MDR/XDR Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

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MDR/XDR Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is defined as a health disease which is caused by the bacteria’s
which are spread from one individual to another by air. The rate of TB is growing very
fast in the last few years and in Australia, most of the people are facing the problem of
XDR tuberculosis. The MDR is defined as multidrug-resistant tuberculosis which is a
type of TB that is caused by the organism (Abubakar, et al., 2013). It is a kind of drug-
resistant which has main two potent TB drug such as isoniazid and rifampin. The main
purpose of this essay has described the problem of MDR and XDR TB and their impact
on the human body system. It is observed the in last few years the rate of TB has
increased by 40% in Australia and most of Australians adults were diagnosed due to the
XDR TB. This essay is explaining the concept of tuberculosis and determines the key
factors that increase this kind of health issues. The XDR is also a part of TB which is
defined as extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and it is resistant to both rifampin
and isoniazid plus any other fluoroquinolone. In this essay, the researcher conduct a
literature review to gather the relevant information about TB and there are many
writers that provided their views on this health problem which will be discussed in this
essay.
The tuberculosis is a very serious problem which occurs due to the bacteria and
generally, it affects the lungs of the human body system and other parts such as the
brain, spine and the kidney. It is observed that if any person is suffering from the
problem of TB then he can die because it is very complex health disease that spread
from person to person (Agyeman, & Ofori-Asenso, 2016). The XDR TB occurs in the
person who has HIV infection which can weaken the immune system. According to the
name the MDR and XDR TB both are spreading in the same way and the bacteria’s of TB
are put into the air when one person communicates with other. This type of problem
can affect the lungs of the human and these bacteria can float in the air for a few hours
and it depends upon the condition of the environment. Bernard, et al., (2013) identified
that the issue of TB does not spread through shaking someone hand, transferring foods
or drink, kissing, and sharing toothbrushes.
It is researched that the drug resistance of TB has occurred when these kinds of
drugs are mismanaged by the individuals. For example when any person does not

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complete their treatment course, and when the doctor provides the wrong medicine or
wrong dose to the patients of the TB. According to the world health organization, the
problem of XDR TB is very common in the person who does not take proper treatment
does not communicate with the doctors or nurses and have spent a lot of time with a
person who has the TB disease. There are many symptoms identified by the National
Health Service for example sickness, weight loss, night sweats and weakness, chest pain,
coughing up blood and coughing (Borisov, et al., 2017). The other symptoms of
tuberculosis depend upon the environment and if any people have these kinds of signs
then he can contact with the doctors immediately because it can spread and their family
members can face this kind of health disorder.
It is identified that in Australia the rate of TB is increasing very quickly because
they use unhealthy foods and beverage and they do not follow any exercise plans.
Around one in the four individuals in worldwide are suffering from the issue of TB and
the TB bacteria’s can decrease the immunity of the person. De Lorenzo, et al., (2013)
investigated that the problem of TB is very serious in Australia those aged between 18
and 25 years and people who have TB they do not take proper treatment by which they
can face the long-term impacts on the body. In the year 2014 around 1.4 million
individuals were died due to the TB and more than 10 million people are suffering from
this health disorder (Falzon, et al., 2013). In the year 2015, the rate of TB has increased
by 30% in the world because of the unhealthy foods and air. The world health
organization analysed that almost 1200 to 1300 new cases are added per year in
Australia and people who were born and grew up in the Australia country are very
unlikely and they face the issue of XDR/MDR tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is very danger
health disease and most the individuals are suffering from this problem because they
eat unhealthy foods like fast foods. The government of Australia is supporting the
GoPNG for reducing the health and economic impacts of the XDR or MDR tuberculosis.
The main goal of WHO is to identify the cause of MDR TB and find the complete
treatment to reduce the percentage of the TB in Australia (Gandhi, et al., 2012). It is
observed that there are main three MDR tuberculosis hotspots, for example, national
capital district, western province and gulf province. In between 2011 and 2017 the
Australian government allocated around $59 million to support the PNG for the
addressing of the tuberculosis rate. In which $44 million are allocated for the western

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province and rest of $15 has allocated to the NCD and national response. There are
numbers of the reports provided by the WHO and they identified that most the
individuals does not take complete treatment for this problem and it spread from one
person to another. The world TB was derived from the Latin world tubercular that
means a small lump and this health disease has occurred in the individuals for the
thousands of years with the archaeological finding.
In the year 2012 the rate of TB has decreased by the 20% but in the year 2013, it
has increased due to lack of health promotion and unhealthy diets (Jain, Dixit, & Prasad,
2012). There are numbers of countries that are facing the issue of tuberculosis such as
South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia and Indonesia. There are many researchers
that collected data from various resources and they analysed that in the year 2020 the
rate of TB will be enhanced and it will reach almost 8 billion people in the world. In the
year 2015, it is seen that around 480,000 new instances of TB were included and the
primary reason for this addition is the absence of solid weight control plans and drug.
As indicated by the report of the World wellbeing association around 1.3 million
individuals passed on in 2015 because of this sort of wellbeing issue. Somewhere in the
range of 2000 and 2015 around 22% of individuals kicked the bucket because of HIV
and TB infection and it is assessed that this sickness is in the fifth position which is an
intense issue. World wellbeing association distributed numerous reports each year and
furthermore saw that around 6 million new cases were included in 2015. As per world
wellbeing association in 2015 the rate of TB sickness is expanded by 1.5% and it is seen
that around 2 million individuals in 2016 were influenced by this wellbeing issue. To
diminish this sort of issue world wellbeing association created numerous feasible
objectives and end TB methodology which decreased this kind of medical issue. TB
ailment is ninth most driving reason for death worldwide and it is an intense issue for
all nations. In the year 2016, it is ascertained that around 1.3 million individuals kicked
the bucket because of HIV and TB and in the year 2017 this rate is expanded by 1.6%. As
per world wellbeing association, the rate of TB and HIV is expanded by 2% every year
and it is seen by World wellbeing association in 2020 this rate will be expanded by 5%.