Assessment on Mental Illness \ report
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Running head: MENTAL ILLNESS
MENTAL ILLNESS: CASE STUDY
Name of Student:
Name of University:
Author’s Note:
MENTAL ILLNESS: CASE STUDY
Name of Student:
Name of University:
Author’s Note:
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1MENTAL ILLNESS
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Identification / description of the mental disorder...........................................................................2
Explanation of the possible causes..................................................................................................3
Identification of the available treatments........................................................................................4
Discussion of the historical and global perspectives.......................................................................5
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................6
Reference.........................................................................................................................................7
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Identification / description of the mental disorder...........................................................................2
Explanation of the possible causes..................................................................................................3
Identification of the available treatments........................................................................................4
Discussion of the historical and global perspectives.......................................................................5
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................6
Reference.........................................................................................................................................7
2MENTAL ILLNESS
Introduction
Mental illness is the condition that often affects the thinking ability of the person, their
mood and feeling (Farrer et al., 2018). It results in a loss of interest in everyday activities and
even leads to suicidal thoughts. The main aim of the paper is to analyse the case study reflecting
the mental health issue critically. The primary purpose of the paper is to discuss the mental
health issue in a wider prospect and examine the social perspective and attitude on mental health.
The paper included the identification of mental illness concerning DSM and ICD-10
classification. Secondly, it addresses the possible cause and treatment of mental illness. Thirdly,
it highlights the historical and global perspective related to mental illness.
Identification/description of the mental disorder
According to ICD-10 classification, which is used to code the mental disorder, chapter V
demonstrate the psychological and behavioural disorder (Reed et al., 2016). It includes the
various disorder, which also includes mood disorder like depression, mental retardation,
schizophrenia, mental retardation, emotional and mood fluctuation. From the analysis of the case
study, it is noted that Sarah shows signs like low interest in the daily living activities, low
appetite, mood change and emotional disorder due to inactive role at work. She is also having a
sleeping disorder as she wakes up early and finds it difficult to sleep again. Referring to DSM-5,
the mental disorder includes mood disorder, depression and sleep-wake disorder (Grant et al.,
2016). Therefore, the identified mental health issues noticed Sarah are mood fluctuation,
sleeping disorder and chronic depression.
It is evident from the research of Fried et al. (2016) that mood disorder and depression
could lead to a loss of interest in living. If not given timely intervention, the emergence of co-
Introduction
Mental illness is the condition that often affects the thinking ability of the person, their
mood and feeling (Farrer et al., 2018). It results in a loss of interest in everyday activities and
even leads to suicidal thoughts. The main aim of the paper is to analyse the case study reflecting
the mental health issue critically. The primary purpose of the paper is to discuss the mental
health issue in a wider prospect and examine the social perspective and attitude on mental health.
The paper included the identification of mental illness concerning DSM and ICD-10
classification. Secondly, it addresses the possible cause and treatment of mental illness. Thirdly,
it highlights the historical and global perspective related to mental illness.
Identification/description of the mental disorder
According to ICD-10 classification, which is used to code the mental disorder, chapter V
demonstrate the psychological and behavioural disorder (Reed et al., 2016). It includes the
various disorder, which also includes mood disorder like depression, mental retardation,
schizophrenia, mental retardation, emotional and mood fluctuation. From the analysis of the case
study, it is noted that Sarah shows signs like low interest in the daily living activities, low
appetite, mood change and emotional disorder due to inactive role at work. She is also having a
sleeping disorder as she wakes up early and finds it difficult to sleep again. Referring to DSM-5,
the mental disorder includes mood disorder, depression and sleep-wake disorder (Grant et al.,
2016). Therefore, the identified mental health issues noticed Sarah are mood fluctuation,
sleeping disorder and chronic depression.
It is evident from the research of Fried et al. (2016) that mood disorder and depression
could lead to a loss of interest in living. If not given timely intervention, the emergence of co-
3MENTAL ILLNESS
morbid symptoms like self-harm or suicidal thought and mental retardation could take place.
Moreover, sleep disorder noted in Sarah could also lead to irregular eating pattern and
have an adverse effect on physical health. The symptom manifestation of the identified mental
health issue could be conceptualised based on the case study. It is inferred that she does have any
desire in her everyday activities, become unpunctual in her work and lost 5 kilograms of weight
resulted in low appetite. She has also lost self-confident in the work that has made her feel
inferior. The symptoms of the disorder have caused a multitude of fluctuation in mood and
attitude, affects the way they interact with other people on a daily basis (World Health
Organization, 2017). Thus, the information gathered indicates that she is undergoing mood
disorder, depression and irregular sleep pattern as the mental health issues.
Explanation of the possible causes
Mental health issues have various reason which could be related to the biological factors,
psychological factor, environmental factors and cultural factors. It is evident from the research of
Köhler-Forsberg et al. (2019) genetics, infection, brain defect and injury are the leading cause of
the mental disorder. The recent studies have stated that mental illness could be due to
abnormalities in a gene that can be inherited and result in aggressive behaviour and anxiety
(Thümmler et al., 2018). Moreover, the infection of streptococcus bacteria is the leading cause of
obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults. Brain damage and injury have an adverse effect on
brain anatomy, thus cause mental illness. The cultural factors are another cause of mental illness.
According to Asad and Clair (2018), the cultural disparity is the leading cause of racial
discrimination that resulted in the feeling of inferior, stress and frustration. Thus, triggered
mental illness disorder.
morbid symptoms like self-harm or suicidal thought and mental retardation could take place.
Moreover, sleep disorder noted in Sarah could also lead to irregular eating pattern and
have an adverse effect on physical health. The symptom manifestation of the identified mental
health issue could be conceptualised based on the case study. It is inferred that she does have any
desire in her everyday activities, become unpunctual in her work and lost 5 kilograms of weight
resulted in low appetite. She has also lost self-confident in the work that has made her feel
inferior. The symptoms of the disorder have caused a multitude of fluctuation in mood and
attitude, affects the way they interact with other people on a daily basis (World Health
Organization, 2017). Thus, the information gathered indicates that she is undergoing mood
disorder, depression and irregular sleep pattern as the mental health issues.
Explanation of the possible causes
Mental health issues have various reason which could be related to the biological factors,
psychological factor, environmental factors and cultural factors. It is evident from the research of
Köhler-Forsberg et al. (2019) genetics, infection, brain defect and injury are the leading cause of
the mental disorder. The recent studies have stated that mental illness could be due to
abnormalities in a gene that can be inherited and result in aggressive behaviour and anxiety
(Thümmler et al., 2018). Moreover, the infection of streptococcus bacteria is the leading cause of
obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults. Brain damage and injury have an adverse effect on
brain anatomy, thus cause mental illness. The cultural factors are another cause of mental illness.
According to Asad and Clair (2018), the cultural disparity is the leading cause of racial
discrimination that resulted in the feeling of inferior, stress and frustration. Thus, triggered
mental illness disorder.
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4MENTAL ILLNESS
The psychological factors are also known to contribute to mental illness such as
emotional, sexual or physical abuse and loss of parents (Firth et al., 2016). These factors could
have the potential to cause depression and anxiety. Further, the recent studies have also stress on
the environmental factor that triggers mental illness which includes death, feeling of inadequacy
or low confident, loss of a job or dysfunctional family life (Nett et al., 2015). It is evident from
the case study that Sarah is unable to perform well in her work. As the impact, she is having
difficulty in getting into work and lost interest in life and daily activities. It has also caused a loss
of weight and sleeping disorder. It is also noted that she became low in confidence and self-
esteem. Thus, environmental factors are the major contributing factors that have caused mental
illness disorder in Sarah.
Identification of the available treatments
According to the study of Rasmussen et al. (2019), the mental illness that affects the
behaviour of the individual and causes a change in emotion and feeling can be treated by
evidence-based intervention like CBT, behavioural therapy, pharmacological therapy,
psychotherapy and others. Such therapy focuses on the specific type of issue like depression,
anxiety, aggression, loneliness and low self-esteem (Dixon, Holoshitz & Nossel, 2016). The
cognitive behavioural therapy is the most effective mean that works by modifying the behaviour,
thoughts and mood. Based on the case study, Sarah is identified with mood fluctuation,
depression and sleeping disorder because of inactivity in her job. She is unable to perform well at
the work that has raised much irrational belief and thought that has disrupted her sleeping pattern
and eating disorder. CBT focus on to improve the thinking ability of the person and helps the
mentally ill patient to identify their strength, which will help to cope with the symptom of the
The psychological factors are also known to contribute to mental illness such as
emotional, sexual or physical abuse and loss of parents (Firth et al., 2016). These factors could
have the potential to cause depression and anxiety. Further, the recent studies have also stress on
the environmental factor that triggers mental illness which includes death, feeling of inadequacy
or low confident, loss of a job or dysfunctional family life (Nett et al., 2015). It is evident from
the case study that Sarah is unable to perform well in her work. As the impact, she is having
difficulty in getting into work and lost interest in life and daily activities. It has also caused a loss
of weight and sleeping disorder. It is also noted that she became low in confidence and self-
esteem. Thus, environmental factors are the major contributing factors that have caused mental
illness disorder in Sarah.
Identification of the available treatments
According to the study of Rasmussen et al. (2019), the mental illness that affects the
behaviour of the individual and causes a change in emotion and feeling can be treated by
evidence-based intervention like CBT, behavioural therapy, pharmacological therapy,
psychotherapy and others. Such therapy focuses on the specific type of issue like depression,
anxiety, aggression, loneliness and low self-esteem (Dixon, Holoshitz & Nossel, 2016). The
cognitive behavioural therapy is the most effective mean that works by modifying the behaviour,
thoughts and mood. Based on the case study, Sarah is identified with mood fluctuation,
depression and sleeping disorder because of inactivity in her job. She is unable to perform well at
the work that has raised much irrational belief and thought that has disrupted her sleeping pattern
and eating disorder. CBT focus on to improve the thinking ability of the person and helps the
mentally ill patient to identify their strength, which will help to cope with the symptom of the
5MENTAL ILLNESS
mental disorder. Thus, cognitive behavioural therapy is an important mean of treatment for
Sarah.
Further, the research by Kukla, Strasburger and Lysaker (2016) says that CBT is gaining
popularity for its effectiveness, short-term treatment duration and affordability. It effectively
helps the patient to overcome maladaptive behaviour. The treatment intervention will attempt to
improve the unhealthy living lifestyle by making Sarah realise the negative effect of her mental
illness. Moreover, the research by Habib et al. (2015) suggests that chronic depression and mood
fluctuation can also be treated by administration of medication like citalopram, bupropion and
venlafaxine. It tends to affect the dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin inhibitor, which helps
to treat depression and improve the mood. As Sarah is reported with cumulative of symptoms of
mental illness, it is inferred that the CBT accompanied by relevant medication therapy can be the
best mean to cope with the illness and improve her way of living.
Discussion of the historical and global perspectives
The attitude and perspective towards the psychotherapy in the domain of medical and
social community have undergone huge change throughout history, at the time leading through a
tortuous course, to receive authentication and scientific attention ultimately. The prevailing past
views of recorded history postulated that mental disorder was the outcome of supernatural forces
and demonic control, or the result of some sin or ill behaviour as exemplary punishment
(Whitley, 2015). It has led to primitive treatment practice like trepanning. However, according to
the view of society, there is various stigma associated with mental illness. According to the study
of Wu et al. (2017), social stigma often lowers self-esteem, social exclusion, and limiting access
to employment. It was in the 19th century that lead to the emergence of the Medical Model of
Disability due to high case of mental illness subjected to solitary confinement and physical
mental disorder. Thus, cognitive behavioural therapy is an important mean of treatment for
Sarah.
Further, the research by Kukla, Strasburger and Lysaker (2016) says that CBT is gaining
popularity for its effectiveness, short-term treatment duration and affordability. It effectively
helps the patient to overcome maladaptive behaviour. The treatment intervention will attempt to
improve the unhealthy living lifestyle by making Sarah realise the negative effect of her mental
illness. Moreover, the research by Habib et al. (2015) suggests that chronic depression and mood
fluctuation can also be treated by administration of medication like citalopram, bupropion and
venlafaxine. It tends to affect the dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin inhibitor, which helps
to treat depression and improve the mood. As Sarah is reported with cumulative of symptoms of
mental illness, it is inferred that the CBT accompanied by relevant medication therapy can be the
best mean to cope with the illness and improve her way of living.
Discussion of the historical and global perspectives
The attitude and perspective towards the psychotherapy in the domain of medical and
social community have undergone huge change throughout history, at the time leading through a
tortuous course, to receive authentication and scientific attention ultimately. The prevailing past
views of recorded history postulated that mental disorder was the outcome of supernatural forces
and demonic control, or the result of some sin or ill behaviour as exemplary punishment
(Whitley, 2015). It has led to primitive treatment practice like trepanning. However, according to
the view of society, there is various stigma associated with mental illness. According to the study
of Wu et al. (2017), social stigma often lowers self-esteem, social exclusion, and limiting access
to employment. It was in the 19th century that lead to the emergence of the Medical Model of
Disability due to high case of mental illness subjected to solitary confinement and physical
6MENTAL ILLNESS
restraints. The theory centred at the notion that mental disorder is due to impairment or disability
(Haegele & Hodge, 2016). They are viewed as the disease which could be treated by effective
medication and therapy. However, the current view of mental illness is linked with biological
factors that impair the function of the brain, thus causing a change in behaviour.
According to the research of Ford (2017), it is interpreted that altered language and
words, used for a mental disorder, pose a change in importance from talking in the aspect of
disease to the health. With respect to a global perspective, the mental disorder is often spoken in
term of the identity of a person like mentally retarded people. It has a negative effect on the
psychology of the person and impacts their way of living.
The mental illness identified in the case study, depression, mood fluctuation and sleeping
disorder is viewed as the outcome of change in behaviour or lifestyle of the person in Australia
(Pridmore, 2015). Research also suggests that globally, the health care professional regards such
mental illness as the cause of brain impairment as it is the controlling unit of body function
(Walker, McGee & Druss, 2015). Thus, it resulted in a change in behaviour, thus leading to
depression and sleeping disorder.
Conclusion
Lastly, from the above discussion on the mental illness, it can be concluded that mental
illness is the disorder that affects the mood and behaviour of the person. It shows the symptom of
the mood fluctuation, low interest in living, feeling low-esteem and low confidence in work. The
major cause for mental disorder is environmental, cultural and biological factors. In the case
study, Sarah is identified with mood change, depression and sleeping disorder, which has raised
due to environmental factor. She is unable to perform well in her job, which has caused low
restraints. The theory centred at the notion that mental disorder is due to impairment or disability
(Haegele & Hodge, 2016). They are viewed as the disease which could be treated by effective
medication and therapy. However, the current view of mental illness is linked with biological
factors that impair the function of the brain, thus causing a change in behaviour.
According to the research of Ford (2017), it is interpreted that altered language and
words, used for a mental disorder, pose a change in importance from talking in the aspect of
disease to the health. With respect to a global perspective, the mental disorder is often spoken in
term of the identity of a person like mentally retarded people. It has a negative effect on the
psychology of the person and impacts their way of living.
The mental illness identified in the case study, depression, mood fluctuation and sleeping
disorder is viewed as the outcome of change in behaviour or lifestyle of the person in Australia
(Pridmore, 2015). Research also suggests that globally, the health care professional regards such
mental illness as the cause of brain impairment as it is the controlling unit of body function
(Walker, McGee & Druss, 2015). Thus, it resulted in a change in behaviour, thus leading to
depression and sleeping disorder.
Conclusion
Lastly, from the above discussion on the mental illness, it can be concluded that mental
illness is the disorder that affects the mood and behaviour of the person. It shows the symptom of
the mood fluctuation, low interest in living, feeling low-esteem and low confidence in work. The
major cause for mental disorder is environmental, cultural and biological factors. In the case
study, Sarah is identified with mood change, depression and sleeping disorder, which has raised
due to environmental factor. She is unable to perform well in her job, which has caused low
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7MENTAL ILLNESS
interest in living, irregular eating pattern and thus depression. Such symptoms can be treated
effectively by CBT and pharmacotherapy. Moreover, despite the critical review of mental health
and its treatment, the rate of mental illness patient are still high, and they are considered as taboo
for the community.
interest in living, irregular eating pattern and thus depression. Such symptoms can be treated
effectively by CBT and pharmacotherapy. Moreover, despite the critical review of mental health
and its treatment, the rate of mental illness patient are still high, and they are considered as taboo
for the community.
8MENTAL ILLNESS
Reference
Asad, A. L., & Clair, M. (2018). Racialized legal status as a social determinant of health. Social
Science & Medicine, 199, 19-28. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.010
Dixon, L. B., Holoshitz, Y., & Nossel, I. (2016). Treatment engagement of individuals
experiencing mental illness: review and update. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 13-20.
Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20306
Farrer, L. M., Walker, J., Harrison, C., & Banfield, M. (2018). Primary care access for mental
illness in Australia: Patterns of access to general practice from 2006 to 2016. PloS
one, 13(6), e0198400. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198400
Firth, J., Rosenbaum, S., Stubbs, B., Gorczynski, P., Yung, A. R., & Vancampfort, D. (2016).
Motivating factors and barriers towards exercise in severe mental illness: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Psychological medicine, 46(14), 2869-2881. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716001732
Ford, J. D. (2017). Treatment implications of altered affect regulation and information
processing following child maltreatment. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 410-419. Retrieved
from https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20050501-07
Fried, E. I., Epskamp, S., Nesse, R. M., Tuerlinckx, F., & Borsboom, D. (2016). What
are'good'depression symptoms? Comparing the centrality of DSM and non-DSM
symptoms of depression in a network analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 189, 314-
320. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.005
Reference
Asad, A. L., & Clair, M. (2018). Racialized legal status as a social determinant of health. Social
Science & Medicine, 199, 19-28. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.010
Dixon, L. B., Holoshitz, Y., & Nossel, I. (2016). Treatment engagement of individuals
experiencing mental illness: review and update. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 13-20.
Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20306
Farrer, L. M., Walker, J., Harrison, C., & Banfield, M. (2018). Primary care access for mental
illness in Australia: Patterns of access to general practice from 2006 to 2016. PloS
one, 13(6), e0198400. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198400
Firth, J., Rosenbaum, S., Stubbs, B., Gorczynski, P., Yung, A. R., & Vancampfort, D. (2016).
Motivating factors and barriers towards exercise in severe mental illness: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Psychological medicine, 46(14), 2869-2881. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716001732
Ford, J. D. (2017). Treatment implications of altered affect regulation and information
processing following child maltreatment. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 410-419. Retrieved
from https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20050501-07
Fried, E. I., Epskamp, S., Nesse, R. M., Tuerlinckx, F., & Borsboom, D. (2016). What
are'good'depression symptoms? Comparing the centrality of DSM and non-DSM
symptoms of depression in a network analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 189, 314-
320. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.005
9MENTAL ILLNESS
Grant, B. F., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Jung, J., ... & Hasin, D. S.
(2016). Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: results from the National
Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III. JAMA psychiatry, 73(1),
39-47. Retrieved from doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2132
Habib, N., Dawood, S., Kingdon, D., & Naeem, F. (2015). Preliminary evaluation of culturally
adapted CBT for psychosis (CA-CBTp): findings from developing culturally-sensitive
CBT project (DCCP). Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy, 43(2), 200-208.
Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465813000829
Haegele, J. A., & Hodge, S. (2016). Disability discourse: Overview and critiques of the medical
and social models. Quest, 68(2), 193-206. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2016.1143849
Köhler-Forsberg, O., Petersen, L., Gasse, C., Mortensen, P. B., Dalsgaard, S., Yolken, R. H., ...
& Benros, M. E. (2019). A nationwide study in Denmark of the association between
treated infections and the subsequent risk of treated mental disorders in children and
adolescents. JAMA psychiatry, 76(3), 271-279. Retrieved from
doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3428
Kukla, M., Strasburger, A. M., & Lysaker, P. H. (2016). A CBT intervention targeting
competitive work outcomes for persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 67(6),
697-697. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.670504
Nett, R. J., Witte, T. K., Holzbauer, S. M., Elchos, B. L., Campagnolo, E. R., Musgrave, K. J., ...
& Pride, K. R. (2015). Risk factors for suicide, attitudes toward mental illness, and
practice-related stressors among US veterinarians. Journal of the American Veterinary
Grant, B. F., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Jung, J., ... & Hasin, D. S.
(2016). Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: results from the National
Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III. JAMA psychiatry, 73(1),
39-47. Retrieved from doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2132
Habib, N., Dawood, S., Kingdon, D., & Naeem, F. (2015). Preliminary evaluation of culturally
adapted CBT for psychosis (CA-CBTp): findings from developing culturally-sensitive
CBT project (DCCP). Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy, 43(2), 200-208.
Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465813000829
Haegele, J. A., & Hodge, S. (2016). Disability discourse: Overview and critiques of the medical
and social models. Quest, 68(2), 193-206. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2016.1143849
Köhler-Forsberg, O., Petersen, L., Gasse, C., Mortensen, P. B., Dalsgaard, S., Yolken, R. H., ...
& Benros, M. E. (2019). A nationwide study in Denmark of the association between
treated infections and the subsequent risk of treated mental disorders in children and
adolescents. JAMA psychiatry, 76(3), 271-279. Retrieved from
doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3428
Kukla, M., Strasburger, A. M., & Lysaker, P. H. (2016). A CBT intervention targeting
competitive work outcomes for persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 67(6),
697-697. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.670504
Nett, R. J., Witte, T. K., Holzbauer, S. M., Elchos, B. L., Campagnolo, E. R., Musgrave, K. J., ...
& Pride, K. R. (2015). Risk factors for suicide, attitudes toward mental illness, and
practice-related stressors among US veterinarians. Journal of the American Veterinary
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10MENTAL ILLNESS
Medical Association, 247(8), 945-955. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.247.8.945
Pridmore, S. (2015). Mental disorder and suicide: A faulty connection. Australian & New
Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49(1), 18-20. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0004867414548904
Rasmussen, J. D., Kakuhikire, B., Baguma, C., Ashaba, S., Cooper-Vince, C. E., Perkins, J.
M., ... & Tsai, A. C. (2019). Portrayals of mental illness, treatment, and relapse and their
effects on the stigma of mental illness: Population-based, randomised survey experiment
in rural Uganda. PLoS medicine, 16(9), e1002908. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002908
Reed, G. M., Drescher, J., Krueger, R. B., Atalla, E., Cochran, S. D., First, M. B., ... & Briken, P.
(2016). Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD‐11: revising the
ICD‐10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and
human rights considerations. World Psychiatry, 15(3), 205-221. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20354
Thümmler, S., Dor, E., David, R., Leali, G., Battista, M., David, A., ... & Verstuyft, C. (2018).
Pharmacoresistant severe mental health disorders in children and adolescents: functional
abnormalities of cytochrome P450 2D6. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 2. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00002
Walker, E. R., McGee, R. E., & Druss, B. G. (2015). Mortality in mental disorders and global
disease burden implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA
psychiatry, 72(4), 334-341. d Retrieved from oi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2502
Medical Association, 247(8), 945-955. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.247.8.945
Pridmore, S. (2015). Mental disorder and suicide: A faulty connection. Australian & New
Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49(1), 18-20. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0004867414548904
Rasmussen, J. D., Kakuhikire, B., Baguma, C., Ashaba, S., Cooper-Vince, C. E., Perkins, J.
M., ... & Tsai, A. C. (2019). Portrayals of mental illness, treatment, and relapse and their
effects on the stigma of mental illness: Population-based, randomised survey experiment
in rural Uganda. PLoS medicine, 16(9), e1002908. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002908
Reed, G. M., Drescher, J., Krueger, R. B., Atalla, E., Cochran, S. D., First, M. B., ... & Briken, P.
(2016). Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD‐11: revising the
ICD‐10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and
human rights considerations. World Psychiatry, 15(3), 205-221. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20354
Thümmler, S., Dor, E., David, R., Leali, G., Battista, M., David, A., ... & Verstuyft, C. (2018).
Pharmacoresistant severe mental health disorders in children and adolescents: functional
abnormalities of cytochrome P450 2D6. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 2. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00002
Walker, E. R., McGee, R. E., & Druss, B. G. (2015). Mortality in mental disorders and global
disease burden implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA
psychiatry, 72(4), 334-341. d Retrieved from oi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2502
11MENTAL ILLNESS
Whitley, R. (2015). Global mental health: concepts, conflicts and controversies. Epidemiology
and Psychiatric Sciences, 24(4), 285-291. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796015000451
World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: global
health estimates (No. WHO/MSD/MER/2017.2). World Health Organization. Retrieved
from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-
eng.pdf
Wu, I. H., Bathje, G. J., Kalibatseva, Z., Sung, D., Leong, F. T., & Collins-Eaglin, J. (2017).
Stigma, mental health, and counseling service use: A person-centered approach to mental
health stigma profiles. Psychological services, 14(4), 490. Retrieved from
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/ser0000165
Whitley, R. (2015). Global mental health: concepts, conflicts and controversies. Epidemiology
and Psychiatric Sciences, 24(4), 285-291. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796015000451
World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: global
health estimates (No. WHO/MSD/MER/2017.2). World Health Organization. Retrieved
from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-
eng.pdf
Wu, I. H., Bathje, G. J., Kalibatseva, Z., Sung, D., Leong, F. T., & Collins-Eaglin, J. (2017).
Stigma, mental health, and counseling service use: A person-centered approach to mental
health stigma profiles. Psychological services, 14(4), 490. Retrieved from
https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/ser0000165
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