Medication Administration and Handling

Running head: MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Medication administration and handling
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author note:

1MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 1:
Enrolled nurses with a notation cannot administer IV medication, however the enrolled
nurses without a notation can administer intravenous medication only if they have completed the
intravenous medication administration education. For enrolled nurses with a notation, they can
only administer intravenous medication if they have had Administer and Monitor Medicines and
Intravenous Therapy HLTENN007. National framework for the development of decision-making
tools for nursing and midwifery practice should be utilized at all times by the EN while making
decisions regarding the IV medication administration (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. 2018).
Question 2:
Question 3:
Question 4:
The four guidelines are:
Continuing Professional Development
For nurses applying for endorsement as a nurse practitioner
For midwives applying for endorsement for scheduled medicines
For advertising regulated health services.

2MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Question 5:
The third standard is ‘Preventing and Controlling Healthcare Associated Infections’, the key
intention of this particular standard is to describe all the different systems and strategies to
prevent hospital acquired infection of the patients and along with that to manage the infections
effectively when they occur in an attempt to minimize the consequences effectively utilizing
different evidence based strategies (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. 2018).
Question 6:
It is a potent assessment tool for detecting the occurrence of phlebitis in the IV site.
Assessment tool also helps with prompt removal of peripheral intravenous cannula. This tool has
also been recommended by the RCN for better assessment and monitoring of infusion sites. In
the nursing scope of practice, this tool is an excellent measure for the nursing professionals to
determine whether and when the IV catheter of the patient should be removed (Relihan et al.,
2010).
Question 7:
Schedule 2: This is the drugs that are considered to have high potential for abuse. However
their potential for abuse is not as high as the schedule I drugs. The abuse of this drug can also
lead to severe psychological and physical dependence.
Example: cocaine, methadone, Oxycodon, etc.
Schedule 3: these class of drugs can be considered as the chemical substances that have
moderate to low potential of probability to psychological or physical dependence.

3MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Example: vicodin, Tylenol with codeine, Ketamine, Anatolia steroids, etc
Schedule 4: these drugs are chemical agents with low potential of any physical or
psychological dependence.
Example: Xanax, Valium, daemon, etc.
Schedule 8: these drugs are controlled drugs that have highest potential for abuse and
addiction (Safetyandquality.gov.au. 2018).
Example: Alprazolam, Opioid, etc.
Question 9:
Pharmacodynamics can be defined as the disciple within pharmacology, concerned with
the mechanism of action of the drugs and their effect on the body.
Pharmacokinetics can be defined as the branch of pharmacology that is only concerned
with the movement of the different drugs.
Pharmacotherapeutics on the other hand in the discipline within the field of
pharmacology which analyses and explores the therapeutic uses and effects of thedrugs on
human body.

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Question 10:
Toxicology is the branch of science that is only concerned with the nature and effects of the
different poisons in the body and the detection of the poisons. It can be described as the
discipline that overlaps with many other related disciplines like biology, chemistry,
pharmacology and medicine. This branch of science provided the researchers with the
opportunity to understand the mechanism or patho-physiology that the different substances
produce on the human body so that it can aid in practice of diagnostics and treatment utilizing
the exposure of toxins and toxicants (Auspharmacist.net.au. 2018).
Question 11:
An adverse reaction is any general allergic reaction that occurs during the reaction of the
immune system of body to any foreign substance.
An anaphylactic reaction on the other hand is the most severe form of allergic reaction which
can even be life-threatening involving respiratory and cardiovascular deterioration.
Question 12:
Contraindication of a medication can be defined by the condition or process that leads to any
harm to the patient that serves to be the underlying reason behind the health care professional
withholding a certain medication or treatment (Ghaleb et al., 2010). As an example, isotretinoin
is a potent acne medication which is absolutely contraindicated due to the high risk it poses to
birth defects occurring (Health.wa.gov.au. 2018).

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Question 13:
In any pharmaceutical process, precaution can be defined as the measure that is usually taken
in advance in order to prevent the occurrence of any danger r harm to the patient hwen
administering a drug.
Example: For any analgesic medication, precaution is taken to not develop any dependence
in the patient, especially in case of the opioid medication.
On the other hand, side effect can be defined as any adverse physiologic effect that is
facilitated by the physiologic action of the drug that has been used and which is secondary to the
outcome intended while administering the medication (Health.wa.gov.au. 2018).
Example: common examples of side effects include constipation, diarrhea, drowsiness,
headache, etc.
Question 14:
Pain at IV site and arm: It is caused by the occurrence of phlebitis caused by the local trauma to
any vein during the process of blood transfusion (Summa-Sorgini et al., 2012).
Acute immune haemolytic reaction with signs and symptoms such as loin pain, nausea, vomiting,
haematuria and headache: It can be caused by either ABO/Rh mismatch, or non ABO reaction,
or if Group O donor platelets with high titres of anti-A and/or anti-B are transfused to a non-
Group O recipient.
Urticaria (hives): It is caused by the reaction between the preformed IgE antibody against any
allergen or foreign substance in the transfused blood product (White et al. 2010).

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Flushing, chills or fever: it is caused when the recipient antibodies react with the white cell
allergens or white cell fragments that are present in the transfused blood product.
Anxiety: is caused when the patient fears the process and do not have enough information
regarding the process as well.
Wheezing, progressing to cyanosis: can be caused by anaphylactic shock.
Anaphylactic reaction including tachycardia, cardiac arrest or shock that may lead to death: is
caused by transfusion related circulatory overload (TACO) caused by the rapid or massive
transfusion of blood in the patients that have diminished cardiac reserve or chronic anaemia.
Question 15:
Right drug: The nurse is supposed to check the name and form of the medication to avoid look
alike and sound alike medication confusing the nurse.
Right dose: the nurse is supposed to check the medication sheet and physician order before
administering the medication.
Right prescription (documentation): The nurse should ensure to write time of administration and
any remarks on the chart.
Right route: The nurse will require to check whether it is oral, IV, SQ or IM.
Right time: to check the time that the medicine has given and when it had been last given.
Right person: the patient will need to ask the name of the patient and check his ID before giving
medication.

7MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION AND HANDLING
Right expiration date: to check the expiration date of the drug before administering the
medication.
Right to refuse: the nurse will have to provide the patient with the autonomy to refuse the
medication after thoroughly explaining the effects ().
Question 16:
Buccal medication is first placed between the gum and cheek of the patient after which the
medication dissolves into and absorbed.
Question 17:
Metered dose inhaler:
1. Wash hands with soap and warm water
2. Remove the cap and hold the inhaler upright
3. Shaking the inhaler
4. Asking the patent to breath out slowly
5. Asking the patient to hold breath for 10 seconds so that medication reaches the lungs
6. Repeat steps
7. Asking the patient to rinse mouth with water
8. Asking the patient to spit the water.
Spacer inhaler:
1. Assembling spacer
2. Removing inhaler cap
3. Checking dose counter