Mobile Communications: Data Transmission Evolution from 2G to LTE

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the evolution of mobile communications, tracing the advancements from 2G to 4G and LTE. It meticulously examines various data transmission standards like RS232, RS422, and RS485, comparing their data rates, cabling requirements, and signaling modes. The report delves into the enabling technologies such as CDMA, OFDMA, and MIMO, explaining their roles in achieving higher data transmission rates. A comparative table is included to highlight the differences between 2G, WiFi, Bluetooth, 3G, 4G, and LTE, focusing on their data rates, bandwidth, and enabling technologies. The report concludes by summarizing the key aspects of data transmission and its evolution, emphasizing the significance of these technologies in modern communication systems. Appendices provide further details on acronyms and technologies discussed.

Running head: MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
Mobile Communications
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note:

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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Discussion..................................................................................................................................2
Data Rates Achieved by Standards and Enabling Technologies...........................................2
Table for Comparing Different Technologies, Data Rates and Enabling Technologies........4
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................5
References..................................................................................................................................7
Appendix................................................................................................................................9
Appendix A............................................................................................................................9
Appendix B............................................................................................................................9

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Introduction
Data transmission can be stated as the procedure to send the digital as well as analog
data on the communication medium with one and more communication device, networking,
computing and electronic device (Oshima et al. 2016). This data transmission even helps in
enabling the proper transfer or even communication of the devices within the environment of
multipoint to multipoint, point to multipoint and point to point. The data transmission is
termed as the digital communication or digital transmission. It is also reserved for both
sending and receiving of digital data and has the intention of sending the data object and file
for one and more recipient devices (Lu, Li and Guizani 2014). The following report outlines a
brief discussion on the evolution of data transmission over the mobile networks from 2G to
4G and LTE.
Discussion
Data Rates Achieved by Standards and Enabling Technologies
There are several standards of data transmission like RS232, RS42q2, RS423 and
RS485. These are widely utilized for some of the major data links that provide connectivity to
the users (Zhang et al. 2013). Although, these data transmission link with the used cables, a
variety of several functions are present for enabling the data that is to be sent reliably within
two specified equipment. There is a number of several wires that were being utilized in the
cable, while sending parallel data. RS or recommended standard is the equivalent standard
that is written for the ITU for providing more international standard. It enabled the same
standards that were used world wide and giving access to the users. This particular standard
was also known as version 24 and was completely compatible with the RS 232. The
requirement of the fast communication was responsible for introducing the several standards
of communication (Koenig et al. 2013). Each of these standards of mobile communication

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comprises of different data rates and signalling modes. Moreover, the maximum distance is
also different for each and of these standards of RS232, RS422 and RS485.
Parameters RS232 RS422 RS485
1. Cabling Single-ended Differential Differential
2. Maximum Distance 50 feet at the
speed of 19.2
kbps
4000 feet at the
speed of 100 kbps
4000 feet at the
speed of 100 kbps
3. Maximum Data Rate 19.2 kbps at 50
feet
10 Mbps at 50 feet 10 Mbps at 50 feet
4. Mode of Signalling Unbalanced Balanced Balanced
Table 1: Data Rates of Standards
The enabling technologies like CDMA, OFDMA and MIMO are also responsible
providing higher rates of data transmission (Hong, Lan and Kuo 2013). For the purpose of
data transmission evolution from 2G to 4G and LTE, a desired data rate should be achieved
eventually.
i) CDMA: The code division multiple access or CDMA refers to each of the various
protocols that are being used in the second as well as third generation (2G and 3G)
communication. It is the form of multiplexing that enables several signals in occupying one
single transmission channel. The actual data rate of CDMA is 9.6 kbps and the desired data
rate is 153.6 kbps within a single radio channel of 1.25 MHz.
b) OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access is utilized within the
number of other systems like WLAN or WiMAX for the purpose of broadcasting
technologies (Boes et al. 2014). OFDMA has several significant benefits like the robustness
to multipath fading as well as interference. Moreover, it also appears to be the most

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complicated modulation form and hence lending itself to the digitalized signal processing
technique. The desired data rate of OFDMA is 54 Mbit/sec (See Appendix A).
c) MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output is the antenna technology for various
antennas at source and destination. These antennas at every end of communications circuit
could be combined for minimization of errors and optimization of data speed. The data speed
of this specific technology is 288.9 Mbps for coded bit rate and 346.68 Mbps for the uncoded
bit rate (Antes et al. 2013). At the highest data rate, the bursts could be completed with 64
QAM modulation scheme.
Table for Comparing Different Technologies, Data Rates and Enabling Technologies
The proper comparison between different technologies, data rates and the enabling
technologies is given below:
Different Technologies Data Rates Bandwidth Parameters
(Enabling
Technologies)
1. 2nd Generation or 2G The data
transmission rate
of 2G is 14.4 kbps.
The bandwidth of 2G
is 25 MHz.
The parameters
are TDMA and
CDMA.
2. Wireless Fidelity The data
transmission rate
of WiFi is 54
Mbit/sec (Tsonev
et al. 2014).
The bandwidth of
wireless fidelity is 5
GHz.
The parameters
are OFDMA and
CDMA (See
Appendix B).
3. Bluetooth The data
transmission rate
The bandwidth of
Bluetooth is 2.4 GHz.
The parameters
are MIMO and

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of Bluetooth is 24
Mbit/sec.
OFDMA.
4. 3rd Generation or 3G The data
transmission rate
of 3G is 3.1 Mbps.
The bandwidth of 3G
is 25 MHz.
The parameter is
CDMA.
5. 4th Generation or 4G The data
transmission rate
of 4G is 100
Mbps.
The bandwidth of 4G
is 100 MHz.
The parameter is
CDMA.
6. LTE or Long Term
Evolution
The data
transmission rate
of the long term
evolution or LTE
is 300 Mbit/sec.
The bandwidth of
long term evolution is
20 MHz (Lu, Li and
Guizani 2014).
The parameter is
CDMA.
Table 2: Comparison between Different Technologies with the Enabling Technologies
Conclusion
Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that there are various
important and significant examples of the data transmission channels like copper wires,
storage media, computer bases, optical fibres and many others. These types of data are then
represented as the electromagnetic signal like radio wave, microwave, infrared signal and
electrical voltage. The analog transmission is the specific methodology to convey information
of voice, image, data, video and signal with the help of continuous signal that varies in phase,
amplitude and any other property in respect to variables. These messages could either be
represented by the pulse sequence with line code or with the limited set of continuous

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variation of wave forms. The above report has clearly demonstrated the evolution of mobile
communications from 2G to LTE.

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References
Antes, J., Koenig, S., Lopez-Diaz, D., Boes, F., Tessmann, A., Henneberger, R., Ambacher,
O., Zwick, T. and Kallfass, I., 2013, June. Transmission of an 8-PSK modulated 30 Gbit/s
signal using an MMIC-based 240 GHz wireless link. In Microwave Symposium Digest (IMS),
2013 IEEE MTT-S International (pp. 1-3). IEEE.
Boes, F., Messinger, T., Antes, J., Meier, D., Tessmann, A., Inam, A. and Kallfass, I., 2014,
September. Ultra-broadband MMIC-based wireless link at 240 GHz enabled by 64GS/s
DAC. In Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz), 2014 39th International
Conference on (pp. 1-2). IEEE.
Hong, Y.W.P., Lan, P.C. and Kuo, C.C.J., 2013. Enhancing physical-layer secrecy in
multiantenna wireless systems: An overview of signal processing approaches. IEEE Signal
Processing Magazine, 30(5), pp.29-40.
Koenig, S., Lopez-Diaz, D., Antes, J., Boes, F., Henneberger, R., Leuther, A., Tessmann, A.,
Schmogrow, R., Hillerkuss, D., Palmer, R. and Zwick, T., 2013. Wireless sub-THz
communication system with high data rate. Nature Photonics, 7(12), p.977.
Lu, H., Li, J. and Guizani, M., 2014. Secure and efficient data transmission for cluster-based
wireless sensor networks. IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems, 25(3),
pp.750-761.
Oshima, N., Hashimoto, K., Horikawa, D., Suzuki, S. and Asada, M., 2016, May. Wireless
data transmission of 30 Gbps at a 500-GHz range using resonant-tunneling-diode terahertz
oscillator. In 2016 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
Tsonev, D., Chun, H., Rajbhandari, S., McKendry, J.J., Videv, S., Gu, E., Haji, M., Watson,
S., Kelly, A.E., Faulkner, G. and Dawson, M.D., 2014. A 3-Gb/s single-LED OFDM-based

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wireless VLC link using a gallium nitride μLED. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 26(7), pp.637-
640.
Zhang, J., Yu, J., Chi, N., Dong, Z., Li, X. and Chang, G.K., 2013. Multichannel 120-Gb/s
data transmission over 2× 2 MIMO fiber-wireless link at W-band. IEEE Photon. Technol.
Lett, 25(8), pp.780-783.

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Appendix
Appendix A
i) Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA): It is the proper division of frequency band
that is allocated for the wireless cellular telephone communication to 30 channels, each with
carrying voice conversations or digital data.
ii) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): This technology is utilized in the digitalized
cellular telephone communication, which divides every cellular channel to three distinct time
slots for increasing the data amount to be carried.
iii) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): Code division multiple access is utilized as
the respective access method in several phone standards. The codes are sub divided with this
particular technology.
iv) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA): The orthogonal frequency
division multiple access is the modulation format, which is utilized for the several
telecommunications and wireless standards.
Appendix B
List of Acronyms
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output
LTE: Long Term Evolution