This Medication Quiz tests your knowledge about medication administration and pharmacology. It covers topics such as drug classifications, routes of administration, and pharmacokinetics. Test your knowledge and enhance your understanding of medication management.
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Running head: MEDICATION QUIZ MEDICATION QUIZ Name of Student: Name of University: Author’s Note:
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1 MEDICATION QUIZ Answer no 1. Enrolled nurse must have completed their medication administration education in order to administer the medicine. Nurse should not have notation on their registration mentioning they have not completed their medication education (Cashin et al., 2017). EN who have notation cannot administer intravenous medicine. EN must have completed intravenous medication administration education to administer the medicine (Birks et al., 2016). Answer no 2. Medicinal drug and poison when not used properly can have harmful impact on health of people. Therefore, legal and regulatory framework for health regulation limits its exploitation by giving license and permits to health practitioner to use such medicine in lawful manner in their practice (Small et al., 2016). Answer no 3. Drug and poison medicine scheduling is the system for classifying medicine in relation to location and need of prescription of their sale and purchase respectively. It is also used to classify poison and prohibited drugs (Liew et al., 2017). Schedule 2- narcotics,methadone, oxycodone Schedule 3- Ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone
2 MEDICATION QUIZ Schedule 4- Alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam Schedule 8- benzodiazepines, midazolam, Duromine Answer no 4. (a)Capsules-It is administered orally by swallowing. It should be stored in air tight container and should not be crushed before administration. Must be stored away from sunlight and hot water/air (b)Drops-They are oral suspension, medicine should be shake well before each administration, and given orally according to the power of dose. Must be stored away from light and heat. Must be handled with care, do not touch the bottle of drop with naked to prevent infection. c)Inhalants- They are administered through oral passage of air by mouth. Shake well before use and handled it with clean hands. It must be stored in dark environment. d)Liquid medication- They are administered orally through mouth according to the dose. It should also be stored in light free atmosphere. e)Lotions and creams- It is administered in naked body by massaging in hands, face or affected body part. After using the cap should be closed tightly to prevent contamination. Store it in dark condition (White & Bradnam, 2015). f)Ointments-It is applied in clean and dry affected areas. It should store in dark condition.
3 MEDICATION QUIZ g)Patches-It is administered in affected areas that is clean, hairless and dry skin. It should be handled with clean hand. Store it in vacuum condition. h)Powders-It is dusted in skin with light layer. Patient face must be kept away from administration of powder when given near face. It can be stored in light condition. i)Tablets-It is administered orally by swallowing the drug. It should be handled by taking care of not being crushed or get open from seal pack. Must be stored in dark (White & Bradnam, 2015). j)Wafers- Wear gloves when handling wafers. The open pouches of wafer must be kept for 6 hours in room temperature. They are kept in mouth and get dissolved in short period of time. They must be stored in dry condition and away from moisture (White & Bradnam, 2015). k)Suppositories- The administration is through rectal route. Must wear glove to handled it and store it in dark and dry place (White & Bradnam, 2015). Answer no 5. Pharmacodynamics- It is study of pharmacology related to biochemical and molecular impact of drugs on body and its action mechanism (Weerink et al., 2017).
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4 MEDICATION QUIZ Pharmacokinetics- It is areas of pharmacology, that study the movement of drug inside the body (Sime et al., 2018). Pharmaco-therapeutics- It is the science related to pharmacology that focus on therapeutic uses and mechanism of drugs inside the body (Dey et al., 2017). Answer no 6. Polypharmacy- It is the practice of administration of multiple drug than required medically. It is common in older ambulatory concerns and home patients. Elder people are more prone to side effect of it because of changes in metabolic and reduced drug clearance. It can cause fatigue, tiredness, constipation, diarrhea and hallucination in people (Scott et al., 2015). Answer no 7. The drug is absorbed in gastrointestinal tract when swallowed and then it travels to liver via hepatic portal vein. The first pass of drug occurs in hepatic when it is absorbed in GI tract. The enzyme presents in the liver, metabolize the drug in great extent that majority of active agents are not able to exit from liver. Therefore, drug is not transmitted to systemic circulation (Jones et al., 2016). Answer no 8 Half-life of drug is a phenomenon that refers to the time that would be used for the reduction of the drug to 50% of its original dose after intake by the body. It is a pharmacokinetic measure that helps the health practitioners to estimate the proper doses of the drug for an individual and it also estimate the elimination time of the drug from the body accurately (Kajbafet al.,2016).
5 MEDICATION QUIZ Answer no 9. Drug transportation through the body would be depending on the absorption and the solubility limitation of the drug. After the drug solved in the blood it transported by means of the targeting characteristics of the pharmacokinetic moieties. However, the electrostatic interaction between positively charged protein moieties of the drug and the negatively charged cell membranes determines the absorption mediated transport and other type of transport system is peptide delivery in which the peptide of the drug needed to be conjugated with certain vector moiety. Another way of transport is the receptor mediated transport where the drugs act as receptor for cell surface attached legends or in the vice versa would be also be seen (Zhuet al.,2017). Answer no 10. Bioavailability of a drug refers to the fact that the rate of the active moiety of the drug to be absorbed by the body or the amount of the active moiety to enter the circulatory system of the body and it depends on the dosage of the drug. However, the bioequivalence of drugs are generally low due to different biological factors thus the dosage of the drugs needed to be administered by the health practitioner on the basis of the age, gender, medical history and many other factors. All these factors would be affecting the bioavailability of the drugs thus depending on these factors the health practitioner would prescribe a drug for a patient (Junyaprasert & Morakul, 2015). Answer no 11.
6 MEDICATION QUIZ Receptors play vital roles in the drug transportation and drug action as well. The receptors work as the chemical molecules that bind with the active moiety of the drug and actives the function of the drug. The receptors also mediate the absorption of the drugs in the cell by means of electrostatic interactions among the positive and the negative moiety of the cell surface receptors and the active protein moieties of the drugs. In relation to this the AGONIST could be termed as a chemical that works as the activator of receptors that means the AGONIST are the chemical that attaches with the receptors and activates the biological action of the receptors. On the other hand the ANTAGONIST is the chemicals that inhibit the receptor actions or the AGONIST actions as well by means of attaching with the receptors (Zou, Jiang & Yang, 2017). Answer no 12. Drug Toxicology: It refers to the harmful actions of a drug or a chemical compound of a drug on the target body. Anaphylactic reaction: The life threatening allergic reaction suddenly spread rapidly in the body usually termed as the anaphylactic reaction. Adverse reaction: An unexpected and dangerous reaction caused by a drug known in the pharmacological sector as adverse reaction. Contraindications: It refers to a situation which comprises of an adverse condition to a person by means of any drug reaction or surgical procedure, thus the drug usage or the surgical procedure would not be used. Precautions: It refers to the measures taken before any kind of dangerous or adverse medical situation for a person.
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7 MEDICATION QUIZ Side effects: The secondary or negative effect of a drug in a patient’s body is known as the side effect of the drug. Answer no 13. Right medication - Recheck before administration (Edwards, & Axe, 2015). Right dose- Check the dose is appropriate for the concerned patient. Right route- Before medication check the rout of administration and should meet all the requirement Edwards, & Axe, 2015). Right time- Two dosage should be stacked up on one another, and given in proper time. Right person- Ask patient name, check their date of birth and URN Right expiration date- prior to administration of nay drugs, its expiry date must be checked. Right to refuse- Patient’s family has right to refuse the medicine, so information must be given to responsible person. Right prescription- Check proper documentation of medicine mentioning time, route and dosage Edwards, & Axe, 2015).
8 MEDICATION QUIZ Answer no 14. Oral: Oral medications found mostly in solid forms, e.g., capsules, tablets and others along with liquid forms, e.g., syrups as well. The oral medication is taken by mouth and swallowed with water or other fluid and the absorption process take place in the gastrointestinal tract (Thayeret al.2015). Buccal: This kind of medication route is basically part of the oral medication route as well, however, it differs in some aspects. The buccal route of medication includes placing drug in between the cheek and gum and the absorption process take place in buccal cavity, e.g., tablets, sprays and others. Dry Powder inhalers: This type of inhaler depends on the breathing route and delivered to the lungs. This kind of inhaler activated when the patient takes fast and deep breath. The example of dry powder inhalers is Pulmicort exhale, Asmanex and others. Metered dose inhalers: This type of inhaler differs from the dry powder inhaler in some process such as it needs to be taken after slow breathing and after inhaling the medication holding of breath needed and the process needed to be repeated at least 3 times (Chauhan et al.2016). Nebulisers: This is the medication route used for the direct medication of lung. This process needed to be taken for a period of time and the medication process is prescribed to the asthma and other respiratory distressed patients depending on their age (Gosh.nhs.uk, 2019).
9 MEDICATION QUIZ Oxygen therapy: This kind of therapy is involved in oxygen gas delivery to the body by inhaling or by nasal tract. Subcutaneous injections: This injection process done by directly injecting the medicine below the skin in the abdomen, thigh, lower back, upper arm and other sites of the body. Insulin, morphine like medicines can be given by this process. Intramuscular injections: This kind of injection process used when a vein could not be found and the injection shots given to the muscular tissues such as deltoid muscle, ventrogluteal muscle and others. Z-track injections: This process of administration done by direct injection to the muscular tissues. Iron dextran is a medicine that injected by this process (Jinet al.2015). Enteral administrations: This process works on the stomach, esophagus, small and large intestine by means of oral, sublingual, rectal and parenteral administration. Intranasal: In this administration process the medication needed to be taken and absorbed through the nose. In case of cold or allergy treatment the nasal sprays are used which works on the principles of this process. Ocular: This process works on the optical medication process and it includes three administrations that are topical, local ocular and systemic. This process depends on the area of eye needed to be medicated. Rectal: In this administration process the rectum used as the route of the medication and the rectum blood vessels works as the transporter of the medicine throughout the body.
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10 MEDICATION QUIZ Sub-cutaneous injection with preloaded syringe: In this administration process the injection given to patient directly to the fat tissue under the skin with a pre-filled syringe and the medicine taken out from the refrigerator 30 minutes before the process. Topical: This is an epicutaneous method of administration as the gel, lotion, creams and other kind of medicines used on the layer of the eye. Vaginal: This administration process includes the medication through the vagina and the absorption process takes place in vagina which does affect the gastrointestinal track (Bahamondes, Espejo-Arce & Bahamondes, 2015). Ventrolateral injection technique: This is thesafest intramascular injection technique as the ventrolateral tissue is present far away from the blood vessels and also thick tissue thus this type of injection could not injure the blood vessels. Answer no 15. Chemical nameTrade nameGeneric name Scientific name of drug based on its molecular structure. Example-N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (Yoldi et al., 2017). It is the brand name of drug inpharmaceuticalindustry. (Yoldi et al., 2017). Example- Tylenol. Termreferstochemical constitution of drug that is not advertisedbybrandnamefor selling(Yoldietal.,2017). Example-aminophenol.
11 MEDICATION QUIZ Answer no 16. CategoryAdministrationRationaleExampleSide effectNursing implication BETA- BLOCKERSorally or IVreduce the heart rateandblood pressure. Acebutolol, Atenolol.Diarrhea, stomachpains and vomiting. Heartrateis checked. Initiallylow doseisgiven to patient and theyare monitored every 1 hours andBPis checked in 15
12 MEDICATION QUIZ every 15 min. CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS orallyresponsiblefor torelaxthe bloodvessel and increase the bloodand oxygensupply to heart. Amlodipine, Bepridil.constipation and headache Pulse must be checkedand patient is lied inrelax manner, monitorthe BPhalf hourly. ANTI-HYPERTENSIVEOrallylower the blood pressure Thiazide, Labetalol.dizziness and headache Nurse need to checkby blood pressure and noted. It is administered bygiving
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13 MEDICATION QUIZ proper food to patientand avoidthem takingany high salt food. DIURETICSorallyor parentally removeexcess salt from body Epitizide, Bumetanide.gastrointestinal disturbance. Nurseassess the fluid status regularly,and document weight,BP and pulse rate every hour. ANTI-CHOLESTORorallywith water lowerthebad cholesterol level Atorvastatin, Fluvastatin.liverdamage, muscle inflammation. Nurse give the medicine two time per day, and along diet
14 MEDICATION QUIZ plan ANTI-COLTINGOrally, trans- dermally Prevent excessive bleeding Ibuprofen,Prasugrel, Naproxen Lethargy, fever Nursemust cleanthe wound,apply withproper monitoring the blood flow. SEDATIVESintravenously through injection decreaselevel ofanxietyin patient. Benzodiazepines, Clonazepam Nausea, vomiting, dizziness. Instruct patient tostaycalm, maintainits oxygenlevel, Monitorthe BP regularly. ANTIDEPRESSANTSOrally, IVcorrectthe balanceof neurotransmitter in the brain, and Duloxetine, Venlafaxinenausea, constipation, dry mouth Patientis instructedto takethe medicine
15 MEDICATION QUIZ make the person calm. timely.Its regularrecord ismaintained anddoseis adjusted accordingly. ANTIPSYCHOTICSOrallyor parentally (IM) Treat psychosis, mental problem and Clonapzine,Asenapine, Cariprazine Involuntary movement disorder, increasein weight Nurse need to monitorthe behaviorof patientand recommend the drug intake once in a day. Blood pressure isregularly
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16 MEDICATION QUIZ monitored. ANTIBIOTICSOrallyor intravenously Treatbacterial infection Amoxicillin,Cephalexin, Ciprofloxacin. Diarrhea, stomachpain, vomiting. Nurse need to give antibiotic basedonthe levelof infection eithertwo timeaday. Instructthe patient to lie in bed. Check the levelof infectionto adjust the dose of antibiotic. VITAMINS/ MINERALS OrallyUsedtotreat deficiencyof B-Complex Vitamin Capsule, Cyanocobalamin, Allergy, inflammation, Nursegives medicinetwo
17 MEDICATION QUIZ vitaminand mineral as being external source. Cholecalciferoldifficultyin breathing timeperday. Instruct patient toeatwell beforetaking the medicine ANTI-REFLUXOrallyUsedtotreat GERD Lavoltidine, Ilaprazole.Headache, abdominal pain Monitorthe intestinal functionand maintaindiet ofpatient alongwith medication. ANTI-EMETICSOrallyWorksagainst vomitingand nausea LorazepamSpasmsin muscles, dizziness Monitorthe behaviorof patientand give drug once
18 MEDICATION QUIZ in day ORAL HYPOGLACEMICS OrallyLowering sugar level MetforminDizziness, motion sickness,loss of weight Give diet plan alongwith medication andmonitor the BP. APERIENCESOrallyLaxativesBisacodylDizziness, confusion Nurse need to maintainthe drugdose accordingto situation person. INHALED MEDICATIONS Nasal,Oral passage BronchodilatorsAlbuterolVomiting, irritation, sleeplessness Nurseinstruct patienttolie downinbed while administration
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22 MEDICATION QUIZ MEDICATIONSTransdermalconception/ pregnancy tenderness, weight gain patientto avoidtaking anyextra hormonal tablet. Orally Reference Bahamondes, M. V., Espejo-Arce, X., & Bahamondes, L. (2015). Effect of vaginal administrationofmisoprostolbefore intrauterine contraceptive insertion following previous insertionfailure: a double blind RCT.Human Reproduction,30(8), 1861-1866. Birks, M., Davis, J., Smithson, J., & Cant, R. (2016). Registered nurse scope of practice in Australia: an integrative review of the literature.Contemporary Nurse,52(5), 522-543. Cashin, A., Heartfield, M., Bryce, J., Devey, L., Buckley, T., Cox, D., ... & Fisher, M. (2017). Standards for practice for registered nurses in Australia.Collegian,24(3), 255-266.
23 MEDICATION QUIZ Chauhan, A., Patel, P., Gandhi, A., & Desai, M. (2016). An evaluation of Metered-Dose inhaler administration technique in patients of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.JAPS,6, 115-8. Dey, A., Bhattacharya, R., Mukherjee, A., & Pandey, D. K. (2017). Natural products against Alzheimer's disease: Pharmaco- therapeutics and biotechnological interventions.Biotechnology advances,35(2), 178-216. Edwards, S., & Axe, S. (2015). The 10 ‘R's of safe multidisciplinary drug administration.Nurse Prescribing,13(8), 398-406. Gosh.nhs.uk.(2019).Nebuliseradministration.Retrievedfrom https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/health-professionals/clinical-guidelines/nebuliser-administration Jin, J. F., Zhu, L. L., Chen, M., Xu, H. M., Wang, H. F., Feng, X. Q., ... & Zhou, Q. (2015). The optimal choice of medication administration route regarding intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection.Patient preference and adherence,9, 923. Jones, C. R., Hatley, O. J., Ungell, A. L., Hilgendorf, C., Peters, S. A., & Rostami-Hodjegan, A. (2016). Gut wall metabolism. Application of pre-clinical models for the prediction of human drug absorption and first-pass elimination.The AAPS journal,18(3), 589-604. Junyaprasert, V. B., & Morakul, B. (2015). Nanocrystals for enhancement of oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences,10(1), 13-23.
24 MEDICATION QUIZ Kajbaf, F., Bennis, Y., Hurtel‐Lemaire, A. S., Andrejak, M., & Lalau, J. D. (2016). Unexpectedly long half‐life of metformin elimination in cases of metformin accumulation.Diabetic Medicine,33(1), 105-110. Liew, D., Joules, E., Booth, J., Garrett, K., & Frauman, A. (2017). Evidence to inform the inclusion of Schedule 4 prescription medications on a real-time prescription monitoring system. Scott, I. A., Hilmer, S. N., Reeve, E., Potter, K., Le Couteur, D., Rigby, D., ... & Jansen, J. (2015). Reducing inappropriate polypharmacy: the process of deprescribing.JAMA internal medicine,175(5), 827-834. Sime, F. B., Stuart, J., Butler, J., Starr, T., Wallis, S. C., Pandey, S., ... & Roberts, J. A. (2018). Pharmacokinetics of intravenous posaconazole in critically ill patients.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy,62(6), e00242-18. Small, K., Sidebotham, M., Fenwick, J., & Gamble, J. (2016). Midwifery prescribing in Australia.Australian prescriber,39(6), 215. Thayer, K. A., Doerge, D. R., Hunt, D., Schurman, S. H., Twaddle, N. C., Churchwell, M. I., ... & Birnbaum, L. S. (2015). Pharmacokinetics of bisphenol A in humans following a single oral administration.Environment international,83, 107-115. Weerink, M. A., Struys, M. M., Hannivoort, L. N., Barends, C. R., Absalom, A. R., & Colin, P. (2017). Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine. Clinical pharmacokinetics, 56(8), 893-913. White, R., & Bradnam, V. (2015).Handbook of drug administration via enteral feeding tubes. Pharmaceutical Press.
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25 MEDICATION QUIZ Yoldi, B., Martin, M. A., Plana, C., Gόmez, A., Valero, M., Andreu, J. L., & Moreno, J. V. (2017). AB1004 Nomenclature on medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic procedures in rheumatology. Zhu, Q., Lu, Y., He, X., Liu, T., Chen, H., Wang, F., ... & Ma, J. (2017). Entropy and Polarity Control the Partition and Transportation of Drug-like Molecules in Biological Membrane.Scientific reports,7(1), 17749. Zou, J., Jiang, J., & Yang, J. (2017). Molecular basis for modulation of Metabotropic glutamate receptors and their drug actions by extracellular Ca2+.International journal of molecular sciences,18(3), 672.