Development Problem and Policies
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This paper analyses the issue of migration in South Africa and its impact on poverty, economy, women, and children. It also discusses the factors contributing to migration and suggests monitoring the situation using a battery of indicators.
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Running head: DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AND POLICIES
DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AND POLICIES
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1DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AND POLICIES
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Discussion..................................................................................................................................2
1. Factors contributing to migration in South Africa.............................................................2
2. Impact of migration on the poor people of South Africa-..................................................3
3. Impact of migration on the poverty level of the country-..................................................4
4. Impact of migration on the South African economies- .....................................................5
5. Impact of migration on the women and children of South Africa-....................................5
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................7
References:.................................................................................................................................8
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Discussion..................................................................................................................................2
1. Factors contributing to migration in South Africa.............................................................2
2. Impact of migration on the poor people of South Africa-..................................................3
3. Impact of migration on the poverty level of the country-..................................................4
4. Impact of migration on the South African economies- .....................................................5
5. Impact of migration on the women and children of South Africa-....................................5
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................7
References:.................................................................................................................................8
2DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AND POLICIES
Introduction
In order to accurately analyse the issue of migration and its impacts on several
different factors, it is very important to understand the meaning of this term. Migration refers
to the process through which people move from one place to another. Migration plays a
fundamental role in the process of development of both the developing as well as the already
developed countries. As stated by Crush and Peberdy (2018), “we are well into a post-
industrial, post-cold war world and about to embark on a brand new century within which
immigration will play a central role”. The process of migration of human beings is not new to
this world. People have migrated from one nation to other for various different reasons.
However, it is to state that these movements might have certain significant impact on the
African continent and this might also have negative impacts on its present development
process in that very region. The current economy, politics and the social formations of South
Africa has been shaped up by the elaborated regulations of human mobility. Right from its
foundation, majority of the South African residents, nationals and the citizens have faced
stark limitations on the issue of where they could live and own land as well as how and when
they could move their places. However, this paper shall elaborate on various factors related to
this issue of migration in South Africa based on analysing different statistics and relevant
facts. It shall also focus on the impact that this issue is currently having on the poor people,
the level of poverty, the economy and on the women and children of South Africa.
Discussion
1. Factors contributing to migration in South Africa-
There are many factors prevailing in South Africa ranging from its economy, poverty,
level of education to the infringement of the basic human rights that are influencing the issue
of migration in the country. It is to note that the unemployment rate in South Africa is 95% as
Introduction
In order to accurately analyse the issue of migration and its impacts on several
different factors, it is very important to understand the meaning of this term. Migration refers
to the process through which people move from one place to another. Migration plays a
fundamental role in the process of development of both the developing as well as the already
developed countries. As stated by Crush and Peberdy (2018), “we are well into a post-
industrial, post-cold war world and about to embark on a brand new century within which
immigration will play a central role”. The process of migration of human beings is not new to
this world. People have migrated from one nation to other for various different reasons.
However, it is to state that these movements might have certain significant impact on the
African continent and this might also have negative impacts on its present development
process in that very region. The current economy, politics and the social formations of South
Africa has been shaped up by the elaborated regulations of human mobility. Right from its
foundation, majority of the South African residents, nationals and the citizens have faced
stark limitations on the issue of where they could live and own land as well as how and when
they could move their places. However, this paper shall elaborate on various factors related to
this issue of migration in South Africa based on analysing different statistics and relevant
facts. It shall also focus on the impact that this issue is currently having on the poor people,
the level of poverty, the economy and on the women and children of South Africa.
Discussion
1. Factors contributing to migration in South Africa-
There are many factors prevailing in South Africa ranging from its economy, poverty,
level of education to the infringement of the basic human rights that are influencing the issue
of migration in the country. It is to note that the unemployment rate in South Africa is 95% as
3DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AND POLICIES
of the year 2015 (Flahaux and De Haas 2016). Out of twelve million people of the country,
only four lakh eighty thousand people have formal jobs. The political turmoil of the country
has completely eroded the value of the dollar of South Africa. The value of the South African
dollar is so less that it is considered to be one of the least valued currency units in the world.
Furthermore, the level of poverty in the country is so intense that out of thirteen million
people, ten million people in South African lives in abject poverty and about one third of the
total children of the country are undernourished. In this context, it is also to mention that the
human rights violations in this nation are so perpetrated by the national government that they
have been violated many key human rights, affcomprising of the right to property, freedom of
movement and even life (Newland 2017). There are very strict restrictions on the freedom of
assembly, press and speech. Though South Africa hold elections, still those elections are not
fair, fraudulent and free. With the same, the level of education in this place is very poor and it
is an evident from the fact that around 75% of the South African state schools do not function
properly (Ivashchenko et al. 2017). Majority of the teachers there are not working efficiently
as they are not paid sufficient money to survive, as a result they have to look and work for
food. Since the year 1995, the rate of literacy in South Africa has slowing been decreasing.
2. Impact of migration on the poor people of South Africa-
Poor people are the ones who belong to the deprived and the depressed class. Just like
any other developing and growing nation, there has been a continuous increase in the urban
population in South Africa. Migration has become an integral part of the present economy of
South Africa (Mastrorillo et al. 2016). The poor people of South Africa migrate from the
rural areas to the towns and cities in order to search for financial or employment activities. It
is to note that the income of more than eight crores urban people in this region is estimated to
fall below the poverty line (BPL). With the same, there are about 4.5 crores of poor family
whose income level is on the borderline of the level of poverty (Collinson et al. 2014). In
of the year 2015 (Flahaux and De Haas 2016). Out of twelve million people of the country,
only four lakh eighty thousand people have formal jobs. The political turmoil of the country
has completely eroded the value of the dollar of South Africa. The value of the South African
dollar is so less that it is considered to be one of the least valued currency units in the world.
Furthermore, the level of poverty in the country is so intense that out of thirteen million
people, ten million people in South African lives in abject poverty and about one third of the
total children of the country are undernourished. In this context, it is also to mention that the
human rights violations in this nation are so perpetrated by the national government that they
have been violated many key human rights, affcomprising of the right to property, freedom of
movement and even life (Newland 2017). There are very strict restrictions on the freedom of
assembly, press and speech. Though South Africa hold elections, still those elections are not
fair, fraudulent and free. With the same, the level of education in this place is very poor and it
is an evident from the fact that around 75% of the South African state schools do not function
properly (Ivashchenko et al. 2017). Majority of the teachers there are not working efficiently
as they are not paid sufficient money to survive, as a result they have to look and work for
food. Since the year 1995, the rate of literacy in South Africa has slowing been decreasing.
2. Impact of migration on the poor people of South Africa-
Poor people are the ones who belong to the deprived and the depressed class. Just like
any other developing and growing nation, there has been a continuous increase in the urban
population in South Africa. Migration has become an integral part of the present economy of
South Africa (Mastrorillo et al. 2016). The poor people of South Africa migrate from the
rural areas to the towns and cities in order to search for financial or employment activities. It
is to note that the income of more than eight crores urban people in this region is estimated to
fall below the poverty line (BPL). With the same, there are about 4.5 crores of poor family
whose income level is on the borderline of the level of poverty (Collinson et al. 2014). In
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4DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AND POLICIES
South Africa, the income of the urban poor family is greatly unstable and uncertain. There is
a large number of people who either are self- employed or are casual workers. There are
different financial institutes and banks in the country that are reluctant to supply them with
loans as of their unstable income. It is also to mention that about 35 percent of the total
population of the South Africa are slum population and a large portion of people who live in
slum population are illiterate. With the same, the initiatives that are been taken with this
problem of the urban poverty has not yet yielded the desired outcome. The increase in the
rate of population has inflated the problem of poor techniques to be used in the field of
agriculture. Also, there is an unequal distribution of wealth. This has resulted in the
exploitation of the poor people living in the country by the ones who belongs to the wealthy
community (Bennett et al. 2015). Living in poverty has become even more of a reality for
most of the people living in South Africa.
3. Impact of migration on the poverty level of the country-
In South Africa where the wealth is measured in terms of the number of children,
wives, cash, cash equivalent income and cattle, it is really inadvisable for assuming that
poverty conveys a similar meaning in different level of the society in any particular nation.
There are four fundamental ways in which the issue of migration is affecting the incidence
and the level of poverty in South Africa and it is through the cost of living, the labour market
in the country, the public finances and the public services (Mojola et al. 2015). All these four
factors are affecting the level of poverty in different ways and thus, making it really difficult
to determine the complete impact of migration on the rate of poverty. Migration seems to
reduce the cost of some of the significant services and goods of South Africa as much number
are people are migrating to other places, the sale of the products are significantly decreasing.
This is resulting in much more affordable prices for the low-income. However, these impacts
are comparatively small and might not have been measured precisely. Migration has
South Africa, the income of the urban poor family is greatly unstable and uncertain. There is
a large number of people who either are self- employed or are casual workers. There are
different financial institutes and banks in the country that are reluctant to supply them with
loans as of their unstable income. It is also to mention that about 35 percent of the total
population of the South Africa are slum population and a large portion of people who live in
slum population are illiterate. With the same, the initiatives that are been taken with this
problem of the urban poverty has not yet yielded the desired outcome. The increase in the
rate of population has inflated the problem of poor techniques to be used in the field of
agriculture. Also, there is an unequal distribution of wealth. This has resulted in the
exploitation of the poor people living in the country by the ones who belongs to the wealthy
community (Bennett et al. 2015). Living in poverty has become even more of a reality for
most of the people living in South Africa.
3. Impact of migration on the poverty level of the country-
In South Africa where the wealth is measured in terms of the number of children,
wives, cash, cash equivalent income and cattle, it is really inadvisable for assuming that
poverty conveys a similar meaning in different level of the society in any particular nation.
There are four fundamental ways in which the issue of migration is affecting the incidence
and the level of poverty in South Africa and it is through the cost of living, the labour market
in the country, the public finances and the public services (Mojola et al. 2015). All these four
factors are affecting the level of poverty in different ways and thus, making it really difficult
to determine the complete impact of migration on the rate of poverty. Migration seems to
reduce the cost of some of the significant services and goods of South Africa as much number
are people are migrating to other places, the sale of the products are significantly decreasing.
This is resulting in much more affordable prices for the low-income. However, these impacts
are comparatively small and might not have been measured precisely. Migration has
5DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AND POLICIES
influenced the price of the products and services that the people in South Africa, who are at
the risk of poverty buy through changing the number of people who are purchasing and
producing them. It is note that migration is related with the small decreases in the prices of
the non-tradable services and goods (Beine, Coulombe and Vermeulen 2015). They include
the take away food, the hairdressing and the dry cleaning. With the same, the cost of housing
in this regions is inconclusive as well. There are several studies that suggests that the price of
the houses are falling in the local areas and thus experiencing higher migration. With the
same, it is also to mention that migration contributes to the provision of several public
services, especially the social care and health services. While both the common citizens as
well as the immigrants face poverty in this country, studies have shown that the highest rate
of poverty is among the immigrants. As because of their low incomes, it is very difficult for
the immigrants of South Africa to find a place to live in. Many of them sleeps in nothing but
in bare mattresses. Although these living conditions are not sufficient enough and are unsafe
for many of them, yet it is their only option besides sleeping on the cold and hard ground.
4. Impact of migration on the South African economies- .
Living in poverty has become even more of a reality for most of the people living in
South Africa. This is due to the fact that the economy of the country is suffering. The
immigrants of the country are not getting the jobs that they need. Both the immigrants as well
as the common citizens of South Africa are bound to lire, steal and cheat as many of them do
not get any means of receiving the income (Ardington et al. 2016). However, it is also a fact
that if the immigrants and the common people of the country have jobs, they might still be in
poverty and would have struggle hard to survive every day. The cost of living is much more
expensive for some of the people as compared to the others based on where a person lives.
The places that are cheaper to live are also suffering from the low level of job opportunities
and hence, the wealthier places for living are costing the people their homes while them just
influenced the price of the products and services that the people in South Africa, who are at
the risk of poverty buy through changing the number of people who are purchasing and
producing them. It is note that migration is related with the small decreases in the prices of
the non-tradable services and goods (Beine, Coulombe and Vermeulen 2015). They include
the take away food, the hairdressing and the dry cleaning. With the same, the cost of housing
in this regions is inconclusive as well. There are several studies that suggests that the price of
the houses are falling in the local areas and thus experiencing higher migration. With the
same, it is also to mention that migration contributes to the provision of several public
services, especially the social care and health services. While both the common citizens as
well as the immigrants face poverty in this country, studies have shown that the highest rate
of poverty is among the immigrants. As because of their low incomes, it is very difficult for
the immigrants of South Africa to find a place to live in. Many of them sleeps in nothing but
in bare mattresses. Although these living conditions are not sufficient enough and are unsafe
for many of them, yet it is their only option besides sleeping on the cold and hard ground.
4. Impact of migration on the South African economies- .
Living in poverty has become even more of a reality for most of the people living in
South Africa. This is due to the fact that the economy of the country is suffering. The
immigrants of the country are not getting the jobs that they need. Both the immigrants as well
as the common citizens of South Africa are bound to lire, steal and cheat as many of them do
not get any means of receiving the income (Ardington et al. 2016). However, it is also a fact
that if the immigrants and the common people of the country have jobs, they might still be in
poverty and would have struggle hard to survive every day. The cost of living is much more
expensive for some of the people as compared to the others based on where a person lives.
The places that are cheaper to live are also suffering from the low level of job opportunities
and hence, the wealthier places for living are costing the people their homes while them just
6DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AND POLICIES
trying to make ends meet (Black et al. 2015). With the same, there are many people who get
laid off from their respective jobs when the businesses are not meeting the standards of the
sales or if they cannot afford to pay the employees.
5. Impact of migration on the women and children of South Africa-
Women and children are considered to be important parts of a society. There is huge
impact of the issue of migration on both of them. In context to its impact on the children, it is
to state that migration influence many factors comprising of their education, health, social
exclusion and gender as well. The lower educational achievements of the immigrants is still
an ongoing challenge prevailing in the society (Harrison et al. 2015). The family situation as
well as the socioeconomic background problems of integration, school segregation, language
difficulties, the level of education of the parents, the process of selection of the migrants and
the times since the migration are all very important factors which are affecting the education
level of the migrated children (Zhou et al. 2015). Being from a different nation often creates
problems of acceptance and being subject to racism in between the children. The lack of the
likelihood to communicate with the teachers regarding any question plays the role of an
obstacle or hinders the learning process of the children and the lack of parent’s education or
being from a different system which explains the studies differently diminish their success as
well. The lower educational achievements among them (immigrants) explain the dense
concentration of migrant employees in different job sectors. Furthermore, the social exclusion
refers to the inability of the children to take part in social, cultural and economic life, and in
some characteristics, alienation and distance from the mainstream society (Islam 2015). It is a
burden for the society which transmits the poverty from one generation to other. Along with
that, on one hand, where the migration shows positive effect of increase in the health access
in the countries of origin through sending remittances, it is on the other side a major reason
behind the transmission of several different diseases. It is to state that a very important aspect
trying to make ends meet (Black et al. 2015). With the same, there are many people who get
laid off from their respective jobs when the businesses are not meeting the standards of the
sales or if they cannot afford to pay the employees.
5. Impact of migration on the women and children of South Africa-
Women and children are considered to be important parts of a society. There is huge
impact of the issue of migration on both of them. In context to its impact on the children, it is
to state that migration influence many factors comprising of their education, health, social
exclusion and gender as well. The lower educational achievements of the immigrants is still
an ongoing challenge prevailing in the society (Harrison et al. 2015). The family situation as
well as the socioeconomic background problems of integration, school segregation, language
difficulties, the level of education of the parents, the process of selection of the migrants and
the times since the migration are all very important factors which are affecting the education
level of the migrated children (Zhou et al. 2015). Being from a different nation often creates
problems of acceptance and being subject to racism in between the children. The lack of the
likelihood to communicate with the teachers regarding any question plays the role of an
obstacle or hinders the learning process of the children and the lack of parent’s education or
being from a different system which explains the studies differently diminish their success as
well. The lower educational achievements among them (immigrants) explain the dense
concentration of migrant employees in different job sectors. Furthermore, the social exclusion
refers to the inability of the children to take part in social, cultural and economic life, and in
some characteristics, alienation and distance from the mainstream society (Islam 2015). It is a
burden for the society which transmits the poverty from one generation to other. Along with
that, on one hand, where the migration shows positive effect of increase in the health access
in the countries of origin through sending remittances, it is on the other side a major reason
behind the transmission of several different diseases. It is to state that a very important aspect
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7DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AND POLICIES
of migration is the mind-set of the migrants that are used to their particular health services
and coping with their country specific maladies. Their habits might have to change while
their movement to a host country and the language barrier results in constraints and hence, to
a greater risk of poor health results of children and the women. Migration influence the
mental health of the children and the women as well as because of the fact that this process
causes stress because of the loss of their friends, families as well as their habitual
surroundings (Vydelingum and Colliety 2016). Furthermore, within the context of the subject
of international mobility, the increasing mobility of the women with their families as well as
with alone becomes prominent. It depicts the increase in the greater gender equity as well as
women empowerment, but side by side, it also increases their vulnerability based on the
situation they find themselves in the host country.
Conclusion
Hence, from the above discussion it is clear that the people living in South Africa are
struggling each day and poverty and migration are two biggest issues prevailing in this
nation. Particularly, the immigrants are facing very hard times in obtaining government
benefits that makes their lives much more difficult to survive. Migration influence many of
the aspects of South Africa, including its economy, poverty level and the children and women
of the nation. As the nature of poverty and migration are dynamic, it is suggested that the
magnitude of the poverty and migration, along with their causes and effects should be
monitored by the government bodies every time through using a battery of indicators instead
of a single measure in order to keep abreast of the changing situations and circumstances.
of migration is the mind-set of the migrants that are used to their particular health services
and coping with their country specific maladies. Their habits might have to change while
their movement to a host country and the language barrier results in constraints and hence, to
a greater risk of poor health results of children and the women. Migration influence the
mental health of the children and the women as well as because of the fact that this process
causes stress because of the loss of their friends, families as well as their habitual
surroundings (Vydelingum and Colliety 2016). Furthermore, within the context of the subject
of international mobility, the increasing mobility of the women with their families as well as
with alone becomes prominent. It depicts the increase in the greater gender equity as well as
women empowerment, but side by side, it also increases their vulnerability based on the
situation they find themselves in the host country.
Conclusion
Hence, from the above discussion it is clear that the people living in South Africa are
struggling each day and poverty and migration are two biggest issues prevailing in this
nation. Particularly, the immigrants are facing very hard times in obtaining government
benefits that makes their lives much more difficult to survive. Migration influence many of
the aspects of South Africa, including its economy, poverty level and the children and women
of the nation. As the nature of poverty and migration are dynamic, it is suggested that the
magnitude of the poverty and migration, along with their causes and effects should be
monitored by the government bodies every time through using a battery of indicators instead
of a single measure in order to keep abreast of the changing situations and circumstances.
8DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AND POLICIES
References:
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labor market outcomes of youth in South Africa. ILR Review, 69(2), pp.455-470.
Beine, M., Coulombe, S. and Vermeulen, W.N., 2015. Dutch disease and the mitigation
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Flahaux, M.L. and De Haas, H., 2016. African migration: trends, patterns,
drivers. Comparative Migration Studies, 4(1), p.1.
Harrison, A., Colvin, C.J., Kuo, C., Swartz, A. and Lurie, M., 2015. Sustained high HIV
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Ardington, C., Bärnighausen, T., Case, A. and Menendez, A., 2016. Social protection and
labor market outcomes of youth in South Africa. ILR Review, 69(2), pp.455-470.
Beine, M., Coulombe, S. and Vermeulen, W.N., 2015. Dutch disease and the mitigation
effect of migration: evidence from Canadian provinces. The Economic Journal, 125(589),
pp.1574-1615.
Bennett, R., Hosegood, V., Newell, M.L. and McGrath, N., 2015. Understanding family
migration in rural South Africa: exploring children's inclusion in the destination households
of migrant parents. Population, space and place, 21(4), pp.310-321.
Black, D.A., Sanders, S.G., Taylor, E.J. and Taylor, L.J., 2015. The impact of the Great
Migration on mortality of African Americans: Evidence from the Deep South. American
Economic Review, 105(2), pp.477-503.
Collinson, M.A., White, M.J., Bocquier, P., McGarvey, S.T., Afolabi, S.A., Clark, S.J., Kahn,
K. and Tollman, S.M., 2014. Migration and the epidemiological transition: insights from the
Agincourt sub-district of northeast South Africa. Global health action, 7(1), p.23514.
Crush, J. and Peberdy, S., 2018. Criminal tendencies: immigrants and illegality in South
Africa.
Flahaux, M.L. and De Haas, H., 2016. African migration: trends, patterns,
drivers. Comparative Migration Studies, 4(1), p.1.
Harrison, A., Colvin, C.J., Kuo, C., Swartz, A. and Lurie, M., 2015. Sustained high HIV
incidence in young women in Southern Africa: social, behavioral, and structural factors and
emerging intervention approaches. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 12(2), pp.207-215.
9DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM AND POLICIES
Islam, M.R., 2015. Rights of the people with disabilities and social exclusion in
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Mastrorillo, M., Licker, R., Bohra-Mishra, P., Fagiolo, G., Estes, L.D. and Oppenheimer, M.,
2016. The influence of climate variability on internal migration flows in South
Africa. Global Environmental Change, 39, pp.155-169.
Mojola, S.A., Williams, J., Angotti, N. and Gómez-Olivé, F.X., 2015. HIV after 40 in rural
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Newland, K., 2017. Migration as a factor in development and poverty reduction: the impact
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Countries' Policies on Poor Countries (pp. 187-213). Routledge.
Vydelingum, V. and Colliety, P., 2016. The need for a culturally sensitive approach to care.
In Children and Young People's Nursing (pp. 129-152). Routledge.
Ivashchenko, O., Khudolii, O., Iermakov, S., Lochbaum, M., Cieślicka, M., Zukow, W., Nosko, M. and
Yermakova, T., 2017. Methodological approaches to pedagogical control of the functional and motor
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Zhou, C., Sylvia, S., Zhang, L., Luo, R., Yi, H., Liu, C., Shi, Y., Loyalka, P., Chu, J., Medina, A. and
Rozelle, S., 2015. China’s left-behind children: Impact of parental migration on health, nutrition, and
educational outcomes. Health affairs, 34(11), pp.1964-1971.
Islam, M.R., 2015. Rights of the people with disabilities and social exclusion in
Malaysia. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(2), p.171.
Mastrorillo, M., Licker, R., Bohra-Mishra, P., Fagiolo, G., Estes, L.D. and Oppenheimer, M.,
2016. The influence of climate variability on internal migration flows in South
Africa. Global Environmental Change, 39, pp.155-169.
Mojola, S.A., Williams, J., Angotti, N. and Gómez-Olivé, F.X., 2015. HIV after 40 in rural
South Africa: A life course approach to HIV vulnerability among middle aged and older
adults. Social Science & Medicine, 143, pp.204-212.
Newland, K., 2017. Migration as a factor in development and poverty reduction: the impact
of rich countries’ immigration policies on the prospects of the poor. In Impact of Rich
Countries' Policies on Poor Countries (pp. 187-213). Routledge.
Vydelingum, V. and Colliety, P., 2016. The need for a culturally sensitive approach to care.
In Children and Young People's Nursing (pp. 129-152). Routledge.
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