Maritime Studies Question Answer 2022

Running head: MARITIME STUDIES
Maritime Studies
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

MARITIME STUDIES1
Table of Contents
Answer to Question CQ1.................................................................................................................2
Answer to Question CQ2.................................................................................................................3
Answer to Question OP1.................................................................................................................4
Answer to Question OP2.................................................................................................................4
Answer to Question OP3.................................................................................................................5
Answer to Question OP4.................................................................................................................9
Reference List................................................................................................................................11

MARITIME STUDIES2
Answer to Question CQ1
Economic impacts on containers and its adverse effect
The economic impact of containerization was enormous. It helped trade and economic
integration to grow. The demand for labour in port diminished because the use of cranes and
other dockside equipment replaced manpower. It boosted globalization by making trading easy.
However, the adverse effects of use of containers to carry cargoes is significant. The catastrophic
consequences of containerization in shipping industry is effecting the global economy as the
pollution freight industry generating is huge. Shipping containers generate large amount of
greenhouse gas. The level of carbon dioxide it produce is difficult to detect, as the ships operate
very far out at ocean.1 Other than carbon dioxide, ships also release highly toxic chemicals such
as sulphur oxides and nitrous oxides which, are main causes of acid rain. Due to detrimental
effects of oceanic freight industry some regulations put on them to produce less environmentally
harmful cars. Container ships are responsible for environmental degradation due to gas
emissions. Besides emission of gas, container ship also generate different kinds of pollution such
as biocides (chemicals applied in antifouling paints), ballast water (help to improve stability of
the ship), waste (like garbage and sewage from human activity) and outright oil spills which, is
difficult to clean.
Container ships released tons of garbage into the ocean causing disastrous effects on
ocean ecosystem.2 The use of container ship as well as the amount of garbage it dumped
increased day by day. The garbage contaminated the ocean water and kills sea animals like
seabirds and sea mammals. The existence of sea animals threatened because of toxic ocean water
1 Yin, J, ""Slow steaming of liner trade: its economic and environmental impacts.".". in Maritime Policy &
Management, 41, 2014, 149-158.
2 J Xing, and Zhong, "A reactive container rerouting model for container flow recovery in a hub-and-spoke
liner shipping network.", in Maritime Policy & Management,, vol. 44(6), 2015, pp.744-760.

MARITIME STUDIES3
and loss of mudflats, wetlands and seagrass meadows. The use of containers pollute the air in
many ways. The factors affecting air are particulate matter (which is made up of soot and metal
and are the reasons for murky color of smog), carbon monoxide (if inhaled it can block oxygen
from important organs), hydrocarbons (it produce important element for the atmosphere by
reacting with sunlight named ground level ozone).3 Pollutants and other toxins released by
containers effected the environment and ocean ecosystem. The pollutant particles causes acid
rain which, alter the composition of lakes and rivers lead to death of aquatic species and
microorganisms as the pollution enters soil. Thus, the imbalance in ecosystems destroy the life of
plants and animals. Plants are unable to survive in pollutant rich soil.
Answer to Question CQ2
Flags of convenience and economic losses
It is a type business practice under which a merchant ship is register in a ship register of a
country by owner of the ship and the ship operates the civil ensign called flag state of that
country. The open registries under flag of convenience is highly criticized for its loopholes.4 To
stay legally anonymous and hide their ownership, the ship owners uses flag of convenience.
Even some ships found engaging in crime, unreported and unregulated fishing and provide
substandard working condition. Flags of convenience leads to economic loss as to evade scrutiny
or cut costs, most of the ship owners register under foreign flags.
In this way, they can avoid or pay minimum for taxes, rules, regulations and protection of
seafarers. To avoid extra cost the ship owners choose to register when the cost of registration is
3 M Svindland, "The environmental effects of emission control area regulations on short sea shipping in
Northern Europe: The case of container feeder vessels.", in Transportation Research Part D: Transport
and Environment,, vol. 61, 2019, pp.423-430.
4 S Bateman, "The role of flag states.", in In Routledge Handbook of Maritime Regulation and
Enforcement, , 2015, (pp. 79-94).