Medication Administration and Handling

This article discusses medication administration and handling, including guidelines for enrolled nurses, standards for preventing healthcare-associated infections, and adverse reactions to blood transfusions. It also covers medication administration routes, replacement therapies, and the mechanism of action of various drugs.

Running head: MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Medication administration and handling
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author note:

1MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 1:
Enrolled nurses with a notation cannot administer IV medication, however the enrolled
nurses without a notation can administer intravenous medication only if they have completed the
intravenous medication administration education. For enrolled nurses with a notation, they can
only administer intravenous medication if they have had Administer and Monitor Medicines and
Intravenous Therapy HLTENN007. National framework for the development of decision-making
tools for nursing and midwifery practice should be utilized at all times by the EN while making
decisions regarding the IV medication administration (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. 2018).
Question 2:
Question 3:
Question 4:
The four guidelines are:
Continuing Professional Development
For nurses applying for endorsement as a nurse practitioner
For midwives applying for endorsement for scheduled medicines
For advertising regulated health services.

2MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 5:
The third standard is ‘Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated Infections’, the key
intention of this particular standard is to describe all the different systems and strategies to
prevent hospital acquired infection of the patients and along with that to manage the infections
effectively when they occur in an attempt to minimize the consequences effectively utilizing
different evidence based strategies (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. 2018).
Question 6:
It is a potent assessment tool for detecting the occurrence of phlebitis in the IV site.
Assessment tool also helps with prompt removal of peripheral intravenous cannula. This tool has
also been recommended by the RCN for better assessment and monitoring of infusion sites. In
the nursing scope of practice, this tool is an excellent measure for the nursing professionals to
determine whether and when the IV catheter of the patient should be removed (Relihan et al.,
2010).
Question 7:
Schedule 2: This is the drugs that are considered to have high potential for abuse. However
their potential for abuse is not as high as the schedule I drugs. The abuse of this drug can also
lead to severe psychological and physical dependence.
Example: cocaine, methadone, Oxycodon, etc.
Schedule 3: these class of drugs can be considered as the chemical substances that have
moderate to low potential of probability to psychological or physical dependence.

3MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Example: vicodin, Tylenol with codeine, Ketamine, Anatolia steroids, etc
Schedule 4: these drugs are chemical agents with low potential of any physical or
psychological dependence.
Example: Xanax, Valium, daemon, etc.
Schedule 8: these drugs are controlled drugs that have highest potential for abuse and
addiction (Safetyandquality.gov.au. 2018).
Example: Alprazolam, Opioid, etc.
Question 9:
Pharmacodynamics can be defined as the disciple within pharmacology, concerned with
the mechanism of action of the drugs and their effect on the body.
Pharmacokinetics can be defined as the branch of pharmacology that is only concerned
with the movement of the different drugs.
Pharmacotherapeutics on the other hand in the discipline within the field of
pharmacology which analyses and explores the therapeutic uses and effects of thedrugs on
human body.

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Question 10:
Toxicology is the branch of science that is only concerned with the nature and effects of the
different poisons in the body and the detection of the poisons. It can be described as the
discipline that overlaps with many other related disciplines like biology, chemistry,
pharmacology and medicine. This branch of science provided the researchers with the
opportunity to understand the mechanism or patho-physiology that the different substances
produce on the human body so that it can aid in practice of diagnostics and treatment utilizing
the exposure of toxins and toxicants (Auspharmacist.net.au. 2018).
Question 11:
An adverse reaction is any general allergic reaction that occurs during the reaction of the
immune system of body to any foreign substance.
An anaphylactic reaction on the other hand is the most severe form of allergic reaction which
can even be life-threatening involving respiratory and cardiovascular deterioration.
Question 12:
Contraindication of a medication can be defined by the condition or process that leads to any
harm to the patient that serves to be the underlying reason behind the health care professional
withholding a certain medication or treatment (Ghaleb et al., 2010). As an example, isotretinoin
is a potent acne medication which is absolutely contraindicated due to the high risk it poses to
birth defects occurring (Health.wa.gov.au. 2018).

5MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 13:
In any pharmaceutical process, precaution can be defined as the measure that is usually taken
in advance in order to prevent the occurrence of any danger r harm to the patient hwen
administering a drug.
Example: For any analgesic medication, precaution is taken to not develop any dependence
in the patient, especially in case of the opioid medication.
On the other hand, side effect can be defined as any adverse physiologic effect that is
facilitated by the physiologic action of the drug that has been used and which is secondary to the
outcome intended while administering the medication (Health.wa.gov.au. 2018).
Example: common examples of side effects include constipation, diarrhea, drowsiness,
headache, etc.
Question 14:
Pain at IV site and arm: It is caused by the occurrence of phlebitis caused by the local trauma to
any vein during the process of blood transfusion (Summa-Sorgini et al., 2012).
Acute immune haemolytic reaction with signs and symptoms such as loin pain, nausea, vomiting,
haematuria and headache: It can be caused by either ABO/Rh mismatch, or non ABO reaction,
or if Group O donor platelets with high titres of anti-A and/or anti-B are transfused to a non-
Group O recipient.
Urticaria (hives): It is caused by the reaction between the preformed IgE antibody against any
allergen or foreign substance in the transfused blood product (White et al. 2010).

6MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Flushing, chills or fever: it is caused when the recipient antibodies react with the white cell
allergens or white cell fragments that are present in the transfused blood product.
Anxiety: is caused when the patient fears the process and do not have enough information
regarding the process as well.
Wheezing, progressing to cyanosis: can be caused by anaphylactic shock.
Anaphylactic reaction including tachycardia, cardiac arrest or shock that may lead to death: is
caused by transfusion related circulatory overload (TACO) caused by the rapid or massive
transfusion of blood in the patients that have diminished cardiac reserve or chronic anaemia.
Question 15:
Right drug: The nurse is supposed to check the name and form of the medication to avoid look
alike and sound alike medication confusing the nurse.
Right dose: the nurse is supposed to check the medication sheet and physician order before
administering the medication.
Right prescription (documentation): The nurse should ensure to write time of administration and
any remarks on the chart.
Right route: The nurse will require to check whether it is oral, IV, SQ or IM.
Right time: to check the time that the medicine has given and when it had been last given.
Right person: the patient will need to ask the name of the patient and check his ID before giving
medication.

7MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Right expiration date: to check the expiration date of the drug before administering the
medication.
Right to refuse: the nurse will have to provide the patient with the autonomy to refuse the
medication after thoroughly explaining the effects ().
Question 16:
Buccal medication is first placed between the gum and cheek of the patient after which the
medication dissolves into and absorbed.
Question 17:
Metered dose inhaler:
1. Wash hands with soap and warm water
2. Remove the cap and hold the inhaler upright
3. Shaking the inhaler
4. Asking the patent to breath out slowly
5. Asking the patient to hold breath for 10 seconds so that medication reaches the lungs
6. Repeat steps
7. Asking the patient to rinse mouth with water
8. Asking the patient to spit the water.
Spacer inhaler:
1. Assembling spacer
2. Removing inhaler cap
3. Checking dose counter

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4. Holding inhaler upright and shaing well.
5. Inserting inhaler upright into the spacer
6. Putting the mouthpiece between the teeth of the patient
7. Asking them to breathe out gently into the spacer
8. Keeping spacer horizontal and press down firmly on inhaler canister once
9. Asking them to Breathe in and out normally for 3 or 4 breaths
10. Removing spacer from the mouth and inhaler from spacer
11. Inserting cap and rinsing the mouth.
Question 18:
1. Flushing the tube before and after medication administration
2. Diluting the liquid medication with at least 30 ml of water
3. Avoiding mixing any medication with the feeding formula
4. Administering each medication separately
5. Considering the timing of the medication
6. Providing exact information about tube location to the dispensing pharmacist
Question 19:
1. Asking the patient to blow their nose before to get rid of any mucous
2. Shaking the canister or spray bottle properly before using it.
3. Priming the canister by pressing it a few times before
anything comes out.
4. Putting the canister into the nostril of the patient

9MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
5. Holding their head upright and pressing on the side of their nose to close off the other
nostril.
6. Asking them to slowly breathe in and breathe out
Question 20:
1. Asking the patient to void before the procedure
2. Positioning the patient in dorsal recumbent or Sims’ position
3. Draping the patient with bath blanket
4. Inspecting and cleaning around vaginal orifice
5. Separating the labia
6. Inserting the applicator 3 inches into the vagina
7. Depressing the plunger to empty the medication
8. Disposing the applicator and cleaning the area
9. Asking the patient to remain supine for 5 to 15 minutes
Question 21:
Iv bolus: when rapid administration of medication is needed
Gravity or drip infusion: for aged patients
Electronic pump infusion: for acute patients
Via burette: when a small amount of controlled drug is to be given
IV piggyback and tandem: for more than one injections given at the same time
Syringe driver through sub-cut lines: for providing steady flow of medication under the skin

10MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 22:
Age, weight and gender
Question 32:
The factors are communication, knowledge, awareness and medicine handling and attitude
Question 33: two acidifiers are:
Citric acid monohydrate
Diluted hydrochloric acid
Question 34:
Alkalisers are any agents that counters the excess acidosis during fluid or electrolyte
imbalance. Such as cimetidine and ranitidine.
Question 35:
The diuretics are:
Indapamide and thiazide
Question 36:
Sodium and chlorate can be used in fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Question 37:
Two replacement therapies are: oral rehydration therapy using 2.6 grams of Sodium, 1.5
grams of potassium chloride and 2.9 grams of sodium citrate.

11MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
The other therapy is the intravenous administration of saltwater solution or compound
sodium lactate (Stucki et al. 2013).
Question 38:
Nitrous oxide can be utilized as an anesthetic due to the fact that it is an N-methyl-D-
aspartate receptor antagonist and this mechanism of action facilitates reduction of incidence if
chronic pain, post different surgical procedures.
Desflurane is the 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether and it is a highly fluorinated
methyl ethyl ether which is used mainly in conjunction with nitric oxide for anaesthetic purposes
and it is generally administered for maintenance of the general anaesthesia.
Question 39:
Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor and it is used as an antacid because it is used to treat
certain stomach and esophagus troubles helping the patient to heal acid damage to the
stomach and esophagus avoiding the occurrence of any ulcers.
Question 40:
Nitroglycerin is a type of nitrates that are vasodilators that widen the blood vessels and also
relaxes the veins which reduces the burden on the heart and helps restoring the normal
pumping function and heart rate of the patient. Hence by this action it can actively help
relieve chest pain or angina acting as a potent antianginal.

12MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 42:
Lorazepam is a benzodiapines that act on the brain and central nervous system and the
primary outcome of its mechanism of action is a calming and soothing effect on the body due to
the enhancing action on GABA. Hence this medication is a potent drug that helps in reducing
anxiety as an anti anxiety medication.
Question 43:
Metoprolol is a beta blocker agent thatis used to treat angina and hypertension in
cardiovascular disorders. These agents work by widening the blood vessels and allowing the left
ventricle, the main pumping ventricle of heart and helps relieve the patient of any arrhythmia
(Sersté et al. 2010).
Question 44:
Amoxicillin belongs to the class of penicillin type antibiotics and it is used to treat a variety
of different bacterial infections. The mode of action of this drug is to produce a potent
bactericidal action against a horde of different susceptible bacteria, during the active
multiplication stage. It acts like a potent antibiotic by the means of inhibiting the cell wall
biosynthesis leading to the death of the bacteria.
Question 45:
Atropine is a drug used in the pre-anaesthetic period in an attempt to decrease the muscous
secretion. It is a common anticholinergic or antiparasympathetic drug that treats the
symptoms of bradycardia or any bradycardia algorithms as well. It is c;assified as

13MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
anticholinergic because it works by enhancing the firing of the SA nodes by the means of
blocking the action of the vagus nerve.
Question 46:
An anticoagulant can have a retarding effect on the coagulation of the blood, and warfarin is
a commonly used anticoagulant. The mode of action of this particular drug is to reduce the
action of vitamin K which in turn reduces the production of the different clotting factors. On
a more elaborative note it stops the transfer of fibrinogen to fibrin which stops t blood
clotting procedure in the middle. It is used as a blood thinner.
Question 47:
This medication is generally utilized to prevent and control seizures and is used as
anticonvulsants. An anticonvulsant reduces the frequency of epileptic seizures and helps in
calming the patient. The mode of action of this drug is to increase the concentration of gamma
aminobutyric acid or GABA which in turns helps in calming the patients.
Question 48:
Amitriptylin is a potent antidepressant class of drugs that can help in preventing migraines
and in treatment of neuropathic pain like fibromyalgia and postherpetic neuralgia. This
medication is also used in treating insomnia in the patients. The mode of action of this tricyclic
antidepressant is unclear however it enhances the concentration of serotonin which in turn helps
in relieving anxiety and tension, and facilitates better sleep, cumulatively helping in relieving the
symptoms of depression (Leucht et al., 2013).

14MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 50:
Loperamide is an antidiarrheal medication that helps in decreasing the number f bowel
movements and helps in making the stool less watery. Along with that this particular medication
is also used to reduce the amount of discharge of the ileostomy patients. This medication has an
antidiarrheal action by the slowing the intestinal transit of the patient and also helps in directly
inhibiting fluid and electrolyte secretion of the patients. It also helps in salt and water absorption
stimulation and helps relieve the symptoms of diarrhoea in the patients in conjunction of ther
therapeutic interventions.
Question 50:
Ondansetron is used either in conjunction of other medications or on its own; and it is used to
prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The mechanism of
action of this drug as an antiemetic is not clear although, it is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor
antagonist. It acts by blocking the action of serotonin in the body inhibiting the nausea and
vomiting in the patient as well.
Question 51:
Clotrimazole is an antifungal antibiotic that is used to treat the yeast caused infections in
vagina, mouth and skin. This antibiotic is used for treating athlete’s foot, jock itch, and body
ringworm and in certain cases it is also used in treating or preventing oral thrush in the patients.
It acts like a potent antifungal agent by killing individual Candida or fungal cells by the means of
altering the permeability of the fungal cell wall.

15MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 52:
Cetrizine is an antihistamine drug that is used to relieve the clinical manifestations of allergy
such as the watery eyes, runny nose, itching, sneezing, and hives. Antihistamines function by
blocking the histamines so that the clinical manifestation of allergy symptoms are stopped. It is a
non sedating histamine that works by blocking the H1 receptors of the cells and restricting the
manifestation of allergy symptoms (Ozdemir et al., 2014).
Question 53:
Captopril is the most commonly utilized blood pressure medication that helps in lowering the
blood pressure and helps in prevention of strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems as well.
This medication is also used to treat heart failure and protection of kidneys in diabetes or to
provoke survival after a particular heart attack. The mode of action by this drug as an
antihypertensive drug is facilitated by the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition
(Narasimham and Barhate 2010).
Question 54:
This particular drug is a potent anti-inflammatory drug that is used for relieving the pain and
swelling and any joint stiffness of the patient. It is a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
that helps by acting on the hypothalamus that results on to a greater peripheral blood flow and
decreased prostaglandin synthesis.
Question 55:
An antineoplastoc drug is utilized as a function to treat cancer by facilitating a significant
antineoplastic effect on the body. This drug is utilized as a potent device to treat various types of

16MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
cancer and it acts on inhibiting the cancer cell growth. This medication functions by partially
binding to the tubulin protein that stops the chromosomes from separating during the metaphase.
Along with that this molecule also inhibits leukocytes production and maturation and facilitaties
antineoplastic effects on the body (L’Hommedieu and Kappeler 2010).
Question 56:
The Ldopa is the medication that helps in treating Parkinson’s disease acting as protective
blood brain barrier that helps to increase the concentration of dopamine concentrations in the
treatment of Parkinson’s disease and also in different dopamine responsive dystonia as well. It is
converted to dopamine in the brain and causes less nausea and vomiting the Parkinson’s disease,
preventing levodopa from breaking down before it reaches the brain.
Question 57:
Diphenhydramine is an anticholinergic drug and it is generally used in allergy reactions to
help with itching and also helps with the process of manifestation of different allergic reactions
in terms of itching. However, it is also used as a sedative however its main action is as
antiprunitic agent by relieve the patients of itching. It is as antihistamine that inhibits the action
of different histamine receptors and helps in treating symptoms like itching (Hartling et al.,
2011).
Question 58:
Haldol or haloperidol is a very commonly used antipsychotic that is used generally to
decrease excitement in the brain. This antipsychotic medication that helps in controlling
psychotic disorders like schizophrenia; and it also treats motor verbal and behavioural disorders.

17MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
It is also a first generation antipsychotic that functions by balancing out the dopamine
concentration to improve thinking, mood and behaviour in patients (Leucht et al., 2013).
Question 59:
Antiseptics are a very broad class of drugs and there are a variety of different antiseptic agents
available in the market. Iodine can be defined as a very common antiseptic agent which is
generally best effective in the form of povidone-iodine. It has prolonged antiseptic effects on the
wounds and it helps in evading infection of wounds better than tincture iodine. The mechanism
of action of this mediation is facilitated by slow absorption in the soft tissues and it can
effectively kill fungus, bacteria and other microorganisms.
Question 60:
The use of pantoprazole is facilitated by its antiulcer functions which help in treating
different stomach and esophagus problems, especially in case of the acid reflux cases. The mode
of action of this drug is facilitated by the reducing effect it has on the concentration of acid
produced in the stomach. This action in turn helps heal the acid damage done to the stomach and
esophagus in ulcers or even in case of esophagus cancers.
Question 61:
Acyclovir is an antiulcer antiviral drug which is generally used to treat the different ulcerous
infections like the cold sores around the mouth, shingles, and even in chicken pox. He mode of
action of this drug is to slow down the frequency of outbreaks and helps and in healing the
ulcerous sores and also stops from these sores from being formed.

18MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 62:
Alprazolam is used to treat anxiety and panic attacks in general and it is a very commonly
used medication as an anxiolytic drug. It belongs to the class of benzodiazepines that exerts its
function on the brain and central nervous system in order to produce a calming effect on the
body. As an anxiolytic drug it can be mentioned that this drug binds to gamma aminobutyric acid
receptors and helps in enhancing the GABA mediated synaptic inhibition efficiently decreasing
anxiety and panic disorders.
Question 63:
This medication is generally used as a potent beta blocker that has synergistic effects on high
blood pressure, irregular heartbeats, tremors, etc. This acts like a vasodilator helping in widening
the blood vessels and also helping in left ventricle to be more filled so that the main pumping
centre of the heart can function properly and the burden on the heart reduces. Hence it can
effectively work like a potent beta blocker and can help in reviving the angina and decreases the
cardiac output effectively (Narasimham and Barhate 2010).
Question 64:
Salbutamol is a drug that is abundantly used in treating and preventing the occurrence of
bronchospasms in the intrinsic lung and respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis,
emphysema, and other different respiratory diseases. It is a bronchodilator that helps in widening
the bronchial tubes by acting on the beta 2 receptors of the bronchi. Hence it acts like a potent
brinchodialtor easing the process of respiration (Hartling et al., 2011).

19MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 65:
Docusates are a potent tool softeners that is used in preventing and treating different types
constipation of the patient. The mode of action of this drug as the laxative is facilitated by
increasing teh amont of water in the stool absorbed by the gut.
Question 66:
This is used as a potent contraceptive, a selective estrogen receptor modulator that helps in
warding off probability of unwanted pregnancies by acting on the estrogen receptors oin the
body.
Question 67:
Beclomethasone is utilized as a potent corticosteroid that helps in treating the bronchospasm
symptoms like wheezing and dyspnoea. The mode of action of this particular drug is facilitated
by the action in reducing the inflammation o the bronchial aiways and facilitating the breathing
function.
Question 68:
Fentanyl can be defined as a narctic analgesic that is utilized in the function of relieving the
patients from the occurrence of chronic pain in the patients. This drug belongs to the class of
opioid narcotics and it also acts on the serotonin and other such neurotransmitters to relieve the
patient from feeling the sensation of pain.

20MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 69:
This particular drug is used to create different behavioural and mental disorders that is present in
different diseases like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, irritability associated with autistic
disorder. This particular medicine belongs to the class of drugs that are called atypical
antipsychotics which facilities is neuroleptic function by restoring the talents of serotonin
another central nervous system neurotransmitters in the brain (Klemp et al. 2011).
Question 70:
This medication is used to treat different underactive thyroid disorders such as
hypothyroidism. Reduction in the thyroid hormone levels can naturally deteriorate when the
thyroid gland is injured or is removed during surgery. This hormone modification drug maintains
the normal mental and physical activity by facilitating the concentration of different thyroid and
thyroxine related hormones.
Question 71:
Question 72:
This is a benzodiazepine which is used to treat anxiety and anxiety related disorders and
alcohol withdrawal symptoms on muscle spasms. This is important hipnotic acidity medication
which functions by coming the print and central nervous system by increasing the concentration
of GABA.

21MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 73:
Metformin is a antihyperglycemic drug which is different from other class of drugs by its
mechanism of action on the pharmacology of the patient. The mechanism of action of this drug is
by decreasing the party glucose production intestinal absorption of glucose and enhancing the
insurance sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilisation in the patient’s body
(Summa-Sorgini et al., 2012).
Question 74:
Novorapid is utilised as a synthetic insulin that is given to the patient, ithas increased absorption
rates. Is a rapid acting insulin which takes only 10 to 20 minutes to begin working after injection
and has maximum effect between 1 hour to 3 hours.
Question 75:
Ringer's lactate histogram be utilised as a nonpyrogenic solution of electrolytes in an attempt of
electrolyte replacement in single dose containers for intravenous administration of patients. It is
known as antimicrobial agents and is fast acting for fluid resuscitation of after a blood loss due to
any trauma surgery or burn injury.
Question 76:
It is an ophthalmic Pritha energetic blocking agents which helps in treating glaucoma by
decreasing the pressure in the eyes. It acts by blocking the action of sympathetic nervous system
and reducing the production of fluid in the eye so that the patient has lowered.

22MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 77:
Cipralex is an otic medication that is used to treat bacterial ear infections. This is a quinolone
type antibiotic comes in combination with dexamethasone which is an anti-inflammatory
corticosteroid. Tomorrow fraction of this medication is facilitated by stopping the growth of
bacteria and reducing inflammation and discomfort in the ear of the patients.
Question 78:
This particular medication xylometazoline is a potent sneeze on medication which is used to
mimic the molecular shape of adrenaline that binds to Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors
of the nasal mucosa. Impasse a sympathomimetic effect and provides temporary relief of
congestion in two knows that are caused by various bacterial infection or other conditions
Question 79:
It is a diabetic agent which is used to reduce extra fluid backup in the body are caused by
different cardiovascular conditions such as heart failure and along with that liver disease and
renal diseases. It help in relieving the symptoms such as shortness of breath swelling or
information in the arms legs or abnormal and is also used to treat high blood pressure in the
patients. This medication Works By blocking the sodium absorption and water retention in the
renal tubules and causes a profound increase in the diuresis.

23MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 80:
Ascorbic acid or Vitamin C is nutrition or vitamin supplement that is used prevent or in treating
Vitamin C deficiency in the patients who cannot attend enough vitamin from their diet. IT act as
a potent antioxidant and helps in protecting the cells from the time is that is caused by oxidative
stress or free radicals
Question 81:
Fresh blood and red cells must always be stored at the temperature between + 2 degree
centigrade to + 6 degree centigrade. transportation of reprocessed plastic must be under the
temperature in job + 22 + 24 degree centigrade and the storage time for it is less than 6 hours.
Storage history process to Process Plant should have stories time of approximate 35 days.
Transportation time and temperature for Process Plant should be + 282 + 10 then 3 cm and time
is less than 24 hours. Fortis portion of the plant products autoclaving and incineration is the most
preferable options. What products are put in PVC ziplock bags and then are incinerated at low
temperature with proper waste management (Klein, H.G. and Anstee 2014).
Question 82:
As the patient had been suffering from severe headache, palpiation, low blood pressure nad
dark urine, the symptoms indicate at post transfusion complication. In this case the patient had

24MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
been going through Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction along with hemoglobinuria, causing
haemoglobin release in the urine. The care plan for the patient should be facilitated by
prophylactic measures such as vigorous hydration using crystalloid solutions and by osmotic
dieresis (Williams-Johnson er al., 2010).

25MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
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