Investigation of Medication Errors in Nursing Practice

The assignment involves investigating medication errors in nursing practice, with a focus on understanding the rate, type, causes, and consequences of such errors. It draws from various studies and research papers, including national studies on emergency department medication errors, medication safety curricula in medical schools, and the use of interactive CD-ROM programs to improve medication administration safety. The document also references law for nurses and midwives, patients' perceptions of participation in nursing care, and hospital inpatient self-administration of medicine programmes.

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Medication Safety In Nursing Practice 2
Medication Safety
Medication safety is the freedom from any preventable form of harm with medication
use. Medication is an aspect which entails adverse drug events which result from usage of
medication., (Rajasekaran et al, 2017 pp. 183) The consumed drugs leads to adverse reactions
and include observations of side effects, overmedication and medication errors. Adverse
drugs events are termed as serious public health issue globally. Medication safety has led to
improved revision of standards which emphasizes on systems which prevents occurrences of
drug adverse effects. Health care practitioners’ and professionals thus are obligated to ensure
safe use of medications and minimisation of errors, (Carayon, et al, 2014 pp.14-17).
Medication safety has been attributed to adverse drug events which result to injuries
from medication use. Adverse drug events can be caused by preventable errors. Adverse drug
events that are not prevented result in adverse drug reactions referred to as drug response is
noxious and not intended and occurs at doses designed for prophylaxis, diagnosis or disease
therapy medication, (Sørensen et al,2016. Potential cases of adverse drug evens are referred
top medical errors which don’t cause any harm to the patients as they are managed before
they harm the patient. Medication safety has been shown to have an impact on health
outcomes of patients such as hospital length of stay, rates of readmission and overall health
care costs, (Hall et al 2016).
Impacts on nursing practice
Medication safety affects nurses negatively. The trauma effects on the nurse can be at
times overwhelming to bear. Nurses most of the times worry on patients. Nurses often feel
upset, guilty and often terrified on medication safety. At times they often feel loss of
confidence, guilty and terrified, which end up feeling angry on the system and for
themselves, (Lavin, Harper & Barr, 2015). Most of the medical safety concerns are
committed by nurses. This is largely attributed to nurses being the largest medical team who
offers drugs to patients and spends an estimate of 40% of their time hospitals set ups giving
medication, (DoH, Australia, 2004).
Medical safety concerns such as medical errors often lead to various medical problems
such as poor treatment of patients, legal problems and rehospitalisation cases, damaged
medical profession and further decline on nurses reputation.
Medical safety is a professional nursing issue as the main goal of an health care system
is to ensure that there is preservation and promotion of health, (Croke, 2003). Preserving the
safety of the patient is key determinant in providing care. a paramount stage in medical care
is patient safety which is guaranteed with medical safety aspects. Since the awareness of

Medication Safety In Nursing Practice 3
medical errors in the beginning of new millennium, many huge efforts have been made to
ensure that patients access safe medical experiences and safety process. Medical errors have
been attributed as common form of errors which have threatened safety of the patients in
hospitals, (Australian Government, 2008).
Medical administration in this sense is an important nursing task. The work over load
coupled with increased dosage intake of medication prescription in the professional practice
puts the nursing practice at a delicate balance of ensuring safety. Occurrences of medical
errors often have disastrous effects on patients and affect the overall nursing practices, as
medical negligence sets in, (Tobiano et al, 2015 pp 2745-2455).
Medical safety often occurs at high incidence level on a day. Medical errors as a form
of medical safety indicators can include practices such as administration errors, dispensing
errors, wrongful information on writing of orders and errors committed during ordering. A
nurse on a single day can administer more than 50 medications in any single shift, (Durham
et al, 2016 pp 76).
These medical errors have tremendous effects on the nurses. It affects them negatively.
They undergo psychological trauma as the medical errors can be so much overwhelming to
the nurse. Nurses worries a lot about the patient, often this worries are accompanied by
feelings of upset and feelings of guilt. At times missing basic medical safety practices can
lead them to loss of confidence in their enjoyment on clinical practices, (Zimmerman &
House, 2016 pp 49).
Medical safety wrong doings have shown to have negative effects on patient confidence
and overall burden on health care system. Further it has been shown to increase health care
costs. Safety has been advanced by ethical and code of ethics of no harm for patient safety. In
order to ensure principle of do not harm is practised, health care facility fosters an
environment which allows patient safety and eliminates the burden associated with patient
confidence and recovery, (Tobiano et al, 2016).
An important aspect in ensuring medication safety is through identifying medical errors
and their root causes. Medication errors have been the most contributing factor of medication
safety, which threatened patient safety and has been used as an index of determination on
patient safety in various hospital settings. Studies done have shown that medication errors
increases hospitalization stay by 2 days which lead to an increase of between $2000-$2500
per patient, (Kim et al, 2017). Further most of the medication errors are committed by nurses.
Further causes of committing these medication errors have been attributed to personal factors
such as stress, fatigue drug administration errors, lower levels of attention, predisposing

Medication Safety In Nursing Practice 4
causes such as shortage of skilled work force, long duration at work place, (Flynn et al,
2016).
Impacts on patient safety
Patient safety entails the avoidance or unexpected harm caused to people while
receiving medication attention. Patient safety put more emphasis on safety in health care
practice through analysis medical errors which is associated to adverse effects. NMBA 2015
nursing practice principles advocate patient centred care and stresses on the role nurses play
in offering patient centred care which is safe and of good quality.
Studies conducted in England have shown that medication errors account for 15% and
of these 56% were committed by nurses, (Rose et al, 2000). Study done by Simpson et al,
(Simpson et al, 2004), found out that medication safety pertaining medical errors accounted
for 71% which related to imperfect prescriptions of drugs while an estimate of 29% were
caused by wrong dosage calculations. While a study conducted by Penjvini in India found
out that medical errors accounted for 16.7% and most prevalent were omission of drugs and
wrong dosage of drugs, (Penjvini, 2006).
The impact of medication safety on patients can cause severe injury to patients and at
times can cause deaths. Further it has been linked to severe psychological, emotional and
financial stress on health care organization. On a personal level the impact on patients is that
it can cause temporal or permanent damage to patients. Loss of loved ones due to unsafe
medical care often is devastating to the family and relatives of the loved ones, (Pham et al,
2011 pp 482).
Ethical aspects ought to be practiced when making care process for the patients so as to
ensure medication safety, (Atkins et al, 2017). Good ethical process ought to be followed and
usage of standard operating frameworks which inform care need to be followed, (Brown
University, 2018). According to Australia Government Health department, the
responsibilities of health care workers are geared towards the reduction of harm level to
patients. Nurses as health workers have the responsibility of duty of care, (Austalian Gov,
Online 2018), to provide professional service which promotes the safety and recovery of the
patients, (Department of health, 2004). Legislation have been put in place by New South
Wales state which outlines that health care professionals have the duty of care to provide safe
and preventing harm during medication process, failure to this has been attributed to acts of
medical negligence by patients. Practising nurses have the role of taking necessary
precautions in order to enhance patient safety, (NSW, Act 2002 No 22).
Nurses as an important aspect in health care professionals need to incorporate nursing

Medication Safety In Nursing Practice 5
ethics which provide acts of beneficence and non mal eficent, (Johnstone, 2016). Nurses have
a role of doing good for the patients and reducing harm to patients. There is need for
following codes and guidelines for nursing practice, (Staunton & Chiarella, 2017 pp 20-50).
In this way embracing professional accountability is of concern; hence nurses need to
practice safely and take accountability for their actions so as to enhance, promote patient
safety and improve overall score of medical safety.
Effective strategies for improving medication safety
The need for strategies for improving medication safety is of great interest in acute care
setting for patient safety is key. These strategies include;
i)Nurses training and continuous education
- Facilitating education approaches which improves medication safety and minimises
medication errors need to be implemented. Randomised controlled study on the
interactive use of CD-ROM education tool to improve on safe usage of medication and
decrease on the rate of medical associated errors has been found effective, (Schneider et
al, 2006). Use of web based educational forms to improve drug safety among nurses
has been effective, (Frankline et l, 2006 pp 335). Education training for nurses and use
of simulation process of medication administration in cotrolled settings has been
successful in improving medication safety.
ii) System change
- One of the factors which have hampered medical safety is low levels of reporting and
identification of system lapses. Strategies targeting system change include error
reporting, process of medication administration which is aimed at reducing the errors,
(Force et al, 2006 pp 35). Further involving patients in care process is an aspect of
system change. Patients who are hospitalized have the chance to administer their own
medicines under nursing staff supervision. This enhances overall patient safety on
nursing practice and overall care process of the patients which involve their families,
(Wright et al, 2006 pp140).
Thus medication safety nature of the problem s extensive and nursing practice finds
itself on the path of medication process. Nurses are majorly involved in medication
administration phases and play crucial role in prevention and detection of errors. The impact
medication safety has on patients is tremendous, thus there is need for professional practice
so as to reduce unsafe medical processes.

Medication Safety In Nursing Practice 6
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