What is Mechanical Engineering?

Running head: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Name of Student
Institution Affiliation

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EXPERIMENT 1
ABSTRACT
In case a body or a particle is put in a flow, the particle will experience some forces from
its environment fluid (liquid or gas). This force exerted in the same direction of the flow of the
fluid is referred to as a drag. While another force is orthogonal to the fluid flow ́s direction is
referred to as downforce or a lift. The lift and the drag forces are generated from the two effects
which are viscosity skin friction and difference in pressure acting of the particle or the body in a
fluid.

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Table of figure
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... 2
Table of figure................................................................................................................ 3
List of Figures................................................................................................................. 5
List of Tables.................................................................................................................. 6
Nomenclature............................................................................................................. 7
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 8
AIM AND OBJECTIVES............................................................................................... 9
Aim....................................................................................................................... 9
Objectives............................................................................................................... 9
BACKGROUND............................................................................................................. 9
METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................... 12
Experimental Apparatus............................................................................................... 12
Experimental procedure................................................................................................ 12
RESULTS................................................................................................................... 13
Discussion of results....................................................................................................... 17
Conclusion and Recommendation...................................................................................... 18
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................. 19
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 20
AIM AND OBJECTIVES............................................................................................. 20
Aims.................................................................................................................... 20
Objectives............................................................................................................. 20
BACKGROUND........................................................................................................... 21
Venturi Meter............................................................................................................ 22
METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................... 23
Experimental Apparatus............................................................................................... 23
Experimental Procedure............................................................................................... 24
RESULTS................................................................................................................... 25
CALCULATIONS......................................................................................................... 26
Discussion................................................................................................................... 34
Conclusion and recommendation........................................................................................ 34
Reference.................................................................................................................... 35

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APPENDIX A.............................................................................................................. 37
APPENDIX B............................................................................................................... 38

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List of Figures
Figure 1: Showing drag, lift, and angle of attack in aerofoil (Saad, 2011).....................................6
Figure 2: Showing Pressure Distribution around a NACA 0015 section........................................8
Figure 3: Showing Location of the tapping points on the upper and lower surface of a NACA
0012 aerofoil section........................................................................................................................8
Figure 4: Showing the set up for the experiment...........................................................................10
Figure 5: Showing a graph of Cp against x for angle of attack of 5..............................................12
Figure 6: Showing a graph of Cp against x for angle of attack of 10............................................13
Figure 7: Showing a graph of Cp against x for angle of attack of 15............................................14
Figure 8: Showing experimental setup..........................................................................................17
Figure 9: Showing Venturi meter..................................................................................................18
Figure 10: Showing manometer tubes...........................................................................................20

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List of Tables
Table 1: Showing the 10 locations of pressure taps on the NACA 0012 aerofoil section..............8
Table 2: Showing the values of Cp for different tapping points....................................................11
Table 3: Showing the values of heights and areas for difference datum heights.........................21

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Nomenclature
Cp = Center of pressure
P = the pressure of local static
P∞ is the static pressure freestream
ρ= density of fluid
V= velocity of flowing fluid
A= Area of the pipe where the fluid flow
Datum = point of reference
INTRODUCTION

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For the Airfoils which have a streamlined body, the flow will remain attached over the surfaces
of the body. This implies that drag is obtained from skin friction while the lift is from a pressure
difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the body. In a bluff object like a chimney or
a car, the layer boundary is isolated at the same point which forms a turbulent wake hence drag
force dominates (Shen, 2016). The airfoil’s lift determined by the angle between the direction of
fluid flow and the angle between the airfoil, this angle is better referred to as the angle of attack
(Saad, 2011). When the angle of attack increases from zero to maximum it will result in an
increase of lift also from zero to maximum (critical angle of attack) of which the lift will
abruptly decrease (Michálek, 2012). This critical angle of attack (maximum lift) is referred to as
a stall. The lift, drag, and angle of attack in aerofoil is illustrated in the following diagram;
Figure 1: Showing drag, lift, and angle of attack in aerofoil (Saad, 2011).
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Aim
This experiment is aimed at obtaining the center of pressure in a uniform stream.