Manufacturing Technology and Materials for Cylinder Head in Engines

MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY AND MATERIALS
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Introduction
Cylinder Head is considered to be one of the most critical components of the engine and has the
most complicated configuration of the entire assembly of the engine. The cylinder head of the
engine especially the IC type is expected do multiple functions that include the process of
bringing the charge air through the ports of the intake, taking the exhaust gas out of the cylinder
but with the minimum loss of the pumping, maintenance of the coolant flow across the points
that are considered very crucial but again with the retained loads thermally and finally ensuring
that the integrity of the structure is held in reference to the compression and the tensioning of the
bolts of the basis of the changing loads(Metzger, Leidenfrost, Werner, Riedel and Seifert 2014).
The principle construction and the dimension of the cylinder head is dependent on the exhaust
port and the intake port layout, the system of the actuation, the pattern of the bolt, the position of
the injector of the fuel, flow of the coolant and finally the shape of the chamber of the
combustion. The primary functions of the cylinder head include the following:
 Withstand the high mechanical and the thermal stresses.
 Support of the actuation system of the opening and the closing of the valve
 Holds the integrity of the engine by the use of the bolted joints
 Contains the spark plugs, injectors, intake and exhaust ports along with the valves, valve
guiding tubes and finally the valve seats.
 Routing of the air and also the exhaust gases in and out of the major components of the
body of the engine but ensuring that there is minimum loss of the pumping loss in the
process.
 Maintenance of the cooling of the respective components considering that it has
complicated passages for the cooling processes.

 Provision of the paths for the fluids like the coolant, oil and also allows for the delivery
of the fuel to the injectors.
Figure 1: Parts of the cylinder Head
Component Function and Operating Environment
1 (a)
The cylinder head is that integral component of the internal combustion engine that serves to
convey air and the gasoline to the combustion chamber besides serving as the cover to the
cylinders. The major function of the cylinder head is to assist the gaskets seal the cylinders
properly so that they are capable of building enough compression pressure for the operation of
the engine.I9n the case of the four stroke engine, the cylinder head mounts the entire valve gear
and assist in the provision of the basic frame work for housing the valves for the gas exchange as
well as the injectors and the spark plugs. The cylinder head also supports different parts of the

cooling system(Kuo and Shi 2012). The cylinder head must always be as strong and rigid as
possible to help in the distribution of the forces of the gas that act on the head as uniformly as
possible through the block of the engine. The coolant, the combustion gas and also the oil for
lubrication normally flow independently in the cylinder head and follow the complex routes that
are there dimensional. The production of the cylinder heads is thus achieved by the gravity or the
low pressure die casting. Depending on the engine type, the introduction of the cylinder block
made of aluminum has resulted into the weight reduction of approximately 10-20kg.
(b)
The cylinder head holds the exhaust and the intake valves as a result there are many designs as
per the number and the positioning of the valves and the form of the chamber of the combustion.
Normally two valves are just adequate for those engines developing up to 35kW/l.In the case of
the power beyond this level; the number of the valves must be increased. As part of the working
conditions, the cylinder head design should actually help to improve the turbulence of the air fuel
mixture that is subjected to and also prevent the fuel droplets to set on to the surface of the of the
cylinder wall. The combustion must always take place within the turbulent flow field considering
that this turbulence increases the process of the mixing. The cylinder head must sustain this kind
of the environment of very high pressure and temperature(Fan, Liu, He, and Chen 2015).
Material selection for the Cylinder block
2 (a)
As a result of the permanent increase in the pressure from the combustion and also the
temperature that are high, the suggestion for the aluminum cylinder head is very crucial. The
aluminum alloy that was recommended for the cylinder head had the following benefits