Development of Mobile Network to 4G

This study analyzes the technological and evolutionary development of a mobile network into 4th generation. It covers the requirements, techniques, and advantages of 4G, as well as its evolutionary development in mobile networking.

Running head: DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
An Analysis of the Technological & Evolutionary Development of a Mobile Network
into a 4th Generation
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

1DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
Abstract
The internet is considered as the network of large-scale group of connected devices across the
world that can send out data utilizing packet switching technique based on TCP/IP stack. On the
other hand, continuous development in communication technologies as well as infrastructure by
the means of improving functionalities of wireless protocols, the internet has achieved a huge
success as well as popularity. The developing and accelerating improvement in the patterns of
communication and demands for spare capacity and connectivity, internet is used in every aspect
frequently and made modifications. The demands supporting the internet have been an
improbable progress in wireless as well as mobile technologies. There are countless
enhancements observed in mobile as well as wireless technologies and it is rising for the user-
driven services. In this aspect, is required to involve ourselves to be acquainted with proper
communication technologies where tools and trends have an important role. Present study deals
with an analysis of the technological and evolutional development of a mobile network into 4th
generation.

2DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
Table of Contents
Introduction..........................................................................................................................3
Overview of revolution........................................................................................................4
Technological Requirements:..............................................................................................5
1. Data speed........................................................................................................................5
2. Enhanced Modulation......................................................................................................6
3. The flexibility of multimedia communication.................................................................6
4. Compatibility concerns....................................................................................................6
5. Capital for the initial phase..............................................................................................6
Techniques used in 4th Generation:....................................................................................7
1. The positioning technology.............................................................................................7
2. The switching Technology..............................................................................................8
3. Radio Technology............................................................................................................8
4. Smart Antenna.................................................................................................................8
5. OFDM:.............................................................................................................................9
VoLTE.................................................................................................................................9
WiMAX.............................................................................................................................11
Advantages of 4G..............................................................................................................12
Evolutionary Development of 4th generation in mobile networking................................13
1st generation:....................................................................................................................14

3DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
2nd generation:..................................................................................................................15
3rd Generation:..................................................................................................................15
4th Generation:..................................................................................................................16
Future & Concerns.............................................................................................................18
Conclusion.........................................................................................................................20
References..........................................................................................................................22

4DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
Introduction
The innovation of telephones in the early late nineteenth century was one of the most
notable and remarkable leaps forward toward a more advanced technological age. The reasons
where endless because of which the invention hold such a great position among the scientific
community. Gradually, as time passed more and more user-friendly and cost-effective methods
surfaced throughout the world. From those very short distance telephonic conversation to set up
towers for long distance wired calls, from low-speed wireless technology to ultra-high-speed
VoLTE (Voice over long-term evolution), the telecom industry has seen very short and impactful
changes to its overall network setup. Mobile communication is considered as significant
technology where cell phone has become the most general tool regarding communication over
current years. Present study deals with an analysis of the technological and evolutional
development of a mobile network into 4th generation.
Overview of revolution
There was a time in the network of the 3G that it could have gone only to a maximum
speed of 13 Mbps, but those time and data speed are long gone as 4G technology with the used
of LTE can give its users a speed of up to 100 Mbps along with crystal clear and very efficient
voice transfer through VoLTE (Weaver et al. 2017). The use of spectrum allocation and
frequency modulation has increased to a great length for effective transmission of the channel of
the different network. The cost aspect of 4G also needs to be discussed as the transition from the
3rd generation of data network have happened very gradually and so the charges are evenly
distributed. The operator does not have to change the whole system of transmission because a
major part of the 4th generation technology has been derived from 3G.

5DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
Figure 1: revolution to 4G
(Source: Li et al. 2014, p.77)
The roaming capability along with the effective use of an open interface are also among
the most noted features of the 4th generation mobile network in Germany. The software radio
technology of the 4G is also a very important technique that helps in diminishing any network
fading. There should also be a proper analysis done on the Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) which help in multiple signal modulations in 4G and smart antennae,
which plays a key role in digital beam control and also automated signal tracking (Luo et al.
2015). The later sections of the report will discuss the various technologies as well as the
challenges that were faced while dividing a 4th generation network throughout Germany.
Technological Requirements:
Bar, Weber and Pisani (2016) stated that although the 4th generation mobile networks
surpass its predecessor in many aspects without adding to much capital issue for its network to
be updated from the third generation, there are still many other technical challenges and
requirement that needs to be taken care of. The list of wireless air interface protocols follows the
most important and familiar standards in the exercise across the globe. These are structured

6DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
through generations of development as well as consist of several derivations and the terms will
try to be analyzed about these requirements that were needed for 4th generation mobile
networks.
1. Data speed
The whole reason for improving the networks from 3G to 4G was to give better
wireless data speed to its users. There have to be efforts made to make utilize OFMDA
technology to boost up high-speed data in these networks. Optical fiber technology is another
major advancement and reason for the success of 4th generation mobile network in Germany
which has enabled the network speed to a maximum of 100 Mbps (Wang et al. 2014). This is
more than 50 times the data transfer speed of 3rd generation mobile network in Germany.
Overtaken the analog communication by a long road with the major advancements in VLSI
production which has increased, its strong ability of anti-interference through the rapid
development of digital circuit. There is a need in the success of 4th generation networks to focus
above the usual phase modulation, amplitude modulation and FM modulation to make it a more
digital structure.
2. Enhanced Modulation
The spectrum should be utilized more to exceed the transmission rate so that it could
provide a transfer speed of 100Mbps (Roh et al. 2014). There have been many studies that have
proven that the 4th generation of mobile network will require 100MHz of the spectrum which is
actually 20 times than the 3rd generation network which must be complemented by a
transmitting power of around 10 to beyond 100 times.

7DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
3. The flexibility of multimedia communication
It has to be kept in mind that the 4th generation networks in Germany do require a
more interactive and intelligent technology for proper resource distribution and for efficiently
controlling the size of data flow, the use of intelligent signal processing has to be used. The 4th
generation has to be more flexible at the same time can also control all different aspect of its
complex network.
4. Compatibility concerns
There is only 3 large communication standard in the telecom industry, CDMA, TDMA,
GSM which are to be made for the 4th generation mobile network of Germany (Silverston 2017).
There is also a need to address various concerns of the mobile networks such as its global
roaming capability, its effective utilization of open interface so that internetwork communication
could be established without any network lag. There should be efforts made for its smooth
transition over other generation mobile networks.
5. Capital for the initial phase
As it has been earlier stated that there is no compatibility issue with the 3G network and
its update that might be needed. As it is effortless to actually deploy the 4G network over
existing 3G network in Germany. It has also been analyzed that operator for saving any operating
cost can ensure changes in the 3G network at a gradual pace. Also, Space-division multiple
division should be adopted which uses radio waves for transmission.
Techniques used in 4th Generation:
There are only two paramount objectives of the 4th generation mobile network in
Germany, it has to improve and provide global coverage through its mobile data so that there is

8DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
less concern for data connectivity and then to provide high quality and seamless data
connectivity (Peng et al. 2015). There are a few areas that have to be improved in order to
improve the above-stated objectives. Spectrum has to be improved along with dynamically
allocated bandwidth, higher quality of service, signal modulation should be done to ensure high
performance. These demands are met by the 4th generation networks through the intelligent and
dynamic allocation of spectrum, which is done through radio technology, improved positioning
technology of physical location, adaptive wireless technology etc. The list of essential
technologies that are utilized in 4th generation mobile networks are:
1. The positioning technology
It specifically deals with the terminal location of mobiles and its various method of
calculation. Its use can be seen in dividing the mobile network into three major categories, first
being it positioning of the mobile, its actual location and its mix position (Stegle et al. 2015). It is
therefore very necessary to have the knowledge of the different terminal and its different
positioning to efficiently these to give more high-quality data network.
2. The switching Technology
It simply means the switching of the mobile data network from high frequency or data
signal to low-frequency channels. This is done to improve the quality of the network and
uninterrupted signal so that users are not interrupted. Mobile switching centers (MSC) are used
to switch these frequencies of the signal to another MSC. There are many effective algorithms
that are developed by the network operator so that MSC can transfer signals to other MSC
without any signal lag. This technology is divided into soft and hard switching, switching
between systems and switching between frequency depending upon the condition and of the
respective mobile communication.

9DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
3. Radio Technology
There should be proper arrangement for more than one mode of operation i.e it should
be a multimode operation, should be able to recognize pattern through automation. Today's
software Radio Technology is very advanced as compared to its earlier models. It is one of the
military grade communication product (Klein et al. 2015). This software uses many other
features along with their design along with their standard software and s single modular
hardware which helps in the loading of software so that there could be many kinds of radio
communication in the software.
4. Smart Antenna
It is a culmination of automated tracking, beam control through a digital medium, signal
interference and many other useful functions in the mobile network. It was initially tested as Yu
radar and in military communication devices, and sonar. However, in recent years in Germany,
the smart antenna has been implemented and utilized in the improvement of 4th generation
mobile networks (Al-Fuqaha et al. 2015). These antennas can greatly enhance the wireless
performance, along with its system capability through proper spectrum utilization, and can also
help in dealing with the fading of interference signals.
5. OFDM:
During any high-speed transfer of data, there is a more serious chance of network fading
as having been previously observed in the 3rd generation network. The use of Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) can help in reducing this fading of the signal in the
network. It is actually a multi-carrier technique of digital modulation which is been effective in
balancing two channel without any fading or interference. This lets each individual channel use
very narrow transmission in a band, the original bandwidth of the channel is more than the signal

10DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
bandwidth, thus reducing any chance of interference (Ratasuk et al. 2015). Thus, there are certain
technical aspect of the 4th generation mobile network installation for which the above technical
side has to be properly understood in order to understand the reason as to why the 4th generation
has much more sophisticated network design and yet most of it could be properly utilized by
gradually making effective changes in the 3G technology.
VoLTE
The use of LTE (long-term evolution) in the 4th generation mobile network is always
synonymous with the success of the 4th generation mobile network. As there is a constant
development in the ICT (Information and Communications Technology), the use of LTE has
been broadened a lot for the real world application. This 4th generation VoLTE has already taken
a long step ahead in providing more efficient and more powerful performance to its user. It has
done many well appreciated and significant development in high-speed data while also giving
very superior and enriching voice quality (Dodds et al. 2015). This LTE is the reason for the 4th
generation mobile network in Germany to get a 100 Mbps data speed. Apart from the common
HSPA/WCDMA or UMTS, many different types of bandwidth is supported by VoLTE which is
also the main reason for its compatibility with different radio network of mobile.

11DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
Figure 2: 1G to 4G
(Source: Lamberton and Stephen 2016, p.170)
The cheap cost of the use of this technology is also one of the reasons why the major
telecom operator has already done away with 3G network and has given 4G services in
Germany. The effectiveness of 4G network can be understood from the fact that it has already
been rolled in over 50 countries of the world through utilizing VoLTE. Among these are also the
most powerful nation such as the USA, Japan, Russia as well as developing countries such as
Tanzania, Kyrgyzstan, and Angola (Jin et al. 2014). The evolution in 4G through LTE can also
be seen as a major achievement in online entertainment section especially considering the fact
that IoT (Internet of Things) and smart homes are already becoming a reality in Germany and
proper integration of LTE through network can also make them more cost-effective and can
connect with more and more user. LTE has also major advantages over its predecessor i.e
WiMAX, while the initial WiMAX initially evolved through the concept of Wi-Fi because of its
range and but was quickly evolved as broadband internet specifics. There was also many

12DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
important and underlying feature of the LTE that has been essentially derived from WiMAX like
the range and simultaneous digital data transfer. High frequency bandwidth is also a common
similarity among the two most interrelated 4G technology.
WiMAX
The WiMAX was among the first technology to recognize itself as 4G in 2006, which
was announced by Sprint. WiMAX cannot be considered a telecom innovation because of the
fact that it is not actually a successor of the 3G technology, rather it evolved through Wi-Fi.
There are other features of WiMAX that are common with LTE, like the use of OFDM to work
on multiple transmission through one radio band (Checko et al. 2015). In the initial years of its
evolution, WiMAX was considered as a way for improving home broadband network because of
its scope of long-range data transfer which was limited to a very small area in Wi-Fi. Even today,
many eastern countries WiMAX as a broadband service by ISPs through its use of the wireless
network.
In its initial years, WiMAX was able to give a speed of twice of what traditional 3G
network use to give in most of the European country. WiMAX saw immense success in countries
like Pakistan, Mongolia, and Russia but failed in the USA not because of its performance but
because of some partnership glitch that happened between the firms. This was also the result of
innovative and high performance based technology of LTE which as soon as hit the market was
an instant success and the real beginning of the 4th generation mobile network. WiMAX that was
deployed by the sprint was able to provide a speed of 30 to 40 Mbps (Fatica and Bozzoni 2014).
These speeds of WiMAX were on paper and n its initial years in Germany, the real speed was
nowhere close to what was claimed. The decrease in speed was because of the inbuilt hardware
which on later years and more research was made a lot better. Even in many test results of many

13DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
speed test company, it was found that in the initial years of 2010, the speed of LTE was 3 times
more than that of WiMAX.
It was able to support a high-frequency bandwidth of 2.6 GHz but still has a lot of issues
on the penetration of the wall despite supporting many users (Rost et al. 2016). It is seen that
while WiMAX was better than the speed and bandwidth of the traditional 3G mobile network, it
lagged far behind the LTE in almost all respect, be it the bandwidth, using Voice over
technology and range of a network. It was these reason and another constraint that was
responsible that WiMAX was not thought as a technology that might have much scope in the
future technology despite being an efficient and cost-effective technology.
Advantages of 4G
All of the major technological development in telecom has been done so that the users
can high-speed data at a much cheaper rate and interference can be reduced so that voice clarity
and signal clarity could be maintained. This has been made possible because of the use of
OFDMA in 4G. It generates orthogonal subcarriers from the network to serial to parallel
converter. This is facilitated by an IFFT and an FFT chip at a transmitter and a receiver end.
OFDMA also uses air interface as a resource, which is very helpful in the emission of signal
fading in the network. This is also helpful in assigning an individual using all the available
subcarriers. This is also helpful in maintaining an optimum speed throughout the usage (Boccardi
et al. 2016). The OFDMA also helps in bringing down the cost of equipment by eliminating the
use of frequency equalizer at the end of the receiver. It happens due to the CP (Cyclic Prefixing).
The OFDMA help the 4G network to be adaptable for multiple usages like cellular deployment
for multi-user which also helps in its effective transmission of data. 4G through the use of
OFDMA also allows coverage for even single frequency, thus making it more adaptable. The

14DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
latency of 4G is very it has a very simple architecture protocol. While a WiMAX 3G network,
which was marketed as an initial 4G network, has only the maximum limit of reaching 70 Mbps,
the LTE of the 4G network can easily reach 100 Mbps od download speed and can easily reach
an upload speed of 50 Mbps. It should also be stated that 4G follows an end-to-end IP, so there is
some real upper hand of 4G over 3G. The handoff by the networks in the 4G is also quite quick
and smooth (Silva et al. 2015). On the security front, its heterogeneity makes security issues
more complex.
Gawer (2014) mentioned that the advantages of 4th generation mobile network
advantage, there are also any other benefit as compared to its predecessor. Better handling of
data and a whopping 50 Mbps upload speed is what is needed for our tech-savvy generation of
ours. Because of SDR, now working with different networks of broadband can be very swift.
Because of its usage of asymmetric encryption, now the data protection concern of user can be
laid to rest as asymmetric encryption provides much more advantage over the normal
symmetrical encryption that is used by other network technology. Apart from the stated two 4G
network, there are also many varieties of data transfer mechanism around the world that uses
different by efficient technology for data transfer through 4G.
Evolutionary Development of 4th generation in mobile networking
In mobile networking industry, evolution has been happening by leaps and bounds.
Starting from 1st generation to the 4th generation and continuing further (Rost et al. 2014). Each
generation denotes a standard. The time to get accustomed to 3g when the telecom industry
intimated us to be ready for a much faster version of mobile communication i.e 4g come along in
Germany.

15DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
Initially, in Germany, 4G received a lukewarm response but then gained ground.
Compared to the speed in 3G, 4G’s speed is way high. In the real world usage, 4g is almost 10
times faster than compared to 3g. The 4g speed that is available is almost 100 Mbps compared to
around 30 Mbps in 4g (Al-Dulaimi et al. 2015). The urban areas are the most profitable areas as
the population concentration is high and more and more people will use it. But according to
regulations, the 4G network has to be first set up in villages and then move on to town and later
cities. So now what extra is being offered by the 4G. The mobile Operators in now stating that
high-speed web surfing, no buffering, using Skype (Internet-based video chatting) will be the
special features. Leaving behind 3g and moving on to 4g also means that now in Germany there
will be a shift from traditional telephony (Heath et al. 2016). The evolved technology offered by
4g makes it an advanced form of 3g. The evolved technology will allow Internet-based telephony
to people talking both in high-speed trains and slow speed trains i.e 60 kilometers per hour to
almost 250 kilometers per hour.
Apart from that, another important factor is latency which is essential for computer
games, will be enhanced by 4g. To do this, 4g uses smart antenna technology which is also called
as MIMO (Multiple Input - Multiple Output). Thus, it will enable high bandwidth data will be
transmitted effectively (Yang et al. 2015). It is observed that mobile communication technology
has evolved at a great pace since the launch of the 1st generation in Japan during 1979 by NTT,
then onto 2g, after some years came 3g, and lastly 4g, now it is moving onto 5g in the future.
1st generation:
In this mobile communication technology, analog or voice-based technology. The
drawback of this technology was it was bulky as well as exposure is not to be relied upon, but
during the 1980s it helped to ease mobile communication to a large extent.

16DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
2nd generation:
It came into existence around the 1990s, mainly by using GSM standard. On the one
hand, where 1g was analog, 2g was digital. They could be used worldwide. Merits over the
earlier generation were a vast improvement in voice quality (since analog contains much more
distractions as compared to digital). Thus this resulted in an explosion of usage of 2g mobiles. It
also enabled text messaging also known as SMS, which became the preferred norm of
communication of the generation at that time (Ozcan 2014). Additional benefits included longer
battery power, environment-friendly, privacy improves as digital information is encoded and
sent. One of the limitations was strong signal was required for digital communication.
3rd Generation:
As 2g technology led more and more people to use mobile to access the net, the demand
for better technology arose, where people could access at higher speeds, better connectivity, etc.
At this time 3g technology made a grand entrance (Yang et al. 2015). The main difference
between 2g and 3g was the way in which data was transferred. The driving force behind the
advancement of the switch to 3g. In 2g the data is transmitted using circuit switching whereas in
3g packet switching was used. In circuit switching data/voice is sent out in time slots that are
ordered, but in packet switching the time slots are unordered. This transmission of data led to a
huge change in the way people viewed visual content. Radio, as well as television content, began
to be available in 3g handsets.

17DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
Figure 3: Revolution to 4G
(Source: Boccardi et al. 2014, p.76)
During the 2000s, further evolution resulted in HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet
Access) which led to higher data speeds. Then came HSPA+ which improved the data further.
Thus, the 3G technology could be used in every possible way e-mail, paging, surfing the web,
video-conferencing, etc. It also provides flexibility to routers and speed capability of 2Mbps and
above.
4th Generation:
Again the demand for better access, higher speed capability gained ground with an
increase in the number of users. This technology is also known as advanced 3g due to it being
the higher version as it provides more bandwidth as well as services. Technological variation
between 4g and 3g was, it no longer uses the circuit switching to transmit data which was the

18DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
USP of 3g technology. It used only an IP network throughout and thus ended traditional
telephony. This 4g technology is so advanced that the highest possible speed reached by it is
100Mbit/s. WiMAX Standard and LTE standard, the available technologies in 4g (Wunder et al.
2014). Mobile communication technologies used radio access technology, so basically, the task
of this radio technology is a division of the radio frequency spectrum efficiently among the
various users. The following radio technologies are generally used.
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access):
It is a multiplexing technique where the division of channels is not done by FDMA
(Frequency Division Multiple Access) or TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) but it is done
by encoding information by using channel specific codes (Whitehead and Seaton 2016). This
technology allows any users together to share the frequency/bandwidth. In order to make this
happen without any disturbance the CDMA uses spread spectrum technology (Wei et al. 2014).
Hence, it finds its application in a variety of communication technology like GPS (Global
Positioning System) and any others.
WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access):
It is a kind of technology that accesses wideband radio. It uses a direct sequence CDMA
which helps to provide higher speed as well as higher capacity (Moignard et al. 2015). Japan’s
NTT Docomo has developed it. Its advantage is that it provides high network speed as well as
cheap in comparison to 2g. In 3g technology it is one of the most preferred one.
OFDMA (Orthogonal Division Multiple Access):
In this, groups of small frequency bands are taken, that are orthogonal to each other. This
division is done to separate the users. So each individual user is given unique sub-bands. Often

19DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
to enhance performance TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) is applied to this multiplexing.
Advantages are short delay, diversity in frequency, etc.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication):
The most preferred standard worldwide for mobile communication is GSM. It is different
from its predecessors as it is digital (Panwar et al. 2016). Merits of GSM are good quality voice
channels which are digitized as well as reduction in price of calls to an amount similar to SMS,
thus leading in an increase in usage of GSM. It also helps that this facility allow the users to
roam worldwide without any thought.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service):
It provides a fair amount of data transferring speed, by making use of TDMA channels
that are not occupied present in GSM network. It provides amicable billing system, higher
capacity channel, lastly a reduction in time required for call setup. Advantages of GPRS is that it
utilizes networks as well as resources effectively, access time is very fast. Apart from all this it is
very cost effective (Zhang et al. 2015). Thus, the above radio access technology helps the mobile
communication technology to improve performance, higher speed capacity, to be cost-effective,
and continuously makes it better
Future & Concerns
As the need for more data and more high speed are arising, customers and ISP in
Germany are already looking beyond 4G into more advanced future of 5G. 4G is just a next step
in telecom sector and not an end to an ever increasing internet user (Agiwal, Roy and Saxena
2016). The fact that 4G does provide its users a better network and speed through its use of IP
(Internet Protocol) based multimedia service might make many user satisfied, but those who are

20DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
more interested in how this technology can be more refined will have to wait for the introduction
of 5G services and its practical usage in Germany. There are many concerns as well as
expectation from the 4G network as to how it could made a more affordable and user friendly
technology. The financial aspect of creating a 4G network is well known as how it can and does
demand a lot of capital in the initial phase, so efforts have to be made so that it could be more
affordable and approachable to the lower end telecom companies (Alavi et al. 2016). There is
also a concern that despite 4G technology allowing its user to use Voice over through IP, high
quality of broadband type data access through our smart devices, still all these systems are not
well integrated and does not complement each other in many respect. This has to be dealt with so
that the all these aspect of data network could be unified. 4G mobile network is a unification of
different sorts of technology i.e it is a heterogeneous type of technology, in which many of its
underlying technology like software radio waves, smart antenna are all changing and constantly
being updated (Liu et al. 2015). So, in order to protect 4G from fumbling in the future, it is very
important to integrate all its underlying technology.
There have been large scale studies as to how 4G technology to be more compatible and
suiting for all the future technologies that are coming up. One very important concern for 4G is
its security feature which actually is very fragile (King et al. 2015). As there are many different
and diverse technology are used and integrated to make 4G network, automatically there will be
more scope for any leakage as all the different component have their own set of security
requirement (Nemiroski et al. 2014). It is very difficult even for the experts to devise a one plan
to deal with all the underlying component security threats. It is so a very urgent need to make
arrangement so that security concerns are resolved.

21DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
Many scientific research have already taken place as how 5G can be able to deal with all
the drawbacks and concern of the present mobile network of Germany. The main among these
concern is about the financial burden that has to be faced by the telecom company that has to be
decreased for its sustainability (Blondel et al. 2015). Another very important concern is about its
security which does complicated despite it using asymmetric encryption. The reason for the
security concern of 4th generation network has been there as all its underlying technology are not
properly integrated.
Conclusion
The process of gradual innovation in the telecom sector has taken us a long way from
those disruptive voice call to Voice Over technology, from those SMS era of 2G to MMS era,
from those very high cost data network to very cheap affordable, from those waiting long for
buffering videos to ultra HD content running very smoothly. Times have changed a lot. All the
various aspect of 4th generation of mobile network in Germany. The initial shortcoming have to
be analysed in the report that have been started in the first section of the report. There any
requirement that are needed for the effective execution of the 4G network like its bandwidth, its
upload and download speed and frequency modulation. There are certain heterogeneous
technology that are used to for efficiently use the 4G network. It has also been discussed in
details. It has also to be noted that the success of 4G data network can be very aptly linked with
WiMAX and LTE (long term evolution) because these technology where the main backbone of
the 4G technology. It has been very properly analyzed and started as to why it is true to say LTE
and WiMAX are always and must be spoken in synonymously. The advantages of 4G over its
predecessor and why it had a huge success have any reason. It’s utilization of various underlying

22DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
technology is to be properly understood and various reason have been given for its success in the
recent pass.
This report also contain a detailed analysis of evolutionary development that took place
in the field of mobile and telecom industry. For this, in order to study the development of
telecom sector in phases and this has been done in a very detailed manner in the above report.
The recent development along with the earlier development in mobile technology. CDMA and
GSM have also to be studied as it has been done in this report to know about various kinds of
handset and its underlying technology. They all belong to different standards of mobile
technology and has can be use accordingly.
Despite being the fastest growing medium for mobile data transfer, there are any concern
that are there with regard to 4G technology. The security aspect is one of them. Because 4G uses
a wide variety of what it can be called a heterogeneous technology, each underlying technology
that is use by the 4G has its own set of security concern, so it becomes paramount that all these
security issues should be integrated to be solved at one. This is the biggest security challenge that
is facing the 4G technology. Also, because network evolution in Germany, 5G is well around to
be implemented and is already seen as the next step in mobile network technology. It will try to
capitalize and improves the features that are already offered by the 4th generation mobile
networks.

23DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE NETWORK TO 4G
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