Melanoma In Australia and Japan- Prevalence, Treatment, Prevention
Added on 2020-03-23
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Disease and DisordersHealthcare and ResearchCalculus and Analysis
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Melanoma In Australia and Japan- Prevalence, Treatment, PreventionName of the Student: LivleenKaurStudent Number: 19017060Email Address: 19017060@student.curtin.edu.auCourse: BSc Health Sciences.Unit: Foundations for Professional Health Practice CMHL1000Lecturer/Tutor: Deborah Kruger/ Lee Fei SimStudent IDSubmission Date
1Table of Contents1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................22.0 Prevalence of Melanoma...........................................................................................................22.1 Prevalence of Melanoma in Australia....................................................................................22.2 Prevalence of Melanoma in Japan.........................................................................................33.0 Treatment for Melanoma...........................................................................................................43.1 Adjuvant Therapy..................................................................................................................43.2 Chemotherapy........................................................................................................................43.3Immunotherapy.......................................................................................................................44.0 Role of Health Professionals Providing the Treatment.............................................................54.1 Oncology Doctor....................................................................................................................54.2 Oncology Nurse.....................................................................................................................55.0 Impact on Community...............................................................................................................66.0 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................67.0 References..................................................................................................................................7LivleenKaurStudent ID 19017060FPHP Draft Assignment
21.0 IntroductionMelanoma is defined as the most dangerous form of skin cancer (Reisfeld&Ferrone,2012).“The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that worldwide there are 66,000deaths annually from skin cancer, with approximately 80% due to melanoma”(Hodi et al., 2010,pp. 712).The main cause behind the occurrence of melanoma is the ultra violet radation causingdamage of the DNA of the skin cells or in the pigment producing melanocytes, to beprecise(Rass&Reichrath, 2008, pp. 162-178). This damage is manifested as detrimental DNAmutation leading to the development of the malignant tumors or melanoma(Rass&Reichrath,2008, pp. 162-178). The other causes of melanoma apart from increased sun exposure orexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation are, increased in the rate of outdoor activities, a totalchange in the dressing style, increased rate of longevity, high rate of ozone layer depletion orglobal warming, geneticpredispositionand immune suppression(Leiter&Garbe, 2008, pp.88-103).The tumours originate in the basal layers of the epidermis and mostly resembles to skin molesduring the initial stage of the development(Shields et al., 2011, pp. 389-395). Melanoma iscurable if detected and treated early. However, in the majority of the cases, melanoma remainsundetected during its latent stage and leading to the principal cause of death behind skin cancer(Tsao et al., 2015, pp.717-723). The following report will shed a detailed light on the prevalenceof melanoma in Australia and Japan. The report also discusses three possible treatments forcuring melanoma and the role of the healthcare professionals in providing such treatments. Atthe end, the report throws a brief light on the impact of this fatal disease, melanoma on thecommunity. 2.0 Prevalence of Melanoma2.1 Prevalence of Melanoma in AustraliaAustralia has one of the highest occurancerates of melanoma in the world (MelanomaInstitute Australia, 2017). The occurrence rate is so high that melenoma is now regarded as‘Australia’s national cancer’. It is the third most common cancer in Australia. Melanoma comesonly after prostate cancer (male)/breast cancer (female) and bowel cancer(Melanoma InstituteAustralia, 2017). LivleenKaurStudent ID 19017060FPHP Draft Assignment
3ParameterPercentage of OccurrenceYearOccurrence rate in male12% of all cancer 2017Occurrence rate in female9% of all cancer2017Total population diagnosed140002017Rate among skin cancer2%2017Casualty of melanoma 75% of all skin cancer death2017Table: Prevalence Rate of Melanoma in Australia(Source: Melanoma Institute Australia, 2017)(Source: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2017)2.2 Prevalence of Melanoma in JapanAccording to the nationwide survey with malignant skin tumours conducted among theJapanese patients during the year of 1987 to 2001 reflected that basal cell carcinoma is the mostprominent cancer in Japan followed by squamous cell carcinoma and malignantmelanoma(Ishihara, Saida, Otsuka& Yamazaki, 2008, pp.33-41). Malignant melanomas aremostly observed in the skin and are rare in the mucosal region of head and neck(Shiga et al.,2012). The male to female ratio was found to be 1: 0.97 to 1: 1.14(Ishihara, Saida, Otsuka&Yamazaki, 2008, pp.33-41). The survival rate has found higher in females than that of male(70.6% female and 60% male)(Ishihara, Saida, Otsuka& Yamazaki, 2008, pp.33-41). As per theage distribution, melanoma is detected during the later stages in life during 40 to 49 years of agewith highest occurrence rate at the age of 60 years(Ishihara, Saida, Otsuka& Yamazaki, 2008,pp.33-41). Sole of the foot was found as the main site of occurrence for melanoma in both malesLivleenKaurStudent ID 19017060FPHP Draft Assignment
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