Metabolic Syndrome Case Study: Pathophysiology and Related Symptoms

This case study focuses on the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome and related symptoms, including hypertension, pulmonary disorders, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The report analyzes the patient's past medical history, signs, symptoms, and test results to provide a mechanistic approach to the development of the disease.

Metabolic syndrome
case study

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................2
Concept map...........................................................................................................................2
Pathophysiology related with sign, symptom and test results................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
The metabolic syndrome is usually defined as the cluster of the situation which is usually
occur together. In this, they also used to enhance the issue of the heart disease and other
associated risk which is related with cardiovascular disease. It mainly includes stroke and issue
which is common now day which is known as diabetes. These condition is primarily including
the enhanced blood pressure and high blood sugar in the body. They also show the aspect of
excess of fat which is around the waist and determine abnormal function of the cholesterol and
triglyceride level. In this report, the case study usually focusses on the sign and symptoms which
indicate the person is used to face the issue of metabolic syndrome. In this, the person is used to
the issue of hypertension from the previous years and his weight is approx. 98 kg which show the
sign of obesity, the diet is also associated with the high sugar diet that have chance to show the
occurrence of diabetes. The case study usually focusses in the pathophysiology of disease which
is related with sign, symptoms and with the aspect of test outcomes.
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MAIN BODY
Concept map
2
George
Age 54-year-old.
Past history
Hypertension
Problem with
sleep –
Arising chance of
insomnia
Mild shortness of
breath-
Pulmonary
disorders
Excessive snoring
and does not
regular exercise –
Chance of
cardiovascular
disease
Take maximum
sugar product that
can cause the issue
of diabetes. Obesity
is also act as cause
for this.
The combine effect of the
disease and inappropriate
diet plan, with the drinking
habit of alcohol may cause
the issue of cancer.

Pathophysiology related with sign, symptom and test results.
In this, there are some of the sign, symptoms and test result which is associated with the case
study which provide proper aspect for the development. The pathophysiology is the essential
aspect while taking the contrast of case study, where it is clearly identified that the test report and
the sign that is related with George are associated with the past history that is determine as
hypertension. In addition, the pathophysiology of hypertension is used to state that blood
pressure of the George is usually high (Costa and et. al., 2020).
Pathophysiology of hypertension: Hypertension is defined as the chronic disease which
show the elevation of the blood pressure. In this, the long term effect and causes or with the end
of organ damage may cause some of the outcome which is related with the morbidity and
mortality. In addition, the blood pressure which is defined as the product which is similar to the
output that is related with the cardiac and systemic vascular resistance. It usually follows the
patient approach with the arterial hypertension which may help to enhance the cardiac output.
While taking the case scenario of George as a patient who have past medical history which is
related with the hypertension show same pathophysiology (Croci and et. al., 2021).
The cardiac output is usually elevated while taking the contrast of George, they show
enhanced systemic vascular resistance and enhanced stiffness of the vasculature that play role
predominately. In addition, the vascular tone may be enhanced because of the alpha-
adrenoceptor stimulation or they increase the release of the peptide such as angiotensin or
endothelin. Moreover, the last pathway which is related with the increase in the form of cytosolic
calcium present in vascular smooth muscle that causing the aspect of vasoconstriction. In
addition, there are several of growth factor which is related with the angiotensin and endothelin
which cause in increase in the vascular smooth muscle mass termed vascular remodelling. In
addition, they usually enhance the systemic vascular resistance and an increase in the aspect of
vascular resistance and they enhance the vascular stiffness that based on the augment to load
imposed on the aspect of left ventricle. These all aspect are usually faced by George during the
situation of hypertension and it is controlled by provided them proper loop diuretic and other
medication (Ghadge, Khaire, and Kuvalekar, 2018).
Pathophysiology of pulmonary disease: While taking the aspect of George, they usually
face the issue which is related with the shortness of breath. Therefore, the pulmonary disease
shows their result which is combine with the process of peripheral airways inflammation and the
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narrowing of the airways. They usually create the issue with the airflow and the destruction of
the alveoli is taken place. The terminal bronchioles and surrounding that is associated with the
capillary vessel and tissue which help to add the airflow limitation and they require to decrease
the gas which is based on the transfer ability. Rather, the shortness of breathing which is
determine during the George case study and they also show the aspect which is appropriate
during the complication that George face the issue during the sleep that they take long breath and
deep respiration (Huh and et. al., 2018).
The extension in the flow of air that is limited is determined with the aspect of severity of
inflammation, development of the fibrosis within the aspect of airways and they used to show the
presence of secretion or the exudates. Therefore, they used to reduce the concern of airflow on
the exhalation that lead to show the aspect of trapping which help to provide the occurrence of
that provide the result which is reduced inspiratory capacity that may cause the issue which is
based on the breathlessness that is also known as the dyspnoea on the aspect of exertion and
show the reduced aspect of exercise capacity. With the contrast of pathophysiology which is
related with the George who used to work as driver and major of time, they used to seat. As per
the current time, it is evaluated that the George face issue with the shortness of breath and also
act as a challenging aspect which is related with the aspect to deep breath during the night and
snoring (Wu and et. al., 2021).
Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: In addition to this, George is having the weight which is
approx. 98 kg which must be sign for the overweight and obesity. Therefore, obesity is the main
cause for the type 2 diabetes. Moreover, George also some of the sign that they are indicated
towards the diabetes in this, George used to take sugar related snacks in the larger and ways
related with the overweight which may create the issue of diabetes. The type 2 diabetes is usually
a disease which is termed as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus which was recently
modified with the aspect of diabetic association. With this, the consideration of change which is
based on George used to provide is impaired fasting glucose which is defined as the fasting
plasma glucose of 110 and more and the 125 mg per dL. In addition, the impaired glucose
tolerance that is defined in order to show the 2-h plasma glucose which show the value of 140
and more or less than the 200 mg/dL during the oral glucose tolerance (Kasprzak-Drozd,
Oniszczuk, Stasiak, and Oniszczuk, 2021).
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The type 2 diabetes mellitus is defined as the heterogeneous disorder. Therefore, the
population is usually affected towards the native where the pathophysiology is usually
characterised by the peripheral insulin resistance, that impaired with the regulation of hepatic
glucose production and they are declining the beta cell function that eventually leading to cause
the failure of cell.
The primary events which is strongly believed that they are showing initial deficit in the
aspect of insulin that is secreted and in the number of patients, they are relative towards the
insulin deficiency in the association with the peripheral insulin that based on the resistance
(Wang and et. al., 2020).
Pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease: In this, with the aspect to hypertension which is
analyse within the George is related with the heart disease. In addition, they have higher chances
that the George can fall in the position of cardiovascular disease. There is no any appropriate
pathology which is seen within the aspect of cardiovascular disease. Hypercholesterolemia,
hypertension and the cigarette smoking are the common risk factor which is associated with the
cardiovascular disease. There are some of the risk which is associated with the risk factor which
is behind the convergence of the mechanism that basically involve with the aspect of oxidation
and inflammation in the artery of the heart. The physical trauma which is based on the aspect of
inflammation which is produce the lesion which rupture, that can lead to create the issue which
of some of the clinical events that include heart attack and stroke or to resolve the issue with the
plaque growth. In addition, the neuro humoral and the biochemical process are used to seen in
the aspect of hypertension that used to produce the issue of cardiac hypertrophy which is usually
predisposes to the aspect of HF through the apoptosis. In addition, the cardiac damage of the
produced permanent loss of the cell because the factor of heart which cannot regenerate,
development in the stem technology which usually help in the hand (Noce and et. al., 2021).
Overall, the sign, symptoms and the test result used to show the aspect of some the disease
which is related with the aspect of George. In addition to this, they can have used to create the
issue with the George whereas, they face the issue of cardiovascular disease, hypertension,
diabetes especially the type 2 diabetes and many more which is diagnose as per the sign which is
discussed in the case study.
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CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, George is usually facing the issue of various disease which is
diagnose with the aspect of sign, symptoms and the test result. In addition, pathophysiology is
defined as the aspect which help to elaborate the mechanistic approach which is taken place by
the disease to grow and formulate the complication which is determined as severe within the
patient which is selected within the case study. Moreover, the pathophysiology of the different
disease used to provide an aspect which is related with patient complication and the rate of
progression of illness within the patient which is derived on the case study.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Costa and et. al., 2020. Metabolic syndrome and COVID-19: An update on the associated
comorbidities and proposed therapies. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical
Research & Reviews, 14(5), pp.809-814.
Croci and et. al., 2021. Dietary strategies for management of metabolic syndrome: role of gut
microbiota metabolites. Nutrients, 13(5), p.1389.
Ghadge, A.A., Khaire, A.A. and Kuvalekar, A.A., 2018. Adiponectin: a potential therapeutic
target for metabolic syndrome. Cytokine & growth factor reviews, 39, pp.151-158.
Huh and et. al., 2018. Metabolic syndrome epidemic among Korean adults: Korean survey of
Cardiometabolic Syndrome (2018). Atherosclerosis, 277, pp.47-52.
Kasprzak-Drozd, K., Oniszczuk, T., Stasiak, M. and Oniszczuk, A., 2021. Beneficial effects of
phenolic compounds on gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome. International Journal of
Molecular Sciences, 22(7), p.3715.
Noce and et. al., 2021. Natural bioactive compounds useful in clinical management of metabolic
syndrome. Nutrients, 13(2), p.630.
Wang and et. al., 2020. Novel insights into the pathogenesis and management of the metabolic
syndrome. Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, 23(3), p.189.
Wu and et. al., 2021. A Korean-Style Balanced Diet Has a Potential Connection with
Ruminococcaceae Enterotype and Reduction of Metabolic Syndrome Incidence in
Korean Adults. Nutrients, 13(2), p.495.
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