Maritime Management: Issues and Solutions

This report discusses various issues related to maritime management such as emissions into the air, design of a large containership, use of LNG as a fuel, acoustic pollution, alternatives to biocidal antifouling paints, and potential game changers like blockchain technology.

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managment

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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Answer 1....................................................................................................................................2
Main emissions into the air.....................................................................................................2
Negative impacts....................................................................................................................2
Technical and legal key instruments and how best to curb them in shipping........................2
Answer 2....................................................................................................................................2
Design of a large containership to increase fuel efficiency....................................................2
Answer 3....................................................................................................................................3
Pros & Cons of LNG as a fuel for shipping...........................................................................3
Changes in engines by using LNG as a fuel...........................................................................3
Answer 4....................................................................................................................................4
Problem of acoustic pollution.................................................................................................4
Elements of how this problem can be addressed....................................................................4
Answer 5....................................................................................................................................4
Principles of the alternatives to biocidal antifouling paints...................................................4
Answer 6....................................................................................................................................5
Potential game changer and its impact on the future of shipping...........................................5
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................6
References..................................................................................................................................7

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Introduction
Maritime industry is a key component in today’s world. It deals with complex
interaction of the entire business organisation and the maritime business environment. In this
report several issue and terms related to maritime management is discussed in detail.
Answer 1
Main emissions into the air
The main emissions into the air are gases along with various biological molecules that
are present into the atmosphere. The major components that are present in the environment is
carbon dioxide, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic
compounds, particulates, toxic metals, chlorofluorocarbons, ammonia and various radioactive
pollutants. These emission decreases the quality of air in the atmosphere. Therefore, the
chances of diseases and illness also increase (Lagerström, Lindgren, Holmqvist, Dahlström &
Ytreberg, 2018). The mission of such components is also hazardous and cause air toxics. To
control such emissions the Emission Measurement Center has evaluated various testing
techniques so that quality of air could be maintained.
Negative impacts
The emission of such gases has negative impact on the environment. For example,
carbon dioxide traps the radiation from ground level this affects the temperature of the place.
It contributes in acid rain and change in climatic condition. Additionally, sulphur dioxide can
impact the health of a person (Lagerström, Lindgren, Holmqvist, Dahlström & Ytreberg,
2018). The excess of ozone in the atmosphere damages the plats, crops and manmade
products. Nitrogen dioxide also has negative impact as it produces smog in the atmosphere.
The other is CFC which destroys the ozone layer. The emission of these gases also impacts
the greenhouse gases of the environment.
Technical and legal key instruments and how best to curb them in shipping
Some of the legal plans are made so that exposures of toxic gases are controlled. The
technical instruments were used to check the level of sulphur dioxide in the fuel. It should be
less than 0.1% so that nitrous oxide emission does not take place (Lelieveld, Evans, Fnais,
Giannadaki & Pozzer, 2015). The shipping companies have acquired technology that use
liquefies natural gas so that cost is also minimised. Apart from that legal laws are made
regarding the emission of gases in particular areas so that risks are mitigated.

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Answer 2
Design of a large containership to increase fuel efficiency
While designing a larger container there are various things that need to be undertaken.
Some of them are listed below, that helps in increasing the overall fuel efficiency (Flach, et.
al, 2017).
 Air lubrication- While developing a large containership it is important to
undertake some measures so that fuel consumption is increased. This can be done by
using an air lubrication system. It is a method to reduce the opposition between the
ship hull and the seawater. This can be done by using air bubbles between them
(Flach, et. al, 2017). This is a method that works on supplying the pressure of air
between ship surfaces so that air bubbles are created that reduces the overall
resistance and also increases the fuel efficiency of the ship. This option is selected as
it also increases the overall efficiency.
 Fuel saving detector- This is the best way to analyze the fuel consumption in the
ship. Thus this detector is attached in the containership while designing it so that it
can be used for energy saving. It generates swirl’s that enhances the propulsion
efficiency. This is installed to all type of ships so that consumption of fuel is analyzed
and all the loopholes could be figured out so that plans could be designed accordingly.
This option is adopted to find out the consumption of fuel in containership.
 Hybrid Energy System- Low loss hybrid energy system are installed in the large
containerships, it is an innovative technology that works on different power sources.
The performance of ship could be enhanced as it uses energy storage device that
operates even in worst scenario. It helps in saving the fuel as it has the ability to
reduce the load of ship engine that causes increased fuel consumption. This option is
opted as it controls the stability of electrical system and also controls the energy flow.
Answer 3
Pros & Cons of LNG as a fuel for shipping
Pros- It is the latest technology that is used among shipping as it reduces the emission of
sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere. Not only sulphur dioxide, but the emission of carbon
dioxide is also controlled this helps in maintaining the temperature ad climatic condition of
the place (Soroldoni, Abreu, Castro, Duarte & Pinho, 2017). Apart from it is less costly as
compared to other marine gases. This helped in increasing the profit margin and the
consumption of energy content are also low that helps in boosting the overall efficiency of
containerships. It burns quiet effectively and there is an abundant supply in all the areas of
world. Apart from that it offers sustainable benefits.

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Cons- The main disadvantage of using LNG as a fuel is space. It requires more space to store
as compared to other oils. Thus extra insulation, piping or construction work would be
required. Apart from that the availability of LNG is one of the concerns as they are available
only at shore based facilities (Soroldoni, Abreu, Castro, Duarte & Pinho, 2017). The
transformation of LNG from one place to other is also an issue as they require a specific
temperature. Some of the drawbacks of using LNG are that the energy density is less as
compared to other gases (Ytreberg, et. al, 2017). The risk associated with LNG is very high.
Changes in engines by using LNG as a fuel
It is beneficial for the engines as it increases the efficiency by reducing the content of
some gases like carbon dioxide and many fuels (Ytreberg, et. al, 2017). It also helps the
engine to increase their power production along with availability of various biomass sources.
LNG is a very pure fuel which decreases the operational cost of engines and also removes the
chances of failure.
Answer 4
Problem of acoustic pollution
Acoustic pollution is other name of noise pollution. The main issue of acoustic
pollution is disturbance to other individual. There are several activities that disturb the nearby
places. It somewhere deteriorates the quality of living and can cause several adverse effects
like insomnia, auditory or physiological damage. It can somewhere impact the health and
behaviour of an individual and can cause to loss of hearing. It is an invisible force but can
have an adverse effect on the humans around (Celi, et. al, 2016). It can cause sleep
disturbance in person life, along with that it can cause heart diseases, hypertension or hearing
impatient. They also affect the nerve system of a person (Shane, 2015). Thus it is very
important to avoid the issue due to acoustic pollution. It is also researched that if a person
hears the loud music regularly than the ability to read, learn and understand the things
decreases significantly (Celi, et. al, 2016). It also has impact on the cognitive function and
can also cause heart relate disease.
Elements of how this problem can be addressed
The issue due to acoustic pollution can be resolved; there are several elements that help in
addressing such issues. Thus this problem can be addressed by having strict laws and
controlling the volume of noise (Vasilyev, 2017). Laws and regulations are developed that
states that after midnight no loud music are allowed in the city or in crowded area.
Noise pollution is prohibited and banned so that no noise is produced that exceeds more than
75 decibels. The law enforcement agency limits the sound limit and also erecting sound
barrier (Vasilyev, 2017). The bursting of crackers is also banned after 10pm at times of
functions and marriages.

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Answer 5
Principles of the alternatives to biocidal antifouling paints
The antifouling paints are used to remove the barnacles and algae that are found on
the surface that is immersed in water. The ships or vessels that are not antifouled can lead to
fouling on its surface (Li, Wang & Liu, 2017). It is important as small amount of fouling at
the surface can increases the consumption of fuel and resistance can also increase. Thus it is
stated that development of antifouling system is a cost effective approach as it safes the
surface from all the leaches that are present on the surface. These paints are uncontrolled and
tended to initially effect the wearing off in 18 to 24 months. This could be done by biocide
that leached out of the paint (Liu,et. al, 2016). Thus the principle behind antifouling paints is
to improve the quality of vessels and ships. It can be assumed that using anti-fouling paint
removes the lack of effectiveness of TBT anti-foulants. Especially the biocide-free silicone
coatings, from which fouling progress is simply removable and it also have an extraordinarily
high potential for introduction of alien species in the market (Network, 2018).
Answer 6
Potential game changer and its impact on the future of shipping
Block chain technology is one such technique that can act as a potential game changer. It also
has impact on future of shipping as it work on decentralised system that ensures that only
authenticated data is used for transaction. The technology is not that advances but I could be
harnessed for shipping industry as it offers revolutions regarding how to trade and it is also
based on various trade platforms (Wigforss, 2018). It also helps in improving the
communication between staff on land and in the sea. This has somewhere made the future of
shipping easy. The regulation and comply the data is easy as the risks could be mitigated
easily. Block chain technology can be said as potential game changer as it helps the business
to work according to the changes (Jääskeläinen & Majewski, 2018). Block chain technology
is used to manage all the past records on the network and gives the right that it can be
managed by a central authority.

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Conclusion
It can be concluded that there are various components that are present in air due to
emission of such components there are several negative impact on the environment. Some
legal and technical key instruments that can be used for shipping has been analysed. The
advantage and disadvantage of using LNG is used. Apart from that problems due to acoustic
pollution and the elements that can address the problem are identified. The alternative
principal of antifouling paint is discussed.

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References
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the stress response in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, Linnaeus 1758). Fish
physiology and biochemistry, 42(2), 631-641.
Flach, C. F., Pal, C., Svensson, C. J., Kristiansson, E., Östman, M., Bengtsson-Palme, J., ... &
Larsson, D. J. (2017). Does antifouling paint select for antibiotic resistance?. Science
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Lelieveld, J., Evans, J. S., Fnais, M., Giannadaki, D., & Pozzer, A. (2015). The contribution
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Soroldoni, S., Abreu, F., Castro, Í. B., Duarte, F. A., & Pinho, G. L. L. (2017). Are
antifouling paint particles a continuous source of toxic chemicals to the marine
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Vasilyev, A. V. (2017). New methods and approaches to acoustic monitoring and noise
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