MOBILE COMPUTING AND ITS TYPES

Through this piece of writing, you will get to know about "Mobile Computing" and the types of mobile computing. computing is an important feature of the gadgets coming these days. There are types of computing described in this piece of writing like pervasive computing, ubiquitous computing, and nomadic computing. Further in this piece of writing the author has described the difference between these. And concepts such as wireless sensor networks, ad-hoc mobile networks, vehicular networks, embedded systems, and the internet of things have also been discussed by the author.

MOBILE COMPUTING
CST 334-2
Assignment 01
W.D.E.D.Weliwaththa
UWU/CST/18/051
Department of Computer Science and Informatics
UvaWellassa University

1) Pervasive Computing
Pervasive is defined as "diffused throughout every area." When computers are
everywhere, within everything, and within you, this is referred to as pervasive computing. Smart
refrigerators, blood pressure monitors, and sugar level sensors are examples of IoT-enabled
devices. The IT encyclopedia PCMag.com describes ubiquitous computing as "daily
usage of computers, including PDAs, cellphones, and other mobile gadgets. It also
refers to computers found in everyday items such as vehicles and appliances,
implying that people are ignorant of their presence."
Ubiquitous Computing
In the field of Computing, Ubiquitous computing ("ubicomp" or sometimes "ubiqcomp") is a
concept in software engineering and computer science where computing is made to appear anytime
and everywhere. Ubiquitous computing integrates computation into the environment by building
a global computing environment rather than having computers that are distinct objects so
that users can seamlessly and invisibly access the provided computing resources. So,
this concept simply can be defined as, Wherever you go, there is a computer you
can use. Example internet cafe, mainframe terminals
Pervasive Computing Vs. Ubiquitous Computing
Both seem like somewhat similar concepts. Ubiquitous computing would be everywhere, and
pervasive computing would be in all parts of your life, while Ubiquitous computing can occur
using any device, in any location, and in any format. Pervasive computing involves devices like
handhelds, small, easy-to-use devices through which we'll be able to get information on anything
and everything. That's the sort of thing that Web-enabled cell phones promise.

2)Nomadic Computing Vs. Internet of Things (IoT)
The term "internet of things" refers to something connected to a more extensive system or simply
to the internet, allowing us to use its services anywhere. It isn't necessarily necessary for it to be
a smartphone. It may be anything from a refrigerator with an intelligent food quality detector to a
whale's GPS collar to a smartwatch with a heart rate monitor.
Sensors such as thermometers, accelerometers, microphones, infrared cameras, gyroscopes, and
others are used by IoT devices to collect data from their surroundings. As a result, they collect
data and analyze it locally or transfer it to a server for analysis before making judgments or
displaying the results to the users.
IoT can connect to a network via an IP address and communicate with other devices on that
network. IoT essentially transforms our lives without the need for human or other computer
intervention. Simple tools are becoming more innovative, making our interactions more
manageable and efficient.
The term "nomadic computing" refers to mobile computing equipment to connect to a network or
the internet. To utilize some services or data from a server computer or any form of stored data
over the internet when traveling in either direction.
As a result, the Internet of Things can be considered a form of nomadic computing. However,
there are some distinctions in how they operate. IoT devices, for example, most of the time
connect and communicate with networks and other associated devices without the need for
human intervention, and they also don't require human instruction or guidance to gather and
analyze data from sensors. At the same time, nomadic computing is a more general term. For
example, if someone uses Gmail or Google Search while commuting to work by train, that is
nomadic computing because he is continually moving and using services from a remote server
located in another nation.

3)Wireless Sensor Networks vs Embedded Systems
Embedded systems are similar to our standard personal computers, except they are usually
tailored for a specific mission. So, they are one of the most widely used computing devices. The
majority of microprocessors produced are employed in embedded systems. An embedded system
can be as little as a vehicle's fuel gauge or as large as a space shuttle's central control unit.
It comes with a pre-programmed set of instructions called firmware that allows it to complete the
task. Because embedded systems are usually a tiny portion of a more extensive system or
network, they are low resource consuming and quick.
Modern automobiles, for example, contain numerous embedded systems that perform a variety
of activities. For air conditioning, a sensor should constantly measure the temperature inside the
car and change the temperature accordingly to maintain a constant temperature inside the
vehicle. If the car is an automatic gear car, it should have an automatic gear shifting mechanism
to monitor the car's speed, the elevation of the road, and other factors that affect to take into
account and shift the gears accordingly.
There are specific differences with a wireless sensor network, in any case. The sensors are far
from the user, which is the first notable change. The network's central computational unit, the
base station, is separate from the sensor cluster. This base station is undoubtedly an embedded
system or a more extensive system comprised of smaller embedded devices. For example, a
wireless land slide detection sensor network can be set up in hilly terrain, with sensors placed
near the suspected land slide and the base unit in a safe location distant from the landslide.
As a result, the base unit will collect data, process it, and send it over the internet to scientists in
different parts of the country who would study it. As a result, a single wireless sensor network
can contain multiple embedded systems in each component. In other words, embedded systems
serve as the foundation for virtually all different types of computer networks.

4) (Mobile)Ad-Hoc Networks vs Vehicular Networks
A mobile ad hoc network, also known as a self-configuring network, is a collection of
mobile devices that they directly connected to one another. Each network node serves as a
sender, receiver, and router. Also, an ad hoc network is decentralized, which means there is no
central node or hub, and no other device or third party is required for setting. This technology is
employed in a variety of applications, including drone art. A mobile ad-hoc network comprises
portable devices such as computers, smartphones, and sensors that connect over wireless links.
These devices operate together to provide essential network operations in a distributed way,
despite the nonappearance of rigid organization. Google also employs a similar technique to
calculate traffic in a particular area based on the GPS positions of users' mobile phones.
Vehicular networks, also called vehicular ad hoc networks are interconnected networks of
vehicles, particularly cars and other motor vehicles. As a result, automotive ad hoc networks are
considered a subset of mobile ad hoc networks. Because each vehicle serves as an ad hoc
network node, these networks are incredibly beneficial for managing traffic on congested roads
because all of the cars in that area are connected, which means that all vehicles in that area are
aware of each other's locations and speeds. If they have pinned the destination on the map, they
can calculate traffic, analyze the distance to the goal, and reroute the current path. Because they
can share speed and acceleration information across the network, this is often used in military
vehicles while platooning and constructing vehicle formations. Vehicular networks may share
vehicle position and velocity information to enable safety applications. In such networks, the
number of nodes in the one-hop communication range might be rather considerable, resulting in
congestion and undesired levels of packet collisions.
References

References
[1] https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-similarities-and-differences-between-
ubiquitous-and-pervasive-computing
[2] https://www.uia.no/studieplaner/topic/IKT435-G
[3] https://www.oracle.com/internet-of-things/what-is-iot/
[4] https://www.techopedia.com/definition/15470/nomadic-computing
[5] https://www.fracttal.com/en/blog/the-9-most-important-applications-of-the-internet-
of-things
[6] https://www.isi.edu/~johnh/PAPERS/Heidemann04a.pdf
[7] https://www.intechopen.com/books/wireless-sensor-networks-technology-and-
protocols/overview-of-wireless-sensor-network
[8] https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-mobile-ad-hoc-network-manet/