal 1 Proposal 2
Year Inflow
Cumulative
inflow Inflow
Cumulative
inflow
0 -5000 -5000 -5000 -5000
1 1000 -4000 800 -4200
2 1200 -2800 1000 -3200
3 1400 -1400 1200 -2000
4 1600 200 1400 -600
5 1800 2000 1600 1000
Payback Period 3Years 4Years
On the basis of the above calculation it can be concluded that company should move on
with proposal 1 as compared to proposal 2. if they move on with than they will be able to recover
its money in 3 years only.
Calculation of net present value
Year Cash Cash PV Factor Discounted CF Discounted
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Inflow
(Propos
al 1)
inflow
(Proposal
2) @10% (P1) CF(P2)
1 1000 800 0.909 909 727
2 1200 1000 0.826 991 826
3 1400 1200 0.751 1051 901
4 1600 1400 0.683 1093 956
5 1800 1600 0.62 1116 992
Total
Discounted
cash flow 5160 4402
Less: Initial
investment £5000
Net
present
value £160 £(598)
As per the above the above calculation it can be interpreted that company should go with
proposal 1 only because proposal 1 will give positive return to the company at the end of five
years whereas if they move on with proposal 2 that they will suffer a loss.
Thus, at last it is suggested that company should move on with proposal 1 is order to
incur more benefits.
TASK 2
4.1 Main financial statements
Income statements:- This statements is prepared by the organisation in order to calculate
the net profit or net loss incurred by the company. These statement is divided into two parts one
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side is expense side and the another one is income side. In income side all the money earned by
the company is recorded such as: dividend received, interest received (Zimmerman and Yahya-
Zadeh, 2011). On the hand know as debit side all the expenses are recorded like salary, rent etc.
Balance sheet :- This is prepared by the organisation ion order in analyse the final
position of the company. This statement is also divided into two parts assets(debit) and
liabilities(credit). Availability of high assets is good for the company while on the other hand
excessive liabilities side is not good. Assets include machinery, cash etc. and liabilities includes
bank loan, creditors etc.
Cash flow statements:- This statement is prepared by find out the flow of cash from
within and outside the organisation. This statement is divided into three activities: operating,
investing and financial activities.
4.2 Different types of statements prepared by different business organisation
Different statements prepared by different organisation are as follows:-
Limited company :- These are the large scales company's, majorly owned by government.
These organisation are required to prepare all types of financial statements along with company
audit report. Besides this every Ltd. Company is required to issue these accounts in the general
public with an aim to maintain the trust in shareholder.
Partnership firm :- These are organisation that are owned and controlled by the partners.
If size of these organisation is small than in that case they are only required to prepare income
statements in order to find out whether they have incurred profit or has suffered losses
(Paramasivan and Subramanian, n.d.).
Sole proprietorship:- These are organisation that are owned and controlled by the single
individual. They are require to prepare receipt and payment account in order to simply record its
day to day transaction. Besides this they will also be able to know the expenses made and income
earned by the company.
4.3 Analysing the financial position by calculating ratio of Sainsbury
Formula 2014 2015
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PROFITABILITY RATIO
Gross profit(GP) 1387 1208
Net sales (NS) 23949 23775
Gross profit ratio GPR= GP/NS*100 5.79% 5.08%
Net profit(NP) 716 -166
Net sales(NS) 23949 23775
Net profit ratio NPR= NP/NS*100 2.99% -0.70%
LIQUIDITY RATIO
Current assets(CA) 4362 4421
Current liability(CL) 6765 6923
Current ratio CR=CA/CL*100 0.64 0.64
SOLVENCY RATIO
Debt (D) 2089 2337
Equity(E) 6003 5539
Debt equity ratio D/E 0.35 0.42
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On the basis of the above calculation it can be interpreted that J. Sainsbury financial
position is not much good. It gross profit and net profit ratio has been reduced. In year 2014 its
gross profit ratio was 5.79% which has reduced to 5.09%. similarly, its net profit ratio in 2014
was 2.99% which has been decline and went to -0.70% in 2015 which means that company has
suffered a loss. The reason behind this be could that company is not focusing more on the
formation of its strategies.
Similarly, on the hand it is seen that its liquidity ratio is constant in both the year
(0.64%). This indicates that company is having is having eniugh capability to meet its urgent
requirement of finance.
Likewise, it is seen that Debt equity ratio of J. Sainsbury has increased. Growing Debt
equity ratio indicates that debt of the company is increasing against equity. Which is not good.
Thus, at last it can be concluded that financial position of the company in 2014 was
better than 2015. Thus, the reason behind this be could be that company is not able to serve the
customers what they want and are not able to develop various strategies in order to beat its
customers.
CONCLUSIONS
From the following report it can be conclude that company in order to raise its capital up
to £300000 should move on with bank loan. Use of this source will prove to be beneficial for
the company. After considering the imaginary data it can be concluded that company should
move on with proposal 1. At last it can be concluded that financial position of J. Sainsbury was
good in 2014 as compared to 2015.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
AO'Brien, J., and et.al., 2006. Management information systems.
Batt, R., 2002. Managing customer services: Human resource practices, quit rates, and sales
growth. Academy of management Journal. 45(3). pp.587-597.
Campbell, B., Wollenberg, E. and Edmunds, D., 2002. Devolution and community-based natural
resource management: creating space for local people to participate and benefit?.
London, UK: Overseas Development Institute.
Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014. Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing
and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-
Koehler Publishers.
Horngren, C.T., and et.al., 2002. Introduction to Management Accounting: Chapters 1-17.
Prentice Hall.
Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015. Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning.
Koppenjan, J.F.M. and Klijn, E.H., 2004. Managing uncertainties in networks: a network
approach to problem solving and decision making. Psychology Press.
Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2004. Management information systems: managing the digital
firm. New Jersey, 8.
Markus, M.L., Tanis, C. and Van Fenema, P.C., 2000. Enterprise resource planning: multisite
ERP implementations. Communications of the ACM. 43(4). pp.42-46.
Poston, R. and Grabski, S., 2001. Financial impacts of enterprise resource planning
implementations. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems.2(4).
pp.271-294.
Priem, R.L. and Butler, J.E., 2001. Is the resource-based “view” a useful perspective for strategic
management research?. Academy of management review. 26(1). pp.22-40.
Sirmon, D.G. and Hitt, M.A., 2003. Managing resources: Linking unique resources,
management, and wealth creation in family firms. Entrepreneurship theory and
practice. 27(4). pp.339-358.
Slack, N., Chambers, S. and Johnston, R., 2010. Operations management. Pearson education.
Zimmerman, J.L. and Yahya-Zadeh, M., 2011. Accounting for decision making and control.
Issues in Accounting Education. 26(1). pp.258-259.
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Online
Paramasivan,C. and Subramanian,T., n.d. Financial Management [pdf]. Available
through:<http://vcmdrp.tums.ac.ir/files/financial/istgahe_mali/moton_english/
financial_management_%5Bwww.accfile.com%5D.pdf> [Assessed on 25th
February,2016].
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