Safe and Efficient Material Storage on Construction Sites

This article discusses safe and efficient material storage on construction sites, including waste storage, non-hazardous waste storage, and recycling. It also explores the environmental and sustainability benefits of cross laminated timber (CLT) and alternative materials like bamboo. Additionally, it covers the advantages and disadvantages of steel and concrete as building materials, and provides a testing procedure for bending wood. Finally, it highlights the Garitage Park project in Bulgaria and its commitment to environmental sustainability.

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CIVIL ENGINEEERING
Name of Student
Institution Affiliation

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Task 1: Material Storage
It is important to practice safe and efficient storage of the construction materials on construction
site. The safe and the efficient storage of the material normally depend on the good co-operation
and proper co-ordination between the parties that are involved. This involve normally include the
contractors, construction traders, suppliers and the clients (Braganca, 2016).
Waste Storage
There should be provision of the waste receptacles within the site of the project for the collection
by the waste type.
The storage waste areas must be of suitable size to contain all the produced quantities of the
waste. The Cardboard boxes are supposed to be made flat then collected in the room for the store
(Boamah, 2017). Each of the employees at the construction can possibly reuse the box paper at
the desk. The waste should never be mixed while no waste should be left at the corridors where
they can possibly block the movement.
Non-Hazardous waste storage
 The waste skips should be covered
 The waste skips should be properly labeled

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 There should be daily inspection of the skips to ensure that everything is in stable
conditions (Pacheco-Torgal, 2017)
 The waste should be transferred in a timely manner from the construction site to the area
for the storage. The mixed waste should never be stored together.
Non-Hazardous waste storage
Materials should be stacked together in order to maximize the ability to reuse the same materials
and also prevent the possible safety hazards

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Demolition waste in the construction site include the following
 Concrete
 Concrete reinforcing material
 Brick
 Wood joists
 Wood studs
 Wood trim
 Wood paneling
 Plywood and oriented strand wood
 Concrete masonry units
 Insulation
 Roofing
 Rough hardware
 Structural steel

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Doors and the frames, windows, glazing, material studs, carpets, carpet pad, equipment, cabinet,
acoustical tiles and also panels, metal studs and the demountable portions. Valves,
Sprinklers ,Plumbing fixtures, Supports and hangers, Electrical conduit, Piping , Mechanical
equipment, Refrigerants, Copper wiring, Switchgear and panel boards, Lamps, Ballasts,
Electrical devices, Lighting fixtures , and Transformers (Palomo, 2017)
Safety storage and the subsequent recycling
Concrete: The reinforcement material and other materials should be removed and the properties
sorted properly
Asphalt material of the concrete: The paving material for the construction should be broken and
then used as the new asphalt material.
Masonry: The metal reinforcement is removed, ties and anchors from the masonry and then
sorted with other metals (Sullenger, 2018).
Wood materials
The members should be sorted and then stacked together as per the size and also length. The
lumber should be separated, engineered wood products and also the products of the panel.
Metals: Separate the metals by the type. For the cases of the steel that are also the structural
members, the stack is grouped as per the size, length and the type. The bolts are removed
including nuts, washers and the other rough hardware (Kaspar, 2017).
The asphalt shingle roofing: The organic and the glass fiber asphalt shingles should be store
separately

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Gypsum board: Stack large, the pieces on the wood pallets and then stored in a clean and dry
place. The fasteners are removed and then disposed.
Carpet and pad
Rolling of the large pieces of the pieces tightly after the removal of the trash and adhesives
Equipment: The piping is reduced into the straight-line lengths and store in the order of the types
and the size. The components like hangers, sprinklers, valves are sorted according to their sizes.
Conduit: The conduit is reduced into the straight lengths and then stored by the size and type
(Caijun Shi, 2016).
Task 2: Environmental and Sustainability point of view of Cross laminated timber (CLT)
Cross laminated timber (CLT) is created from softwood timber, that is comprised of segments
that are laid over one another at right edges previously the completed material is then
mechanically overlaid (Crocker, 2018). The quantity of layers joined relies upon thickness and
basic prerequisites and all things considered can make by the correct auxiliary burdens required
in each bit of CLT. The layers are sawn, planed and after that stuck together under strain
utilizing a polyurethane cement. Boards are manufactured to exact measurements in building
designs, including window, entryway, pipes and ventilation openings with any channels for
electrical wiring or administrations being cut into the boards in the workshop (Roy Chudley,
2013).
Recyclability: Upon the pulverization of a CLT based development venture, extra wood can be
used or reused for an extent of different uses because of its wood nature. The CLT contains
biomass and its boards and some other individual components are recyclable, they can be sent

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back to the maker for reuse and reusing. While things, for example, sawdust and wood-scraps are
not as effortlessly reused or reused, they can be changed over to vitality through consuming. On
the other hand, they can be made into chips or compacted into beds that can be dispatched to
organizations where they're singed along these lines to coal as a wellspring of vitality
(Duinkerken, 2017).
Easy to Demolish: Cross Laminated Timber is unbelievably solid in respect to its weight, it
weighs only one fifth of strengthened cement. Notwithstanding CLT ventures being staggeringly
simple to develop because of their effortlessness alongside exact measures, they can likewise be
effectively deconstructed and wrecked inside an impressively little measure of time. Post
annihilation of CLT takes into account the reuse and reusing of remains. Because of the
lightweight structure of CLT, development and pulverization is altogether quicker than that of
different materials. This prompts lessened work beds at the two phases (Karacabeyli, 2018).
Limited waste: The utilization of Cross Laminated Timber on location results in practically zero
employment site squander in all angles! Because of the way that CLT is a built pre-assembled
item, it delivers almost no on location squander and any waste that is created can be reused of
reused for different purposes. Squander made on the building site will be nourished back to the
producer for use as carbon impartial vitality. Because of less offsite structuring work and less
cleaning of the wastage there is a decrease in labor hours and interruption to neighbors is kept to
a delightful least (Kazunori Harada, 2017).
Durability: CLT is made however a multi-layer development framework which is made totally
of strong wood. The aftereffect of holding the transverse layers together guarantees that the
danger of swelling, contracting and twisting of the wood is decreased to a unimportant

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dimension. CLT in development easily satisfies the measures and prerequisites of current
building material. The attributes of the CLT structure considers openings, shapes and
adjustments of an immense wide range of shapes and structures without the tradeoff of a
structures basic respectability (Sayigh, 2018). The plan takes into account less components to
make similar structures that are both perplexing and one of a kind that can be accomplished by
other customary materials. Built wood items have characterized and institutionalized auxiliary
properties which make the quality and thickness of the boards both dependable and quantifiable.
With expanded progressions in innovation and glues, CLT offers a financially savvy choice for
any plan and basic application while keeping up a solid and dependable foundation.
Environmental friendliness: CLT offers a large number of advantages with respect to the
execution of the earth. Reasonably overseen woods consider carbon lack of bias and goes about
as an archive of carbon by changing over CO2 into biomass through the procedure of
photosynthesis. In contrast with cement and steel, CLT and wood when all is said in done out
performs in the two issues (Habert, 2018). Wood and wood items, for example, CLT deliver less
nursery gases, require less measures of water, vitality and petroleum products than both cement
and steel. CLT has a lower exemplified vitality for each load than numerous other building
materials and 'negative' carbon impression, an advantage to the individual and network in
general.
Task 3: Materials choice for a given building taking into consideration the performance
properties, sustainability and environmental concerns
a) Advantages and Disadvantages of Steel
Advantages

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 Can be fabricated easily and massively produced
 Has high flexibility (Kubey, 2018)
 Relatively cheap as compared to the other construction materials
 Highly durable as it is able to withstand external pressures among the cyclones,
earthquakes and thunderstorms
Disadvantages
 Highly susceptible to corrosion being an alloy of iron
 High cost of maintenance due to the need of painting to make it resistant to corrosion
 Steel structures often experience buckling
 Steel experiences high expansion rate with changes in temperature which might be
dangerous to the overall structure (Khatib, 2010)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete
Advantages
 High compressive strength in comparison with other building materials
 Able to withstand considerable amount of tensile stress
 Fair fire and weather resistance
 High durability
 Requires low maintenance cost
Disadvantages
 Shrinkage results in development of cracks and loss of strength
 Tensile strength of approximately 1/10 of the compressive strength

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 Relatively higher cost of forms used in casting (Longhurst, 2010)
b) Alternative material
The use of Bamboo seems to be the most appropriate alternative natural, but the application of
this materials has been a privately sourced construction material that has been used in a few parts
of the world for a long period of time for a long time. One of the aspects of bamboo which
makes it the most appropriate construction material to be used as an alternative is that is due to
its ability to bend, its light weight characteristic and it is considered to among one of the material
that can be used to quickly develop a sustainable nature. The application of bamboo can be used
for confirming the safe buildings and structures , and the bamboo can supplement the
substantial imported materials and at the same time give a choice to the rebar and concrete
development. (TRADA, 2018).
c) Standards
 Must be vertical, and must be constructed before wall construction, and made in one part.
 Has to be integrally linked to the foundation
 If made of reinforced concrete, has to contain 4 bars, one at each corner, of minimum size
12mm and minimum spacing 12cm. (Jones, 2013).
d) Testing procedure for bending test in wood
 Embed the bending device in the UTM.
 Measure the width as well as depth of wooden bar.
 Change the support for the required separation and cinch to the lower table.
 Fix the transverse test skillet at the lower side of the lower cross head.

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 Fix it on the rollers of the transverse test sections with the end goal that the load comes at
the middle and measure the length of the range of the pillar between the backings for
focal stacking.
 Change the load pointer to zero by lifting the lower table.
 While applying the load, the diversion relating to each heap is discovered from the veneer
scale on the UTM.
 Note the maximum deflection and the maximum load (Caijun Shi, 2016).
 E) how the standard ensures that wherever the test is conducted the results can be
compared to other materials in a completely different part of the world.

 Ensuring they meet the set standards.
 Comparing the various aspects.

F) Garitage Park, Bulgaria
This located in the capital of Bulgaria , in a region which is well developed in terms of
infrastructure and there is usually a direct access to very essential facilities which permits
convenient transport and movement to the city, the choice and sustainability practices has
assisted in achieving the environmental sustainability through;
Application of the energy efficient solutions which contributes to achieving the sustainability
for instance recuperating systems which transport and recover the waste heat energy from the
air which is processed, and the system for recovering heat which transports and usually

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recovers the waste energy from the indoor units which works of different heating or cooling
modes.
Developing a much more comfortable, safe and healthy environment for the projects users. For
instance is the great increase in the capacity of fresh air systems for office buildings, which is
usually more than 30 percent than the highest class A offices..
Due to the detailed process of construction with the project parties, which was including the
relevant governmental organizations and the local parties or communities, most of the
constructive concepts which were created by the project payers have been put in place in the
design and due to that they have guaranteed that it would be bring a great contribution to the
surrounding areas. Lot of efforts have also been put in place to ensure that great maintained of
the development are in place even before the construction process starts.
G) This portion of the problem calls for a determination of the maximum load that can be applied
without plastic deformation (Fy).
Taking the yield strength to be 275 MPa, and employment of Equation 6.1
leads to Fy = ! y A0 = (275 " 106 N/m2)(325 " 10-6 m2)
= 89,375 N (20,000 lbf
Task 4
Temperatures

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Assuming there is slow flow of air in the indoor environments i.e. Less than 40ft per minute and
a relative humidity of 50%, the recommend temperature which achieve thermal comfort of the
indoor environment range from 68.5oF to 75oF in the winter, and from 75oF to 80.5oF
Humidity
Usually when water is heated it evaporates, the water that is available in the air as a result of
evaporation will create humidity.
Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the amount of water vapour present in the air to the
maximum amount of water vapour the same air can hold at the same temperature.
Usually the relative humidity of between 40 and 70 percent does not have a significant impact on
the thermal conform of a given space. The work stations which are not efficiently air conditioned
may influence the indoor environment can vary greatly, and may be dependent on the whether
there are drying process where steam is usually produced (Karacabeyli, 2018).
Radiant temperature.
The temperature refers to means of expressing the influence of the surface temperature on the
comfort of the occupants. In most cases in practice the mean radiant temperature is ambiguous as
the occupants of the indoor environment keeps moving with the space and due to the various
geometry of the room and the changes to the internal and external environment conditions.
Ventilation
Ventilation refers to the rate at which the air moves through the internal environment.
Ventilation is very significant in the following ways.

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Stagnant or still air in the indoor environments which are artificially heated may cause people to
feel stuffy. It may at the same time lead to development of odour (TRADA, 2018).
The moving air in the warm or humid indoor environment can increase the rate of heat loss
through the process of convection without the change in air temperature (Sullenger, 2018)
reverberation and illumination.
The table below shows the various accepted levels of illumination depending on the activity
being carried out:
b)

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∆ Q
∆ t =−kA ×(T2−T 1 ) ∆ x
For the windows, we have
∆ Q
∆ t =( 0.9W /(m ℃)) ×( 0.3× 17 ×30)×(20 ℃−T 1)
For the roof we have
∆ Q
∆ t =( 0.23 W
m℃ )× (17 × 8 ) + ( 8 × 30 ) × T1−T 2
For the walls we have
∆ Q
∆ t =( 0.2 W
m℃ )× { (17 × 8 ) + ( 30 ×8 ) }× T2 +0 ℃
The first and the third equation can generate;
20 ℃−T1=T 2 +0 ℃; T 2=20 ℃−T 1
Inserting the expression for T2 into the second equation;
∆ Q
∆ t =( 0.23 W
m℃ )× (17 × 8 ) + ( 8 × 30 ) × T1−(20 ℃−T1 )
∆ Q
∆ t =( 0.23 W
m℃ )× (17 × 8 ) + ( 8 × 30 ) × 2T 1−20 ℃
Combining this equation into the first equation;
( 0.23 W
m℃ ) × ( 17 × 8 ) + ( 8 ×30 ) ×2 T 1−20 ℃ = (0.9 W /(m℃))×(0.3 ×17 × 30)×(20 ℃−T1 )

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86.48 ( 2 T1 −20℃ )=137.7 (20 ℃−T 1)
172.96T 1=2754⁰C-137.7T1+1729.6⁰C
35.56T1=4483.6⁰C
T1=127.2⁰C
(0.9 W /(m℃))×(0.3 ×17 × 30)×(20 ℃−107.2℃)
=14.76kW
c) Qs occupants=No. of people*Sensible heat gain/person*CLF
=150*0.6*1=90kW
d) Given L=17 m, W=30, H=8, a=0.03, n=150
Required: τ
Solution
∑ a1 s1 =0.03 ×2 {(17 ×58)(58 × 8)( 18× 8)+ 4.7 ×200 }
∑ a1 s1 =0.03 ×886+4.7 ×150=26.58+705=568.58
τ = 0.05V
∑ a1 s1
= 0.05 × 4200
568.58 =0.287
τ ≅ 0.2875 s

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e) with the increase in the number of people in the hall to 200 audiences the reverberation time
would have decreased due to the high levels of abortions of sound by people and their clothing
(Braganca, 2016).
f) Design considerations needed to minimize the energy
The design of the project should ensure that they use electricity, water and other natural
resources efficiently.
The project should be design and constructed to allow for future improvements without affecting
the energy performance of the building.
The design and construction of the project should be carried out in way to facilitate
sustainability. A sustainable building aims at lessening the depletion of the essential resources
such as water, land, raw materials and energy. Sustainable design of facilities and infrastructure
also averts the destruction of the ecosystem (Sullenger, 2018).

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