Measuring Enthalpy Changes that Take Place in Endothermic
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Added on 2020-06-04
Measuring Enthalpy Changes that Take Place in Endothermic
Added on 2020-06-04
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Chemical Energetics
Table of ContentsMeasuring Enthalpy Changes that take place in Endothermic and exothermic reactions throughexperimentation................................................................................................................................1Abstract:.................................................................................................................................1Key terms:..............................................................................................................................1Background Information:.......................................................................................................1Hypothesis:.............................................................................................................................2Apparatus Required:...............................................................................................................2Assessment of Risk:...............................................................................................................2Methods:.................................................................................................................................2Results:...................................................................................................................................2Calculations:...........................................................................................................................3Conclusions:...........................................................................................................................3Evaluation:..............................................................................................................................4TASK 1............................................................................................................................................51.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions ...........................................................................51.2, 1.3 Standard enthalpy changes .......................................................................................5TASK 2............................................................................................................................................62.1 Conservation of Energy and Hess's Law (1)....................................................................62.2 Enthalpy cycles and use Hess's Law ...............................................................................62 a) Combustion reactions......................................................................................................62 b) Enthalpy of combustion..................................................................................................63) Enthalpy for given reaction................................................................................................74) Enthalpy of formation for NH3..........................................................................................75) Enthalpy of combustion.....................................................................................................86) Combustion of ethanol.......................................................................................................92.3 Developing enthalpy cycles using bond enthalpy data ....................................................97) Data ...................................................................................................................................98) Enthalpy for N-H bond.....................................................................................................109) Average bond dissociation enthalpy for C-Cl bond.........................................................11
10) Bond dissociation enthalpy............................................................................................1111) Bond dissociation enthalpy ...........................................................................................1212) Energy level diagram.....................................................................................................123.1 Energy level and reaction pathway diagrams for the combustion of ethane (13)..........144.1 Lattice enthalpy (a & b)..................................................................................................154.2 Enthalpy of ion hydration (c)........................................................................................154.3 Solutions (d)...................................................................................................................154.4 Relations between enthalpy changes and solubility of a substance...............................16REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18
Measuring Enthalpy Changes that take place in Endothermic and exothermicreactions through experimentationAbstract:The experiment which takes place between copper sulphate solution and zinc isconducted for gaining insight regarding the enthalpy changes which take place in a displacementreaction. The changes will be tracked using a calorimeter so that necessary enthalpy moderationscan be obtained.Key terms:The major terms related with this experimentation are enthalpy changes, displacementreaction, calorimeter and exothermic/endothermic. Background Information:There are certain changes which take place when reactions take place. These changesoccur in the bond structure especially in case of displacement reactions. As per the Universal lawon Conservation of Energy, the energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transferredfrom one form to another. Hence, in every chemical reaction, the heat transfer takes place eitherin the form of absorption or release. Copper (II) sulphate is a blue colour solution in aqueousform. When standard conditions prevail i.e. pressure is 1 atm and temperature is 298K, thenenthalpy changes are considered to be standard. The exothermic reactions are one in which energy is released while endothermicreactions are based on absorption of energy. In terms of products and reactants, when energy isquite less when reaction completes as compared to the initial state, then it is said to haveprovided the energy to surroundings. However, in case of endothermic reactions the energy ishigh in completion of products as compared to the initial state. This depicts that reaction isendothermic in nature. Bond dissociation enthalpy is derived from the energy which is required for breaking abond between two components. In case of this experiment, the ionic bond shared betweenCopper and sulphate ions. When Zinc is introduced in this solution, then displacement takesplace and new product formed is zinc sulphate in a colourless solution. 1
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