Modeling and Simulation: Introduction, Methodology, Analysis, and Conclusions

This document provides an overview of modeling and simulation in engineering. It covers the objectives, methodology, analysis, and conclusions of using simulation to predict system behavior and optimize performance. The document includes step-by-step calculations, meshing techniques, and screenshots of results. It also discusses errors and convergence studies, as well as the importance of accurate and reliable subject-specific finite element models.

Modeling and simulation
Student name
Institution

Contents
1.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Simulation objectives........................................................................................................................4
2.0 Methodology.........................................................................................................................................4
2.1 steps/algorithms of calculations.........................................................................................................4
Calculating cross section area..............................................................................................................7
Defining the loads..............................................................................................................................12
2.2 Description of mesh.........................................................................................................................15
Step 1- setting the element type.........................................................................................................16
Job creation........................................................................................................................................20
3.0 Analysis, results, evaluations and discussion.......................................................................................21
3.1 plot results in screenshots................................................................................................................21
Discussion and analysis.........................................................................................................................29
Estimation for errors based on a convergence study..............................................................................29
4.0 Conclusions.........................................................................................................................................31
References.................................................................................................................................................32
Figure 1 sketching the truss profile.................................................................................................4
Figure 2 complete section part.........................................................................................................5
Figure 3 defining material of the truss, young’s modulus defined in pascals for unit consistency.6
Figure 4 creating section for the truss profile..................................................................................7
Figure 5 cross section area defined..................................................................................................8
Figure 6 creating instances..............................................................................................................9
Figure 7 creating a loading step.....................................................................................................10
Figure 8 defining the steps.............................................................................................................11
Figure 9 boundary conditions for fixed and rolling displacement.................................................13
Figure 10 task 2 profile modeling..................................................................................................13
Figure 11 material definition.........................................................................................................14
Figure 12 defining boundary conditions........................................................................................14
Figure 13 Beam element with cubic formulation in Abaqus. Uncheck any box that asks for a
modified formulation.....................................................................................................................15
Figure 14 mesh created, the viewport changes colour...................................................................16
Figure 15 total elements generated in the trus...............................................................................16

Figure 16 selection of quasi control mesh.....................................................................................17
Figure 17 seeds creation................................................................................................................18
Figure 18 element description.......................................................................................................18
Figure 19 mesh created..................................................................................................................19
Figure 20 job creation....................................................................................................................19
Figure 21 undeformed model shape..............................................................................................20
Figure 22 undeformed model.........................................................................................................20
Figure 23 deformed shaped-task 2.................................................................................................21
Figure 24 deformed model shape-task 1........................................................................................21
Figure 25 location of maximum and minimum forces, maximum forces in red, and minimum in
blue................................................................................................................................................23
Figure 26 location of displacements..............................................................................................23
Figure 27 xy task 2 plots................................................................................................................24

1.0 Introduction
In simple terms, M&S is a replacement for physical testing, in which computers are used
to calculate the outcomes of certain physical phenomena. Since it is apparent from the name '
Modelling and simulation,' first of all, the computer is used to build a mathematical model which
contains all parameters of the physical model and which represents a physical model in virtual
forms, then the conditions are applied which will be experienced on a physical model.
Instead of using mathematical and computer know-how to fix real-world issues in a
cheap and efficiently time-consuming way, real experimentation can be prevented. Thus, M&S
can help to understand the conduct of a scheme without testing it in the actual globe. For
example, a computer simulation of the car can be used to evaluate the effect of different spoiler
shapes in turn on the coefficient of friction to determine what type of spoiler would improve
traction the most while designing a race car. There could be useful insights into various design
choices without actually constructing the vehicle.
In order to make tomorrow's products a reality, simulation in engineering must become
an instrument for every technician and product throughout the whole life cycle. The possibilities
offered by Industry 4.0 cannot be utilized completely without this evolution. A plea for
simulation to be used. Increasingly more extensive engineering simulation does not only have a
beneficial effect on the development and quality of products but also drives sales development
and offers end consumers increasing advantages. These developments change how Ansys
designs its technical simulation software and how worldwide clients across all sectors utilize
their alternatives.
1.1 Simulation objectives
The fundamental aim of simulation is to highlight the mechanisms underlying a system's
conduct. Simulation can be used more practically to predict (foreseen) a future system conducts
and determine what to do to impact future conduct.
a. performance optimization
b. testing of truss and concrete element functionality
c. to get an overview of performing a simulation job
d. Achieving valid source data on the appropriate choice of important features and
behaviors, the use within the simulation of simplifying approximations and assumptions
and fidelity and validity of the simulation results
2.0 Methodology
2.1 steps/algorithms of calculations

Figure 1 sketching the truss profile
Figure 2 complete section part
The next step is to define the material of truss as provide.
The given young’s modulus is 210Gpa

Figure 3 defining material of the truss, young’s modulus defined in pascals for unit consistency

Figure 4 creating section for the truss profile
Calculating cross section area
Given the cross section is a square of side, then the area will be calculated as follows
Cross section area =b × b
Where b= 300mm
b=1 ×300
1000 meters
b=0.3m
Cross section area =b × b
Cross section area =0.3 ×0.3
Cross section area =0.09 m sq

Figure 5 cross section area defined
The next step was to assign the section created to the truss profile, this was achieved by the
following

Figure 6 creating instances

Figure 7 creating a loading step

Figure 8 defining the steps

Defining the loads
The use of the DLOAD user sub-routine in Abaqus / Standard or the VDLOAD in
Abaqu's / Explicit can be used to define nonuniform distributed loads like uniform body
force in the x-direction. When a reference for amplitude is used with an unspecified load
defined in the VDLOAD user subroutine, each time the analytical increase increases the
actual amplitude function value to the user subroutine. For surface tractions, edge
tractions or rim moments, DLOAD and VDLOAD are not accessible.
The uniformly distributed ground tractions, edge tractions and border moments of
Abaqus / Standard can be described using the UTRACLOAD sub-routine. You can
specify a uniform magnitude by the user UTRACLOAD

Figure 9 boundary conditions for fixed and rolling displacement
Task 2
Figure 10 task 2 profile modeling

Figure 11 material definition
By specifying them at several distinct temperatures, material characteristics are produced
temperature-specific. For example, in order to define a work-hardening curve, stress must be
given as a function of plastic strain equivalent. in some cases, a material property may depend on
variables that are calculated with Abaqus.

Figure 12 defining boundary conditions
a condition that at each stage on the limit of that space, an amount varying in any particular room
or enclosure shall fulfill, especially when the speed of a fluid is necessarily parallel to the wall at
any point on a rigid conduit wall. Similar to border circumstances, relative movements can be
prescribed in connector components. Definition of time-varied border circumstances Defining
the limit circumstances in the subroutines of the user. Dissemination of boundary condition. At
one stage of an Abaqus / Standard assessment, setting degrees of freedom
2.2 Description of mesh
The following procedure was used in meshing the truss part surface.
Since the model is independent, we will therefore mesh the part of the model, and not the
assembly.
The objective side consists of a single face used to end the mesh by Abaqus / CAE. There was a
mistake. Abaqus / CAE takes the two-dimensional mesh to the size of the solid region from the
source side to produce the mesh. Extrude. External. The extrude technique is a specific situation
with a linear route characterized by a direction and distance of the sweeping technique.

Step 1- setting the element type
In the question paper, were asked to Perform a convergence study by increasing the number of
elements along each member of the truss.
You may try to use 2, 4, 8, 16 elements per member, compare and report your observations.
2 elements setting
Figure 13 Beam element with cubic formulation in Abaqus. Uncheck any box that asks for a
modified formulation
Figure 14 mesh created, the viewport changes colour

Figure 15 total elements generated in the trus
Task 2 mesh creation

Figure 16 selection of quasi control mesh

Figure 17 seeds creation
Figure 18 element description

Figure 19 mesh created
Job creation
Task 1
A job was created using the job button in tree menu, as shown below
Figure 20 job creation

3.0 Analysis, results, evaluations and discussion
3.1 plot results in screenshots
Figure 21 undeformed model shape
Figure 22 undeformed model

Figure 23 deformed shaped-task 2
Figure 24 deformed model shape-task 1
(a) Plot of the finite element mesh

(b) Contour plot of displacements
(c) Contour plot of stresses
Task 2 results

Figure 25 location of maximum and minimum forces, maximum forces in red, and minimum in
blue
Figure 26 location of displacements
Part 2

Figure 27 6 node setting
Figure 28 6 node results

Figure 29 six node displacement magnitude
8 node results

Figure 30 8 node settings
Figure 31 8 node stress results

(d) Tabulated displacements and stresses at required locations
Figure 32 xy task 2 plots

Figure 33 part 2 results
Discussion and analysis
In a large-scale analysis the truss elements are used to calculate the updated cross-
sectional area by supposing that it is made of an incompressible material, independent of the
actual definition of the material. This hypothesis only applies to situations with high strains. The
most popular applications of cloths in big strains include metal behavior, or rubber elasticity
where the fabric is efficiently incompressible. Therefore, when the axial strain is not
infinitesimal a linear elastic truss element doesn't have the same strength-displacement reaction
as a linear SPRINGA spring element.
You can change the analysis procedure step by step, so you have excellent flexibility to
conduct analyses. The analysis method is important. Since the model state is updated during all
general analysis steps (stresses, strains, temperatures etc.), the results from the early history
always are included in the answer in every new analysis step. So, for instance, the preload
rigidity is incorporated when natural frequency extraction is done following a non-linear
geometric assessment. In the following overall analyses, linear disturbance steps have no
impact.A shift in the sort of analytical operation is the clearest reason for using several measures
in an assessment.
Estimation for errors based on a convergence study

From the data plots, the following calculations are made
Comparing the two
Error = 8node-4node
= 9.7e2- 8.857e2
Error = 0.85e2
In both Abaqus / Standard and Abaqus / Explicit is accessible a two-node straight
truss component, which is linearly interpolated for position and displacement and has a
permanent pressure. In addition, in Abaqus / Standard, is accessible a 3-node curved truss
component, which employs quadratic position and displacement interpolation, so the
pressure differs linearly along the element.

Abaqus are accessible in standard hybrid variants of stress / displacement trusses,
combined temperature / displacement trusses and piezoelectric trusses
4.0 Conclusions
Truss components do not have an original rigidity to withstand loading
perpendicular to its axis. In Abaqus / Standard, when a stress-free truss line is loaded
perpendicular to its axis, numerical singularities and a absence of convergence may lead.
Following the first iteration in an implicit analytic of large displacements, rigidity
perpendicular to the original line grows, enabling an assessment to solve numerical issues
sometimes (Abaqus, 2019).
These numerical singularities can be overcome if the trust elements first load
along their axis or include original tensil stress. However, you should select the loading
magnitude or the original stress in order to avoid any impact on the final solution.
A convergence study involves different sizes and types of elements within the
mesh of the FE model. The mesh resolution (size and type of components) has an impact
on the evaluation outcomes. The solution of the model converges with the increase of
mesh resolution (i.e., lower elements). More components will not alter the solution after
convergence is achieved. It is important therefore for FE models to have enough elements
and/or the right element type, so that the results of the FEA do not change between
templates and the model converges. Further rises in mesh density will lead to the same
solution at this convergence stage. Once a FE model has been established to converge
To develop the correct model, it is essential to understand how the real system
works and determine the fundamental needs of the model. The creation of a flow chart of
how the system works allows us to understand the variables concerned and the interaction
between these variables.

References
Abaqus. (2019). Abaqus Analysis User's Manual (6.10). Retrieved from
https://www.sharcnet.ca/Software/Abaqus610/Documentation/docs/v6.10/books/
usb/default.htm?startat=pt06ch26s02alm06.html
Modeling and simulation. (2019). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeling_and_simulation
Panagiotopoulou, O., Wilshin, S., Rayfield, E., Shefelbine, S., & Hutchinson, J. (2019).
What makes an accurate and reliable subject-specific finite element model? A
case study of an elephant femur.