Understanding Local Marketing Trends and Developing Marketing Strategies

The assignment highlights the importance of marketing principles in attracting and retaining customers for a long period. It emphasizes the need to understand local market trends, develop marketing strategies, and apply segmentation and marketing mix approaches to achieve business goals. The report also explores the concept of franchising as a form of licensing, which enables companies like McDonald's to expand their business internationally with minimal financial risk.

Marketing Principles

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction .....................................................................................................................................4
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................4
1.1: Various elements of the marketing process of McDonald's.................................................4
1.2: Benefits and cost of a marketing orientation for McDonald's.............................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1: Macro and micro environmental factors influencing marketing decisions in McDonald's. 6
2.2: Segmentation criteria used for McDonald's products in different markets..........................7
2.3: Targeting strategy for a selected product/service.................................................................8
2.4: Affects of marketing activities in different buying situations..............................................9
2.5: New positioning for selected/service of McDonald's...........................................................9
TASK 3 .........................................................................................................................................10
3.1: Product development to sustain competitive advantage.....................................................10
3.2: Distribution strategies used by McDonald's to provide customer convenience.................10
3.3: Pricing strategies used by McDonald's to reflect objective and market conditions...........12
3.4: Integration of promotional activity to achieve marketing objectives.................................12
3.5: Additional elements of extended marketing mix for McDonald's.....................................13
TASK 4 .........................................................................................................................................14
4.1: Marketing mixes for two different segments in consumer markets with McDonald's
reference.....................................................................................................................................14
4.2: Differences in marketing products and services to business rather than consumers..........15
4.3: Difference between international and domestic marketing in McDonald's case................16
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCE.................................................................................................................................17
2

Illustration Index
3

INTRODUCTION
Decision making is an important area of the organization which is supported by
arrangement of various tools and techniques of marketing. In the words of American Marketing
Association, the concept of marketing is defined as a procedure which involves planning,
processing and execution of product, its pricing, promotion and distribution. Customers have
been taken as a priority and thereby, core lies in focus to be made on fulfilling their needs and
desire. McDonald's is one of the largest and biggest chains of fast food restaurants in the world.
It has been successfully flourished to serve about 68 million customers at over 119 nations
(Marketing at MacDonald, 2011). With the provided case study, the marketing principles
followed by this fast food chain have been studied. In reference to the provided case study on
McDonald's restaurants, marketing processes, its strategies, new product development have been
covered in the present report.
TASK 1
1.1: Various elements of the marketing process of McDonald's
Marketing is defined as the process of management where goods and services are
produced in favor of customers. The core lies in fulfilling the demand and need of the customers.
This is made by the four aspects which are identification, selection and development of
a product, ascertaining of its price, choosing appropriate distribution channel
to reach the customer's place, and use of a promotional strategy.
Marketing processes plays significant role in determining the brand image of the
organization. As per given case study, McDonald's is well known for its brand. Therefore,
following elements of marketing process of McDonald's have been discussed as follows:
Planning
As per given case study, marketing plan of the McDonald's is created to meet its
objectives. They breakdown their long term objectives into shorter term measurable goals. By
the plan, this fast food chain ensures marketing actions and resources to work simultaneously.
Research
As referred from the case study, market research of the McDonald's takes into account
everything that affect customer's purchasing decision (Retseptor, 2005). With the use of various
4

tools and techniques used by this fast food firm, the psychological factors of individual are taken
care to achieve branding.
Strategy
The marketing strategy is another element used by McDonald's. As analyzed from case
study that strategy implies use of resources and marketing actions. Identifying the need of key
audience is the main strategy which is applied in their work to meet its various business
functions such as customer satisfaction, sales revenue, market share etc.
Tactics
According to tactics, short term plan or idea that can be implemented in operations for
meeting sales is called tactics. At McDonald's, these are applied with respect to product's taste,
new line, discounts, offers etc.
Customer wants and needs
As per this concept, the core of marketing activities lies in producing goods and services
as per the demand and wants of the customers.
SWOT Analysis
This is the effective technique which is also known as internal analysis of company.
With the help of this firm can easily identify all the points regarding their internal situation. It
helps them in evaluating strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company. With
the help of SWOT, McDonalds is able to identify their favourable and unfavourable conditions
for their firm.
Market Opportunities
Another most important element of marketing process is opportunities. With this,
McDonalds can forecast for its specific product or a service with respect to its present as well as
future condition. They are able to attain all the market opportunities as per their customer’s
needs.
1.2: Benefits and cost of a marketing orientation for McDonald's
The term market orientation refers to the implementation of market intelligence in order
to meet the need of customers with the help of customers development and modification.
Business models are applied in order to design as per the customers demand (Hargrave, 2012).
As mentioned in case study that McDonald's establishes very significant position in the mind of
5

its customers through branding. This type of market orientation is adopted for gaining the
various benefits and cost of a market orientation stated as follows:
Benefits of marketing orientation
Market orientation is useful for the McDonald's as it helps in assisting different needs of
the customers. Application of this aspect yield following benefits to this fast food chain:
Gain competitive advantage
McDonald's is identified as an organization who predict the need of its customers and
produced food accordingly. This is the reason why organization is ahead and gained competitive
advantage (Porter, 2011).
Customer satisfaction/loyalty
As per case study, McDonald's use customer-oriented approach. Customer research of
this firm identifies different need and profile of customers to satisfy them.
Increase sales revenue/profitability
Selection of suitable orientation is made to gain the effective outcome. Regular analysis
of results helps the firm to give flexibility to its working thereby helps in increasing sales.
Increase market share and growth
The success of McDonald's is evidenced from its number of chains all across the world
(Fitter, 2001). It is because of appropriate use of market orientation used by this fast food firm.
Cost of marketing orientation
Details of the areas which show the cost of marketing orientation at McDonald's are:
Intensive investment in research and development
According to case study, McDonald's establishes high spending on its products as per
customers need. It leads to increase in the price of its products (Graham, 2008).
Investment in technology infrastructure
Activities in which McDonald's is involved are vivid. Technology infrastructure infuses
huge spending to them.
Staff training
Employees at McDonald's are trained as per their marked standards. This is to get the
advantage of efficiency. Staff training cost the firm as a huge spending.
6

TASK 2
2.1: Macro and micro environmental factors influencing marketing decisions in McDonald’s
Decision making at the McDonald's are influences by some internal as well as external
factors which have been analyzed on following basis:
Micro Environment
SWOT is an abbreviation for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This is a
significant as SWOT analysis is used for auditing the overall strategic position of a business and
its environment. The rationale behind using the SWOT analysis is to provide a framework to
measure firm’s ability to overcome barriers and avail the opportunities.
Strengths
Collaboration with Coke
Successful brand name and advertisement and
promotion.
Training provided to employees in professional
ways.
Competitive prices of the products.
Clean and playful environment.
Weaknesses
Management of Joint ventures and Franchisee
Weak development of the products
Opportunities
The internationalization concept which
accounts for only one percent of the world’s
population
Growing interest of people for out dinning
Threats
Threat of competitors such as Burger King,
KFC etc.
Change in mind of people with respect to junk
or unhealthy food.
Existence of global recession in the world
In order to know the internal position of the organization, there is need to assess the
internal factors. For that, SWOT model has been used for knowing about the present and future
business of the McDonald's (Jain and Jain, 2014). According to case study, this analysis will help
to determine the operations they can do to increase its chances of marketing successfully.
Macro Environment
7

PESTLE analysis has been conducted in order to study the macro environment of
the McDonald's
Political Increasing international trade agreements
Pending tax reform
Evolving public health policies
Economic Slow but stable growth of the U.S. economy
Stable but risky European economies
Slowdown of the Chinese economy
Social Widening wealth gap
Increasing cultural diversity
Healthy lifestyle trend
Technology Moderate R&D activity in the industry
Increasing business automation
Increasing sales through mobile devices
Legal New legal minimum wage levels in the U.S (Patterson and et.al., 2010).
Local health regulations in workplaces and schools
Animal welfare regulation
Environment Rising interest for corporate environmental programs
Increasing emphasis on sustainable business strategies
Climate change
2.2: Segmentation criteria used for McDonald's products in different markets
The term segmentation is defined as a marketing strategy where market is divided into
categories for meeting the different needs of the customers. As per case study, McDonald's is
always ahead in producing goods and services as per the needs of the customer. Basically, there
are four main types of segmentation criteria detailed as follows:
Geographic Segmentation
In this segmentation type, the mass has been targeted on the basis of locations. It is
generally suitable for the company who are dealing in small market areas (Thrassou and et.al.,
2011). For example, clothing stores.
8

Demographic Segmentation
A type of market segmentation where customer are identified by the bifurcation of the
customer’s needs and demand has been made on the basis of family size, age, religion, ethnicity
etc. It is generally seen in the market such as an automobile company who can target markets for
their cars based on age, genders and income levels of customers.
Psychographic Segmentation
It is another type of market segmentation where division of market has been made on the
basis of various segments on the basis of different categories (Wright, 2005). These are inclusive
of factors such as personality, attitude, lifestyle and interest. The central idea behind choosing
this type of segmentation is to support the marketers to design products to match with customers
need and aspiration. For example, companies of organic food who target their products to select
only those consumers who are conscious to their health.
Behavioral Pattern
A segmentation type where division has been made on the basis of various factors such as
knowledge, use, response, attitude of customers is behavioral pattern. Buying behavior of the
customers are generally taken care and has been classified on the basis of dimensions such as
occasional buying, purchasing products to seek benefits, etc (Layton, 2011).
Examples
Products Type of Segmentation
Happy meal product
of Mcdonald's
Demographic Segmentation has been done where the division has been
made on attracting the young adults and students between the age group
of 15 to 29 years of age.
McVeggie Burger and
Mc Aloo tikki burger
Psycho-graphic Segmentation has been adopted which has been made
by segmenting on the basis of customers convenience and lifestyle.
These products focus on providing relax environment (Finch, 2008).
2.3: Targeting strategy for a selected product/service
Targeting strategy
It is defined as the selection of potential consumers to whom a business is desirable to
market products or services. As per this strategy, there are inclusive of segmentation of the
9

market, choosing suitable market arena, determination of market etc. Firms offer various
products and services which are achieved mainly through the use of targeting strategy by the
organization. The targeting strategy is adopted in order to give the significance of giving an
advantage of placing a new product in the market. According to the case study, McDonald's
paves very much attention to the taste, preference of its customers. Therefore, the products are
produced in mass quantity and high sales volume. It is to earned good and effective return from
the targeting approach. McDonald's is a fast food firm who uses various approaches of the
marketing. In the market, the factors of measurable products with their size, accessibility, growth
and profit are taken while doing selecting type of targeting strategy.
Differentiated Marketing Strategy
According to differentiated marketing strategy, company develops marketing campaigns that
influences at least two market segments or target groups. For example, a firm can encourage a
sale that make people impel at particular locations. With the help of differentiated marketing
strategies, McDonalds can target many more than two segments to create campaigns that appeal
to both men and women in a variety of age groups. Differentiated marketing strategies encourage
the use of different communication in the same campaign for different segments. For example, a
retailer might market low cost to a budget-conscious segment and product quality to a prosperous
market segment. It chooses differentiation targeting strategy as a new market targeting to
develop interest in a specific brand to study the effectiveness of its products.
2.4: Affects of marketing activities in different buying situations
McDonald's has been using marketing strategies where they are successful in identifying
the customers and their buying behavior. However, they are vital to be considered as these
marketing activities affect the buying behavior of the consumer sin different situations. Firstly,
there is complex buying behavior where customers living in urban areas are generally targeted by
the McDonald's. Therefore, understanding the complex purchasing attitude of people is essential
in producing various products and services. Secondly, there are varieties seeking buying
behavior where customers who demands variety are included. This is same in context to the
customers of McDonald's as well (Cadogan, 2012). They expect eatables available in different
variety. Therefore, this fast food chain focuses on making them available with different food
varieties.
10

Thirdly, there is habitual buying behavior where purchaser has been detected by
marketers by selecting goods on the basis of their nature. Generally, low price and high quantity
are their preference. Therefore, McDonald’s also tried to make available the products in
minimum quantity as well for its customer. Lastly, there is dissonance buying behavior which is
a category where there are infrequent buyers are available. It is generally not seen in case of
McDonald's.
2.5: New positioning for selected/service of McDonald's
Positioning is another component of the STP strategy of marketing which is used by the
McDonald's. New positioning is essential for this fast food chain in order to launch its nmew
product in the market place. As analyzed from the given case study that McDonald get more
number of customers but still they made more emphasis on their targeting technique. This is
required in order to get the sustainable advantage over their competitors in the long run.
There is general the aspect of producing goods which contains low cholesterol (Jarvis,
MacKenzie and Podsakoff, 2003). This can be applied to attract more consumers who are diet
conscious as well. Therefore, positioning can be made by adopting the differentiation strategy
where penetration pricing technique can be used. For example, by introducing burgers which are
of low fat can attract number of health conscious people. Similarly, the food items such as ring
roles, potato chips or colorful items can be introduced to attract children at minimum price value.
They should apply new positioning technique to create a new image in the minds of consumer
about healthy variants available at the McDonald's. Another positioning strategy which can be
used by the McDonald's is the undifferentiated marketing. In this, this fast food chain can offer
same marketing mix to mass audiences.
TASK 3
3.1: Product development to sustain competitive advantage
The product development is considered as the significant aspect which is made to achieve
the competitive advantage. In context to given case study where McDonald's develop its products
by considering the Michael Porter's product development strategy. The significance of using this
model is to provide differentiation to producers to segment markets. This is to target goods and
services at various segments. The discussion of each and every strategy as used by McDonald's
has been used as follows:
11

Cost leadership
Mcdonald's working and operations always stay ahead in incorporating leadership in
terms of cost. By providing food and drinks which are different in process as well as quality, it
has been successful in occupying a larger market segment in the industry (Dann, 2008).
Differentiation
This is the strategy suggested by Porter. According to this, differentiation is an aspect
where the core lies in developing a factor. As analyzed from the case study, McDonald's has
establishes a strong command over the taste factor. It has helped it to emerge in the whole
industry as the first choice of every customer.
Cost focus
This is another strategy where functions and business of the organization tries to create a
competitive advantage over the niche market.
Differentiation focus
By differentiation focus, we mean the aspect of using practice where efforts are made to
produce the goods and fast food which is different from the competitors. The reason McDonald's
always stay ahead is its differentiation focus which is highly taken into consideration. All the
points stated above helped the organization such as McDonald to ascertain the competitive
comparison of points to other competitors such as Burger King, KFC etc.
3.2: Distribution strategies used by McDonald's to provide customer convenience
The term distribution strategy is defined as sources or channels which are used to make
goods available to the final customers. Generally, there are two methods which are used for
selling new products and services. By using effective and suitable distribution strategy, the
selling of goods can become more appropriate. After, producing and pricing of product, the
distribution strategy is considered to be vitally crucial activity. The reason is to focus the
customers. It has been made by adopting the three main ways detailed and discussed in regards
to McDonald's.
Firstly, there is direct channel which is a distribution strategy where the customers can
take the respective information about the products and services directly from the marketers or
retailer. By engaging into the practise of direct purchasing and selling of goods, direct
12

distribution channel is made (Brassington and Pettitt, 2005). For an example going at
McDonald's for purchasing the food is direct channel.
Another one is indirect distribution strategy where the agents and groups are engage in
making product available to the customers is the indirect distribution strategy. Generally, with
respect to avail the services such as booking of goods and services, the agents are involved. In
case of McDonald's, there is no such indirect channel available from the side of sellers.
There is online distribution strategy where in context of modern era, number of sellers is
relaying on the selling of goods and services to customers online. In UK, there are various
number of people who are relaying own the use of technology such as internet. With the use of
this technological aspect, McDonald's has been providing service of online deliver. By accessing
its website that is https://www.mcdelivery.co.in/, the customer can deliver at their door step as
well. Here is an illustration of McDonald's online shopping page:
3.3: Pricing strategies used by McDonald's to reflect objective and market conditions
Another vital element of the marketing mix is the Pricing. By using this, marketers plan
the cost at which they would make their product available at the organization. However, there are
various pricing strategies which are studies in line with the selection of one appropriate for the
Mcdonald's.
13

Penetration skimming Price skimming
It is the pricing strategy where low price for
the goods are set. It is generally made when
the product is launched in the market place.
This is to gain the market segment. The
significance behind the same is to appeal and
influence them to buy products (Michael
Simpson, 2005). McDonald's keep the same
when they have to introduce new food item in
the market.
Another strategy where high prices for the
products are set by the marketers. At times
of good supply, the costs are generally
decreases in order to maximize the sales at
the market place.
3.4: Integration of promotional activity to achieve marketing objectives
The main aim of McDonald's is to provide quality of services to their customers at
affordable price. Enterprise has around 30,000 outlets in more than 120 countries. Marketing and
advertising strategies used by fast-food giant are unique as compared to other competitors
present in the competitive arena. In order to increase the awareness among people and enhance
brand awareness, marketing department of organization is effectively used modern and
traditional marketing media channels (Rimal and Creel, 2008). For attracting young population,
enterprise is concentrating on the use of social networking sites such as Face-book, You-tube etc.
Besides that, firm also conducted customer survey and market research at regular time
period to know the perception of customers and creates positive image in the mind of customers.
For example, organization provides free Wi-Fi services in their stores to magnetize customers
and promote its brands effectively. For promoting its products, management of enterprise is used
market penetration strategies and also launched few advertisement campaigns for domestic
market client across the globe. Apart from this, marketing manager of fast-food firm
concentrates on expansion plans to open new outlet in different regions throughout the world.
Despite of that, company also used promotion channels such as TV, radio, in cinema, online and
using poster sites to create positive image of brand in their minds. These kinds of promotion
events will help company to attain its sales and customers base objectives in a significant
manner.
14

3.5: Additional elements of extended marketing mix for McDonald's
People
For the purpose of understanding different needs of customers, McDonald's focus on
bringing regular innovation in products. With help of different business lines like “I am loving
it” and so on, enterprise concentrating on meeting needs of different categories people properly.
Figure 1: Targeted audience by fast-food firm
(Source: Marketing at MacDonald, 2011)
From the above table, it is clear that for targeting different population including parent, business
customers and teenagers, enterprise use different types of promotional strategies.
Process
Enterprise has talented employees in order to manage large supply chain and better
relationship with customers and suppliers. In order to meet expectation of customers, company
has enough amounts of employees to develop new products and phased out old ones. For
managing its different process, organization has different departments and human capital.
Physical evidence
Organization open different physical locations or distribution points to easy reach to their
customers and meeting their needs in a proper manner. In this regard, company opens it all new
stores in all the prime locations with providing other facilities such as car parking and many
more. In addition, layout of firm outlets is very attractive which magnetizes customers to visit
store and use products of firm (Rust, Lemon and Zeithaml, 2004). Despite of that, enterprise
maintains highly standardized formats throughout the world which makes organization as loyal
15

brand and creates positive image in the canvas of the minds of customers in cut throat
competitive arena.
TASK 4
4.1: Marketing mixes for two different segments in consumer markets with McDonald's
reference
Marketing mixes for two different segments can be planned in the consumer markets for
McDonald's. The first segment of customers will comprise of older customers. The second
segment can target young consumers who are in their teenage or adolescence.
Marketing mix for first segment
Product As this segment comprises of customers of older age, the food products
manufactured by McDonald's would consist of the traditional ingredients
which are integral to the cuisine of UK.
Price The pricing strategy will have to be adopted keeping in mind the attitude of
older customers. Penetration pricing strategy will be adopted. Along with that
there will be a need of adopting psychological pricing (Tomkovick, 2004).
Place- Distribution channels will also be decided according to older people. As they
have problems in movement, home delivery service will be provided.
Promotions The promotional strategy for this segment will comprise of traditional media.
Promotion will be done through advertisements in newspapers, magazines,
television etc.
Marketing mix for second segment
In case of products, where youngsters love innovation, the products are provided by
McDonald's would comprise of new flavors. Similarly, in case of pricing strategies which can be
adopted for the customer segment of young people. These would be bundle pricing and product
line pricing. A group of products can be bundled and provided at a reduced price (Wood, 2012).
For place, the products will be made available through online ordering system. Also,
outlets will be opened at locations near schools and colleges in busy areas within UK. Lastly, for
16

promotion, youth is highly active on web. Therefore, online marketing will be adopted for
promoting the products. Promotions will be doe through social media sites such as Twitter,
Facebook etc.
4.2: Differences in marketing products and services to business rather than consumers
There are several differences in marketing products and services to consumers rather than
to businesses. Business to business (B to B) marketing requires highly detailed content to be
provided to the business customers. They expect to be addressed by a marketing and sales team.
In contrast to this, business to consumer (B to C) marketing would require McDonald's to meet
their basic needs by being humorous, useful and share-able (Wood and Suter, 2004). The chain
of command with B to B marketers would be longer as compared to B to C marketers. This
implies that while B to C marketing, McDonald's would be required only to slightly influence
them through recommendations or suggestions.
B to B marketing would require McDonald's to focus on the logic of the product such as
its features. Whereas, B to C marketing involves focuses on providing benefit of product to
others. McDonald's would adopt shorter and more direct distribution channels to targeting
audience during B to B marketing. In contrast to this, B to C marketing will involve longer
distribution channels.
4.3: Difference between international and domestic marketing in McDonald's case
Comparison has been shown in the form of table given below:
Domestic marketing International marketing
The main purpose of domestic marketing is to
sell products of company within a local
financial market. In this regard, both micro and
macro environment related factors are
considered. Language and workforce
availability related issues are not present at
domestic level (Wood and Suter, 2004). By
considering different strategies including
understanding local marketing trends and
High language and international labor polices
related barriers are available within
international marketing. In this kind of
marketing, marketing manager focus on macro
factors and sell its products to different
customers across the globe. Besides that, a
huge amount of financial resources and human
capital are required to promote products and
services at cross-nations (Graham, 2008). In
17

developing marketing strategies, firm can
easily identify needs of customers.
addition, political, social, legislation and
cultural factors are the major influencing
elements that can affect performance of
MacDonald during its business expansion at
international level.
Franchising
Franchising has been considered as another
form of licensing. With the help of the same,
McDonalds puts together a package of the
‘successful’ ingredients. It enables the firm to
get a success in their home market and then
franchise this package to overseas investors. It
may help out by providing training and
marketing the services or product. This
features made the McDonalds as a popular
example of a Franchising option that has been
successfully expanded to international market.
CONCLUSION
From the present report, it is clear that marketing principle play an important role in term
of attracting and retaining customers for long time period. With help of promotional strategies
and better understanding the needs of customers, fast-food Company can be able to meet
expectations of its customers properly. In addition, segmentation and marketing mix approaches
can be applied to better implement marketing tactics and achieving goals of enterprise in modern
era. By meeting expectation of customers, firm would be able to sustain in this competitive arena
and retain its current position.
18

REFERENCE
Journals and Books
Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S., 2005. Principles of marketing. FT Prentice Hall.
Cadogan, W. J., 2012. International marketing, strategic orientations and business success:
Reflections on the path ahead. International Marketing Review. 29(4). pp.340 – 348.
Dann, S., 2008. Applying services marketing principles to postgraduate supervision. Quality
Assurance in Education. 16(4). pp.333 – 346.
Finch, J., 2008. Marketing Principles Essentials. Marketing Principles Essentials.
Fitter, R., 2001. Who Gains from Product Rents as the Coffee Market Becomes More
Differentiated? A Value‐chain Analysis. IDS Bulletin. 32(3). pp.69-82.
Graham, H., 2008. Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning. Pearson Education.Belch,
G. E. and Belch, M. A. 2003. Advertising and promotion: An integrated marketing
communications perspective. The McGraw− Hill.
Jain. A. and Jain, P., 2014. Principles of Marketing: for B.Com-II Semester-III and IV. VK
Global Publications.
Jarvis, C. B., MacKenzie, S. B. and Podsakoff, P. M., 2003. A critical review of construct
indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer
research. Journal of consumer research. 30(2). pp. 199-218.
Layton, R., 2011. Marketing: is management all that there is?. Journal of Historical Research in
Marketing. 3(2). pp.194–213.
Michael Simpson, 2005. Marketing Planning Principles into Practice. Journal of Small Business
and Enterprise Development.12(1). pp.137 – 138.
Patterson, P. G. and et.al., 2010. How the local competition defeated a global brand: the case of
Starbucks. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ). 18(1). pp.41-47.
Porter,M., 2011.Competitive Advantage of Nations: Creating and Sustaining Superior
Performance. Simon and Schuster.
Rimal, R. N. and Creel, A. H. 2008. Applying social marketing principles to understand the
effects of the radio diaries program in reducing HIV/AIDS stigma in Malawi. Health
marketing quarterly. 25(1-2). pp. 119-146.
19

Rust, R. T., Lemon, K. N. and Zeithaml, V. A., 2004. Return on marketing: Using customer
equity to focus marketing strategy. Journal of marketing. 68(1). pp. 109-127.
Thrassou, A. and et.al., 2011. Towards a marketing communications model for small political
parties: A primary principles strategic perspective for developed countries. Cross Cultural
Management: An International Journal. 18(3). pp.263 – 292.
Tomkovick, C., 2004. Ten anchor points for teaching principles of marketing. Journal of
Marketing Education. 26(2). pp. 109-115.
Wood, C. M. and Suter, T. A., 2004. Making marketing principles tangible: Online auctions as
living case studies. Journal of Marketing Education. 26(2). pp.137-144.
Wood, M., 2012. Marketing social marketing. Journal of Social Marketing. 2(2). pp.94 – 102.
Wright, T. L., 2005. Qualitative Market Research: Principles and Practice. Qualitative Market
Research: An International Journal. 8(1).
Online
Hargrave, J., 2012. The Marketing Process. [Online]. Available at:
<http://jhargraveonmarketing.blogspot.in/p/marketing-process.html>. [Accessed on 3rd
December 2015].
Marketing at MacDonald, 2011. [Pdf]. Available through:<
http://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/content/dam/McDonaldsUK/People/Schools-and-students/
mcd_marketing.pdf >. [Accessed on: 3rd December 2015].
Retseptor, G., 2005. Inventive Principles in Marketing, Sales and Advertising. [pdf]. Available
through: < http://www.triz-journal.com/archives/2005/04/01.pdf>. [Accessed on 3rd December
2015].
20