Social Protection and Development in Africa

This assignment delves into the crucial role of social protection programs in driving development across Africa. It requires a critical analysis of existing programs, examining their effectiveness in addressing poverty, inequality, and vulnerability. Students are expected to evaluate both the successes and challenges faced by social protection initiatives on the continent and propose potential strategies for enhancing their impact in the future.

DISSERTATION
PROPOSAL

Table of Contents
TITLE:.............................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Overview.....................................................................................................................................3
Background.................................................................................................................................3
Rationale.....................................................................................................................................4
Research Aim..............................................................................................................................4
Research objectives.....................................................................................................................4
Research Questions.....................................................................................................................4
Literature review.........................................................................................................................4
Research Methodology................................................................................................................7
Questionnaire..............................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

TITLE:
“To identify the impact of social protection and policies on Libyan migrants”. A study on
Rwanda.
INTRODUCTION
Overview
The term migration and social protection are not similar but they are strongly linked with
one another because lack of social protection creates pressure on the general people to migrate to
the safer area. This will have favourable and unfavourable impact in African countries. This
research will concentrate on developing the overview of the investigation, background of the
research, the main significance for which the research has been conducted and furthermore, the
aims, objectives and questions will be designed. Each and every individual requires effective
protection and Libya is the country where there is lack of social protection which makes it highly
poor and under developed. Furthermore, there is a high level of threat from illegal practices and
life is in danger so Rwanda city in Africa promises to migrate or relocate the people from the
Libya in order to provide them protection (AWAL., M., 2019). Apart from this it also aims to
give them sustainable living standard and interest.
Background
Africa is the second largest continent in the world and has large number of population.
But the country has very poor health facilities and lacks in other areas of protection. Due to poor
heath care facilities the rate of infant is always high and they are just few examples of social risk
and threats of life people living over their. It normally occurs everyday. This has the lowest level
of security and access to the lives and health of the public is one of the major challenge faced by
Africa. Apart from this social security, there are several other factors which are destroying the
lives of people like low productivity, poor government administrations which could not arrange
and develop the necessary infrastructure that can provide safety and security to the people.
Furthermore, the high rate of poverty and unemployment in Africa is making it more adverse for
people living over their. Due to this, the people prefer to shift or migrate to the new location
where they can sustainable life and can fulfil their basic needs and requirements. When people
prefer to migrate from one place to another then their life becomes more complex because it
takes time so that they can adjust effectively and efficiently.

Rationale
The research has been conducted on the topic of “To identify the impact of social
protection and policies on Libyan migrants”. A study on Rwanda. The main significance of
selecting this topic is because African countries has the poor social protection in the world. Due
to the lack of social protection, population is now taking a migrating decisions. People's health,
living condition, level of poverty, lack of resources, high rate of illiteracy and many other
reasons are making it adverse for the people to live over their. The main reason for migrating is
to get a better life. With this migration, the individuals will be able to get the proper education,
knowledge through which they can get a job and earn a money in order to sustain. Social
protection is increasing at a greater rate, people can live with less money but cannot survive at
the destination like Africa where they are not safe and secure. Social protection is a right of the
human beings and is necessity for the individuals.
Research Aim
“To identify the impact of social protection and policies on Libyan migrants”. A study on
Rwanda.
Research objectives
 To study the concept of social protection.
 To determine the condition of Libyan migrants.
 To illustrate the different social policies which are created for protection of the people in
Africa.
Research Questions
 What do you understand about the concept of social protection?
 How was the condition of Libyan migrants?
 What are the different social policies that are created for protection of people in Africa?
Literature review
To study the concept of social protection
According to Evie Browne, 2019, the term social protection is linked with preserving the
rights and protecting the rights and interest of the individuals who belongs to poor and
vulnerable section of the society. This is generally considered to be the set of public measures
which are provided by its society for its members in order to protect them against social distress.

This helps in promoting and distributing material aids which will help in protecting the
individuals. With this, the individuals are encouraged in order to ensure health and strength of
the people, men and women and children as well. This term cannot be defined perfectly because
every individual makes use of such protection measures depending upon the kind of
requirements needed. Furthermore, the global crises has has strongly evaluated the need to
strengthen the base of social protection institution in developing countries specifically those
which have lower income. So this has became new priority and preferences to the people and
countries. Apart from this, it is understood as entire public and private openings which is
involved in rendering income transfers to the poor people, establishing proper protection and
safety measures for vulnerable against livelihood risk. This enhances social status and leads to
minimisation in social exposure to the poor. It helps in encouraging the social equity and
economic growth. At present, the African countries are marked with highest level of lack of
social security where they signifies to show concern or care only to the small segment of
population and rest are subject to vulnerable group of people who face rejections. This
comprehends vast range of public investments and private initiatives for both formal and
informal purposes. This aims at immediately addressing risks and threats, vulnerability and
chronic poverty. The social protection is also treated as universal human rights, social necessity
and economic requirement. Furthermore, it has become important part of human life because
growth and development in social life have put emphasis on accepting and adopting the changes
in the social needs and requirements.
To determine the condition of Libyan migrants
According to Sally Hayden, 2019, the impact of social protection on Libyan migrants
were affected negatively. Due to higher level of malpractices, molestations, harassments,
poverty, poor health facilities, illiteracy, etc. majority of the citizens of Libya were migrated to
Europe through Mediterranean sea. In this, various people were rescued and brought back to
Libya and were put in locked crowded detention centres because of they have breach the
international law of the country. Apart from this, those who have not been brought back were
drowned in sea. There were no protection and those who were in detention centres have no
access to open air, poor water and unhygienic food. Such individuals involved adults, children,
pregnant women, etc. and majority of them are suffering from serious diseases like malnutrition,

diarrhoea, etc. Thus, Libya is considered to be the most unsafe country for living. For majority of
the men, women and children, the last hope to get rid of such country is to escape from there and
move to Europe by crossing Mediterranean sea. Those who were away from the fighting area has
been locked in a room for unlimited period of time. Those people were living most miserable and
adverse life because of abusive and harmful behaviours (Oldekop and et. al., 2016). This has
increased the health effects and spread of Tuberculosis has killed various people. Poor sanitation
and water facilities has further led to increase in urinal infectious problems. They were mentally
tortured and the trauma which they were facing has adversely affected their mental health where
some had suffered from depression and suicides as well.
To illustrate the different social policies which are created for protection of the people in
Africa
According to François-Xavier Merrien, 2019, social protection policies were introduced
after the second world war in developing countries. It relates to providing protection to the
people from social risk (Marten and et. al., 2014). There are various policies which are created in
order to provide protection to the people in Africa and two of them are discussed below:
 The country is involved in providing old age pension programs to the elderly people who
have crossed the age of 65 for males and 60 for females. This program is very helpful
because it provides sustainable living to the old people. It is now commonly accepted that
the social national programs have created positive impact on poverty reduction and
maintenance of social solidarity.
 Medecins sans frontier is the social protection centre which was involved in providing
regular care and medical health facilities to refugees and migrants who were detained in
Libya (Leite, Pomeroy and Suyama, 2015). The team of MSF was involved in providing
treatment to the broad range of diseases which are preventable namely, skin diseases,
acute malnutrition, respiratory and urinary tract infection, etc. They also operates
psychological activities in the detention centres of Libya and also organises counselling
programs for the individuals. They also opened an outpatient clinic where free treatments
were given to all age group people. MSF further operates in a particular area where they
identifies the requirements of the vulnerable group and takes specialised care for it.

Research Methodology
This will be explained with the help of concept of the research onion. It mainly
constitutes of the following elements (Idemudia, 2014). Therefore, research methodology is
comes out of the onion covers mainly elements of the research. Discussion of the research onion
is as follows:
Research philosophy: Its defined as a set of the beliefs which is mainly at time to
conduct research project into the defined manner. It is one of an underlying definition of nature
of the knowledge. Mainly, research philosophy is of two types namely: Interpretivism and
positivism. In this research project, concept of Interpretivism will be applicable here to evaluates
data or information effectively (Devereux, 2016).
Research approach: It is mainly comprises of an inductive or deductive approach. On the
one hand, deductive approach helps to develop hypothesis or hypotheses upon pre-existing data
or theory. On the other hand, inductive approach helps researcher to start with an observation of
the concept defined to carry project effectively (De Haan, 2014).
Research methods: The research methods are those through which respondent is able to
conduct the investigation. Such methods are of two types namely qualitative and quantitative
research and they are discussed below:
 Qualitative research: This type of investigation relates to the providing understanding
of human behaviour from the perspective of respondents. This is used to gain
understanding of underlying principles and opinions. This supplies insights into the
problems which concentrates on developing ideas (Cluver and et. al., 2014). The results
obtained through this is involved in generating more reliable and accurate results with
detailed analyses.
 Quantitative research: This type of investigation is concerned with taking into
consideration the statistics and numbers. The results which are obtained from this
investigation are more reliable and accurate. They are easily verifiable which makes use
of measurable data in order to develop the quantitative facts.
The research which will be used under this is qualitative because it will help in
understanding and providing the perceptions of different respondents and this helps in making
judgements and renders detailed descriptions of the facts (Cirillo and Tebaldi, 2016).

Data collection: This is mainly comprises of two parts: primary and secondary method.
On one hand, primary data collection is the method, in which data or information is collected in
the number or numeric figure. Also, data or information is gathered by the use of an telephonic
interview, survey or observation (Borena, Belanger and Egigu, 2015). Secondary data is mainly
collected by use of books, journals, magazine to gather qualitative data or inform. Secondary
data is useful to collect data based on the quality or true nature. In this research, mainly primary
mode of data collection will be utilised to gather true data as well as secondary method will be
used to describe literature review.
Research Choice: There are basically two types of research which is qualitative and
quantitative. Under qualitative research, information or data are gather in form of quality
manner. On the other side, in case of quantitative research, information are collected in the form
of numbers, facts or figures (Berhane and et. al., 2014). Both type of research are essential but
according to the study, qualitative research is more suitable and valuable because it will help an
investigator to identify accurate response from selected respondents.
Research design: It helps to describes as an effectual structure for carry out research or a
list of procedure and specification for organising and controlling a research project. It serves as a
master and most essential plan of the procedures and methods that should be applied to gather
and analyse information required by the decision maker. There are mainly three types of research
design, including, descriptive, exploratory and experimental (Barrientos and Hulme, 2016).
Research sampling: In this research, mainly simple random sampling will be utilised
here to set range of people to be targets into the given sources of time. The reason behind taking
simple random sampling is an easy of reaching people with spending excess cost or time.
Research ethics: Research ethics are mainly comprises of three principles: anonymity,
confidentiality and informed consent. For this research, principle of an informed consent is being
applicable here, which says data or information of the real nature will be utilised to carry out the
research effectively (Aboderin and Beard, 2015).
Questionnaire
The questionnaire is the primary data collection method which is considered to be more
authentic and real as information is gathered through personal interaction.

Questionnaire
Name :
Age :
Gender :
Q1. Are you ware about the concept of social protection?
A. Yes
B. No
Q2. How was the condition of Libyan migrants?
A. Favourable
B. Unfavourable
Q3. What are the different social policies that are created for protection of people in
Africa?
A. National Council for Social Protection (NCSP)
B. The Concerting Body for Social Protection Actors (CBSPA)
C. The National Social Protection Council
D. All of the above
Q4. Why it is important to adopt social policies in Africa?
A. To protect the rights and interest of citizens
B. To work for the betterment of the society
C. All of the above
Q5. What are the major benefits of social protection for the people of Africa?
A. Equal opportunity
B. Maximises living standard
C. Source of capital formation
D. All of the above
Q6. What will be the impact of adopting social programs and practices in Africa?
A. Positive
B. Negative
Q7. How people were treated who has tried to escape from the Libya?
A. Send to detention centres
B. Molested and harassed

C. Killed or drowned in sea
D. All of the above
Q8. Do you think adopting social programs and policies will help in overcoming the
problem of Libya?
A. Yes
B. No
Q9. Are you favouring the decision taken by citizens of Libya to escape from the country?
A. Yes
B. No
Q10. Any recommendation for promoting social programs and practices in the Libya.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Aboderin, I. A. and Beard, J. R., 2015. Older people's health in sub-Saharan Africa. The
Lancet.385(9968). pp.e9-e11.
Barrientos, A. and Hulme, D. eds., 2016. Social protection for the poor and poorest: Concepts,
policies and politics. Springer.
Berhane, G and et. al., 2014. Can social protection work in Africa? The impact of Ethiopia’s
productive safety net programme. Economic Development and Cultural Change.63(1).
pp.1-26.
Borena, B., Belanger, F. and Egigu, D., 2015, January. Information privacy protection practices
in Africa: A review through the lens of critical social theory. In 2015 48th Hawaii
International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 3490-3497). IEEE.
Cirillo, C. and Tebaldi, R., 2016. Social Protection in Africa: inventory of non-contributory
programmes. International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth Working Paper.
Cluver, L. D and et. al., 2014. Cash plus care: social protection cumulatively mitigates HIV-risk
behaviour among adolescents in South Africa. Aids.28. pp.S389-S397.
De Haan, A., 2014. The rise of social protection in development: progress, pitfalls and politics.
The European Journal of Development Research.26(3). pp.311-321.
Devereux, S., 2016. Social protection for enhanced food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Food
Policy.60. pp.52-62.
Idemudia, U., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and development in Africa: Issues and
possibilities. Geography Compass,.8(7). pp.421-435.
Leite, I. C., Pomeroy, M. and Suyama, B., 2015. Brazilian south–south development
cooperation: The case of the Ministry of Social Development in Africa. Journal of
International Development.27(8). pp.1446-1461.
Marten, R and et. al., 2014. An assessment of progress towards universal health coverage in
Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). The Lancet.384(9960).
pp.2164-2171.
Oldekop, J. A and et. al., 2016. A global assessment of the social and conservation outcomes of
protected areas. Conservation Biology.30(1). pp.133-141.
Online
Browne., E., 2019. Social protection. [Online]. Available Through: <https://gsdrc.org/topic-
guides/social-protection/what-is-social-protection/>.
Hayden., S.,2019. How will clashes in Libya affect refugees hoping to reach Europe?. [Online].
Available Through: <https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/clashes-libya-affect-refugees-
hoping-reach-europe-190423213447985.html>.

Merrien., F.X., 2019. Social Protection as Development Policy: A New International Agenda for
Action. [Online]. Available Through: <https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/1525>.
AWAL., M., 2019. Rwanda promises African migrants in Libya work permits to relocate.
[Online]. Available Through: <https://face2faceafrica.com/article/rwanda-promises-african-
migrants-in-libya-work-permits-to-relocate>.