Nutritional Strategies for Disease Management: A Case Study Approach

This report provides an overview of nutritional strategies suitable for managing four different diseases through case studies. It explores the composition, mechanism, consumption methods, and contraindications of salmon, tempeh, medicinal mushroom, and probiotic yogurt.

Running head: MEDICAL FOOD SCIENCE
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Executive summary:
The aim of the report is to provide an overview of the nutritional strategies suitable for
the four disease in the four case studies. For the first case study, consuming salmon is
effective strategy to reduce prostate cancer. For the second case study, literature suggested that
consuming tempeh is suitable strategy to reduce irritable bowel disease. For the third case study,
consuming medicinal mushroom would be effective strategy for reduction of risk of dementia.
For the fourth case study, consuming probiotic yogurt would be effective strategy to reduce the
ulcerative colitis.

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction:................................................................................................................................4
2. Discussion:...................................................................................................................................4
I) Case study 1:............................................................................................................................4
Composition and mechanism:......................................................................................................4
Consumption amount:..................................................................................................................5
The contraindication:...................................................................................................................5
ii)The second case study:.................................................................................................................6
Composition and mechanism:......................................................................................................6
Consumption method:..................................................................................................................7
Contraindication:.........................................................................................................................7
III) The third case study:..................................................................................................................8
Composition and mechanism:......................................................................................................8
The consumption method:...........................................................................................................9
Contraindication:.........................................................................................................................9
IV) The fourth case study:.............................................................................................................10
Composition and mechanism:....................................................................................................10
Consumption:.............................................................................................................................11
The contraindication of probiotic yogurt:..................................................................................11
3. Conclusion:................................................................................................................................12

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References:’...................................................................................................................................14

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1. Introduction:
With the global burden of chronic diseases, the demand for pharmacological as well as
non-pharmacological interventions is intensifying gradually. However, pharmacological
interventions have a serious long term effect that may disrupt the quality of life (Langley‐Evans,
2015). A mountain of resources highlighted that nutritional strategy, as non-pharmacological
interventions are highly effective in managing the health condition of patients since a huge
number of foods have the therapeutic effect which improves the immune system and quality of
life (Freijer et al., 2015). For faster recovery of patients it is crucial for the patients to adhere to
the particular dietary pattern to support the faster recovery of the patient. The aim of the paper is
to provide an overview of four different kinds of food with their therapeutic effect for four
different case studies. This paper illustrates four diets accurate for the diseases highlighted in the
case studies in the following paragraphs.
2. Discussion:
I) Case study 1:
Considering the first Case study where Steve was a 40 years old man who was proactive
about his development of prostate cancer. As discussed by Kenfield et al. (2016) salmon fish
would be effective to manage and reduce the developmental risk of prostate cancer.
Composition and mechanism:
Salmon fish is effective in improving the health issues of patient prostate cancer. The
prime reason behind it is that salmon fish is rich in omega three fatty acid.

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A study by Eswaramkunnath, Kuriakose and Abraham (2018), suggested that salmon fish is
rich in lipids containing omega- 3 fatty acids which helps to prevent the inflammation in a
patient. Ahn, Cho and Je (2015), conducted an experimental study using Sephadex G-25 gel
permeation chromatography and tandem mass spectroscopy. The research highlighted that
proinflammatory leukotrienes and prostaglandins are two main key players in the inflammation
which was produced from the conversion of omega six fatty acids. Omega three fatty acids in
salmon fish such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid suppress the effect of these
two key players along with tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and -1β through attenuated
production. The study suggested that salmon induced the production of the immune substance
with less inflammatory activity. Therefore, it would be effective in reducing the risk of prostate
cancer.
Consumption amount:
According to Mohseni et al. (2016), it is crucial to consume food which is rich in omega
three fatty acid. For individuals with prostate cancer, at least six ounces would be effective for a
healthy diet.
• As discussed by Haslam et al. (2016), 8 ounce per week would be effective for a healthy diet.
• The consumption technique would be cooked salmon with other meals such as rice, oats or
whole grain. It can be combined with carrot since carrot has beta carotene which is anti-
cancerous in nature and provides protection for beta carotene.
The contraindication:
• The patient’s with seafood allergy can experience a hypersensitivity reaction
• Patient with diabetes and liver disease may avoid consumption (Kenfield et al. 2015).

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Figure: Salmon fish
Source: (Kenfield et al. 2015).
ii)The second case study:
The case study represents the irritable bowel syndrome of Marion, a 24 years girl and she
was often feeling bloated. To improve the health condition of Marion, tempeh would be
effective to reduce constipation and diarrhea as well as improve digestion.
Composition and mechanism:
As discussed by Juritsch and Moreau (2018), tempeh is made of soybean with different
nutrition such as magnesium, potassium, and zinc as well as the high protein with dietary fibers.
The microflora which lives in the fermented food creates a protective lining in the intestines and
creates the shield against the pathogen such as salmonella and E,.coli. As discussed by Woo et al.
(2016) tempeh is fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus and grows well with Lactobacillus

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plantarum which facilitate the function of immune cells and block the cytokine-induced
apoptosis which reduces the inflammation response. Moreover, it blocks the trans -neutrophil
migration induced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli which can cause diarrhea (Li et al.,
2018). The probiotic present in the tempeh is able to break down carbohydrate for easy digestion
which further reduces both diarrhea and constipation (Collins et al., 2018).
Consumption method:
• A standard of 3 ounce serving of tempeh should be recommended which has about 16 grams
of protein.
• 8% of the tempeh should be recommended for both calcium and iron which were reduced
during diarrhea (Collins et al., 2018).
• Tempeh can be cooked with low heat since a high amount of heat can kill probiotics.
Contraindication:
• Tempeh should not be consumed too much since it can promote weight loss (Collins et al.,
2018).
.
• Those people with an allergy of soybean should avoid it since it induces hypersensitivity
reaction inpatient.
• Tempeh is considered as a goitrogen since it can interfere with the function of the thyroid.

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Figure: Tempeh
Source: (Collins et al., 2018).
III) The third case study:
The case study suggested that Rob, a 50-year-old man whose parents are suffering from
dementia. In the current context, medicinal mushroom suggested would be the best nutritional
strategy to reduce the risk associated with dementia.
Composition and mechanism:
The rationale behind choosing this food is that a study by Thongbai et al. (2015),
suggested that medicine mushroom appeared to lower the mild cognitive impairment which is

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proceeding towards dementia. The composition of the mushroom includes selenium, vitamin b,
and copper which are the key player for reducing cognitive decline. A study Chen et al. (2018),
reported that medicinal mushroom such as Cordyceps Sinensis has anti-oxidant activity and anti-
inflammatory effect which prevent the neural death induced by dementia and prevent memory
loss. Another study by Im et al. (2016), stated that boost nerve growth by activating the nerve
growth factor (NGF) to prevent inflammation and delay neuro-degeneration.
The consumption method:
• The medicinal mushroom should be consumed 100 grams a day for bioavailability
• 3.5 ounce of button mushroom should be consumed a day for a greater therapeutic effect of
mushroom (Im et al., 2016).
• In the case of the shiitake mushroom, it should be consumed 25gram to get therapeutic of
the mushroom.
• It should be consumed with other meals as cooked.
Contraindication:
• Medicinal mushroom is proved to interact with the medicines of blood pressure. Therefore
consumption of mushroom with the blood pressure medication such as captopril,
hydrochlorothiazide, and losartan may give rise to hypotension (Thongbai et al., 2015).
• Medicinal mushroom such may slow the blood clotting. As discussed by the anticoagulants
such as clopidogrel, diclofenac and dalteparin interact with the mushroom which further slows
the process of anti-coagulant (Im et al., 2016).

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Figure: Medicinal mushroom
Source: (Thongbai et al., 2015).
IV) The fourth case study:
The case study represents the ulcerative colitis of a 35 years woman name Kelly who is
currently in remission. In the current context, the best nutritional strategy would be the
consumption of probiotic yogurt.
Composition and mechanism:
Probiotic yogurt contains fermented milk fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus,
Bifidobacterium bifidum which improves the digestive system (de Assis et al., 2016). As
discussed by Sheikhi et al. (2016), in ulcerative colitis, pathogen bacteria such as Streptococcus,

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E. coli, and Clostridium resides in the intestine lining because of the lower amount of gut
bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium present in the intestine line. The researcher
suggested that the bacteria present in probiotic yogurt can facilitate the function of immune cells.
The researchers suggested that probiotic produces antibacterial substances, cell protective
proteins, and restitution of damaged epithelial cell as well as it also blocks the cytokine induces
epithelial cell apoptosis and reduce the inflammation. Another study by Shi et al. (2016),
suggested that these microbes block the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria by sticking to the lining
of the intestine.
Consumption:
The probiotic should be consumed after the meal since the digestive tract can be hostile
due to the acidity of the gut. Moreover, consuming it in empty stomach the pH is too low for the
survival of bacteria (Shi et al., 2016).
• The accurate amount would be two units for 14 days after 30 minutes of consuming meal
would be effective for reduction of the risk of a flare-up of her condition.
The contraindication of probiotic yogurt:
• Yogurt contains live bacteria and immune suppressant which reduces immune function of
immune system which further increases the chances of getting sick. The medicines such as
cyclosporine, azathioprine should be avoiding in this case (Tian et al., 2017).
• Ciprofloxacin also interacts with yogurt.

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Figure: Probiotic yogurt
Source: (Thongbai et al., 2015).
3. Conclusion:
Thus, it can be concluded that nutritional strategies are highlighted as one of the major in
pharmacological interventions to reduce the global burden of disease. Pharmacological
interventions have a serious long term effect that may disrupt the quality of life; nutritional
strategies not only promote emotional physical and mental wellbeing but also reduce health care

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expenditure. There is a mountain of literature highlighted that considerate number of food have
a therapeutic effect which improves the immune system, digestive system, nervous system which
further assisted patients to live a healthy life. This paper explored four specific food for specific
diseases highlighted in the case studies. For the first case study, the suitable food was salmon
fish rich in omega three fatty acids, for second case study the accurate nutritional strategy would
be probiotic tempeh, for third case study suitable nutrition would be medicinal mushroom and
for a fourth case study, the suitable nutrition would be probiotic yogurt to improve the health
condition.

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References:’
Ahn, C. B., Cho, Y. S., & Je, J. Y. (2015). Purification and anti-inflammatory action of
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Chen, Y., Fu, L., Han, M., Jin, M., Wu, J., Tan, L., ... & Zhang, X. (2018). The Prophylactic and
Therapeutic Effects of Fermented Cordyceps sinensis Powder, Cs-C-Q80, on Subcortical
Ischemic Vascular Dementia in Mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative
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Collins, F. L., Kim, S. M., McCabe, L. R., & Weaver, C. M. (2017). Intestinal microbiota and
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Eswaramkunnath, J., Kuriakose, A., & Abraham, L. (2018). Omega Fatty Acids in Prostate
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