Analyzing Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
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This assignment delves into the analysis of the Zachman Framework within the context of enterprise architecture. It examines the framework's strengths and weaknesses, highlighting its significance in aligning business goals with IT systems. The document also explores real-world case studies demonstrating the practical implementation and benefits of the Zachman Framework.
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MODELLING ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES
COURSEWORK 1
STUDENT ID:
STUDENT NAME:
PROFESSOR NAME:
1
COURSEWORK 1
STUDENT ID:
STUDENT NAME:
PROFESSOR NAME:
1
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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
1) Evolution, Motto and Business Benefits of Valentino................................................................2
2) Developing project initiation product........................................................................................10
3) Producing a requirement catalogue...........................................................................................11
4) Using case model of the required system..................................................................................13
5) Producing class model of the required system..........................................................................16
6. Human stakeholder aspect of dating agency with respect to the case study of Valentinos.......17
7) a) The benefits of Zachman framework....................................................................................19
b) Drawing a Zachman’s framework with Valentinos..................................................................20
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................21
Reference List................................................................................................................................22
2
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
1) Evolution, Motto and Business Benefits of Valentino................................................................2
2) Developing project initiation product........................................................................................10
3) Producing a requirement catalogue...........................................................................................11
4) Using case model of the required system..................................................................................13
5) Producing class model of the required system..........................................................................16
6. Human stakeholder aspect of dating agency with respect to the case study of Valentinos.......17
7) a) The benefits of Zachman framework....................................................................................19
b) Drawing a Zachman’s framework with Valentinos..................................................................20
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................21
Reference List................................................................................................................................22
2
Introduction
In order to run a business successfully, it is very important for the marketers to study the
Enterprise Architecture of that domain. Conducting regular enterprise analysis, efficient
designing, effective planning and proper implementation play an essential role in any firm. In
addition, the variation and up gradation in the technology in order to make the application more
users friendly is also very important. The thesis statement of the study is to deliver a clear idea
about the practices of Modelling of an Enterprise Architecture as per to the needs of the end
users. Moreover, it explains how to make it more efficient and useful for them. It will state about
the Enterprise Architecture Modelling of a leading Personal Introduction Agency, ‘Valentino’.
1) Evolution, Motto and Business Benefits of Valentino
Since the origin of humanity, every individual has been experiencing the need of a partner at
some point in his or her life. Some of them have been successful while many others did not have
a favourable result in finding a match for them. Since the last few decades, the trend of
matchmaking by a middle party has come into existence in various parts of the world including
Britain. Valentino has been acting as a successful matchmaker as it follows some of the very
efficient techniques to run its business. It focuses on major practices and analysis techniques like
MOST, SWOT and PESTLE.
Valentinos’ Mission Statement: In 1976, a Personal Introduction Agency named ‘Valentino’
came into existence and has been performing the role of matchmaking successfully since then.
As per to the latest reports, more than eight million men and women are single in the age group
of 18 to 64. Valentino introduces them according to their requirements, personal preferences,
locations and several other factors. Valentino offers a yearly membership of 150 Pounds and
makes the clients interact with each other via, emails, telephones, posts or any other means
preferred by the clients. In addition, Valentino claims to provide the best value for money and
follows the privacy protocols of the clients very strictly.
MOST Analysis: It is a very efficient tool and a highly structured model that aims to deliver a
clear vision about the targets to the workers. It eliminates the communication barriers among
different level of an organisation and aims to make the employees work efficiently, using
feasible and useful tactics to meet the goals set by the organisation As opined by (Ericson 2015,
p.23). Every, big firm including Valentino follows this methodology in order to make the
3
In order to run a business successfully, it is very important for the marketers to study the
Enterprise Architecture of that domain. Conducting regular enterprise analysis, efficient
designing, effective planning and proper implementation play an essential role in any firm. In
addition, the variation and up gradation in the technology in order to make the application more
users friendly is also very important. The thesis statement of the study is to deliver a clear idea
about the practices of Modelling of an Enterprise Architecture as per to the needs of the end
users. Moreover, it explains how to make it more efficient and useful for them. It will state about
the Enterprise Architecture Modelling of a leading Personal Introduction Agency, ‘Valentino’.
1) Evolution, Motto and Business Benefits of Valentino
Since the origin of humanity, every individual has been experiencing the need of a partner at
some point in his or her life. Some of them have been successful while many others did not have
a favourable result in finding a match for them. Since the last few decades, the trend of
matchmaking by a middle party has come into existence in various parts of the world including
Britain. Valentino has been acting as a successful matchmaker as it follows some of the very
efficient techniques to run its business. It focuses on major practices and analysis techniques like
MOST, SWOT and PESTLE.
Valentinos’ Mission Statement: In 1976, a Personal Introduction Agency named ‘Valentino’
came into existence and has been performing the role of matchmaking successfully since then.
As per to the latest reports, more than eight million men and women are single in the age group
of 18 to 64. Valentino introduces them according to their requirements, personal preferences,
locations and several other factors. Valentino offers a yearly membership of 150 Pounds and
makes the clients interact with each other via, emails, telephones, posts or any other means
preferred by the clients. In addition, Valentino claims to provide the best value for money and
follows the privacy protocols of the clients very strictly.
MOST Analysis: It is a very efficient tool and a highly structured model that aims to deliver a
clear vision about the targets to the workers. It eliminates the communication barriers among
different level of an organisation and aims to make the employees work efficiently, using
feasible and useful tactics to meet the goals set by the organisation As opined by (Ericson 2015,
p.23). Every, big firm including Valentino follows this methodology in order to make the
3
intended goal successful. Following are the MOST description details used by Valentino.
Fig 1: MOST Analysis
Source: (Berger, 2013, p.27)
Mission: It means that the actual purpose and objectives of the Organisation need to be
discussed and every team member should have a clear idea about the Mission to be
carried out in coordination with them (Berger, 2013, p.26). It also includes the review of
mission during or even after the execution. The mission of Valentino is to establish a
connection between single people. In addition, it also intends to deliver useful advice to
the beginners about their first date and any other important things. For this purpose,
Valentino has a very well experienced staff.
Fig 2: Mission and Objectives
4
Fig 1: MOST Analysis
Source: (Berger, 2013, p.27)
Mission: It means that the actual purpose and objectives of the Organisation need to be
discussed and every team member should have a clear idea about the Mission to be
carried out in coordination with them (Berger, 2013, p.26). It also includes the review of
mission during or even after the execution. The mission of Valentino is to establish a
connection between single people. In addition, it also intends to deliver useful advice to
the beginners about their first date and any other important things. For this purpose,
Valentino has a very well experienced staff.
Fig 2: Mission and Objectives
4
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Source: Source: (Berger, 2013, p.29)
Objectives: The Objectives are the sub-segments of Mission, which mean the set of
individual goals that need to be met in order to succeed at the organisational level. This
further includes the Planning and Decision making about the objectives. After planning
of a road map, the measures need to be followed to implement them correctly. The
SMART factors that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timely factors
are essential parameters for objectives recognition and implementation (McIvor, 2016,
p.51). Valentino has set its objectives as per to the client's needs. It has a separate
department for data collection, matchmaking, and communication with clients, reviews
check, queries resolution and customer’s feedback.
Strategies: The Strategies segment consists of the analysis of all the possible methods
and options available to achieve the objectives. The study of the pros and cons of those
methods and choosing the right one forms the correct strategy (Grant, 2016, p.64).
Valentino realised that majority of the people were looking for long-term relationship. In
addition, it made maximum use of modern technology along with personal touch. With
the increasing usage of Telephone and Internet, Valentino started operating multiple
phone lines and E-mail registration services. In addition, after realising, the customer’s
privacy concerns, it also implemented strict rules for Data Protection Act.
Tactics: Tactics are the methods required to follow to work on the strategies. This
includes looking for the shortest and most efficient way to do a task without
compromising the work quality (Fliesher and Benssousan, 2016, p.82). The Valentino
assures the best value for the client’s money and has a very easy way for payment. It also
does the verification of clients efficiently within a short period.
Fig 3: Tactics
Source: (Berger, 2013, p.31)
5
Objectives: The Objectives are the sub-segments of Mission, which mean the set of
individual goals that need to be met in order to succeed at the organisational level. This
further includes the Planning and Decision making about the objectives. After planning
of a road map, the measures need to be followed to implement them correctly. The
SMART factors that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timely factors
are essential parameters for objectives recognition and implementation (McIvor, 2016,
p.51). Valentino has set its objectives as per to the client's needs. It has a separate
department for data collection, matchmaking, and communication with clients, reviews
check, queries resolution and customer’s feedback.
Strategies: The Strategies segment consists of the analysis of all the possible methods
and options available to achieve the objectives. The study of the pros and cons of those
methods and choosing the right one forms the correct strategy (Grant, 2016, p.64).
Valentino realised that majority of the people were looking for long-term relationship. In
addition, it made maximum use of modern technology along with personal touch. With
the increasing usage of Telephone and Internet, Valentino started operating multiple
phone lines and E-mail registration services. In addition, after realising, the customer’s
privacy concerns, it also implemented strict rules for Data Protection Act.
Tactics: Tactics are the methods required to follow to work on the strategies. This
includes looking for the shortest and most efficient way to do a task without
compromising the work quality (Fliesher and Benssousan, 2016, p.82). The Valentino
assures the best value for the client’s money and has a very easy way for payment. It also
does the verification of clients efficiently within a short period.
Fig 3: Tactics
Source: (Berger, 2013, p.31)
5
Business Benefits of Valentino: The Valentino has been benefiting a lot from this business and
as a result, it soon expanded to cover the whole of UK. It provides six compatible members for
an individual in nearby areas, which is considered a worthy outcome for 150 Pounds. Due to
strict regulations for Data Protection and privacy, it has successfully gained the trust of its clients
and over 70,000 clients join every year. Hence, Valentino manages to earn a good financial
profit.
Balanced Business Scorecards: It is a strategic and management planning tool used to monitor
and track the progress and reports of a business. Many companies and their management teams
to observe the status of goals and the required improvement in any segment use it (Hoque, 2014,
p.95). I consist of four perspectives that are adequately followed by Valentino to make a note of
the desired outcome and the actual progress.
Fig 4: Balanced Business Scorecards
6
as a result, it soon expanded to cover the whole of UK. It provides six compatible members for
an individual in nearby areas, which is considered a worthy outcome for 150 Pounds. Due to
strict regulations for Data Protection and privacy, it has successfully gained the trust of its clients
and over 70,000 clients join every year. Hence, Valentino manages to earn a good financial
profit.
Balanced Business Scorecards: It is a strategic and management planning tool used to monitor
and track the progress and reports of a business. Many companies and their management teams
to observe the status of goals and the required improvement in any segment use it (Hoque, 2014,
p.95). I consist of four perspectives that are adequately followed by Valentino to make a note of
the desired outcome and the actual progress.
Fig 4: Balanced Business Scorecards
6
Source: (Hoque, 2014, p.99)
Financial Perspective: This is regarding the revenue generated and the increase in
company’s annual profit. This is measured mostly every quarter and Return on Equity or
the ROE is calculated accordingly (Bhattacharya et al. 2014, p.116). The revenue
earnings of Valentino easily go beyond 10 million Euros every year. As a result, the
market share of Valentino is also increasing every year.
Customer Perspective: This refers to the customer’s assumptions about the company
(Rothaermel, 2015, p.147). Here, Valentino has successfully won the trust of the users
and the clients have been very satisfied with the services of Valentino. Because of careful
observations and classifications of clients based on the choices and expectations,
Valentino has received positive feedback from users.
Internal Business Perspective: This means how an Organisation enhances the methods
of business for better outcomes (Cooper, Ezzamel and Qu, 2016, p.159). With time,
Valentino has upgraded from letters to E-mails and SMS options. As a result, it is still
surviving well despite having many competitors.
Innovation and Learning Perspective: This means induction of new ideas and
implementation of the suggestions collected from the customers. Valentino has exercised
many unique ideas to verify the client's’ whereabouts to avoid any fake profiling and
inconvenience to genuine people.
SWOT Analysis: The Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats or the SWOT analysis is a
very common way used by almost every organisation including Valentino to improve business
(Bull et al. 2016, p.183).
7
Financial Perspective: This is regarding the revenue generated and the increase in
company’s annual profit. This is measured mostly every quarter and Return on Equity or
the ROE is calculated accordingly (Bhattacharya et al. 2014, p.116). The revenue
earnings of Valentino easily go beyond 10 million Euros every year. As a result, the
market share of Valentino is also increasing every year.
Customer Perspective: This refers to the customer’s assumptions about the company
(Rothaermel, 2015, p.147). Here, Valentino has successfully won the trust of the users
and the clients have been very satisfied with the services of Valentino. Because of careful
observations and classifications of clients based on the choices and expectations,
Valentino has received positive feedback from users.
Internal Business Perspective: This means how an Organisation enhances the methods
of business for better outcomes (Cooper, Ezzamel and Qu, 2016, p.159). With time,
Valentino has upgraded from letters to E-mails and SMS options. As a result, it is still
surviving well despite having many competitors.
Innovation and Learning Perspective: This means induction of new ideas and
implementation of the suggestions collected from the customers. Valentino has exercised
many unique ideas to verify the client's’ whereabouts to avoid any fake profiling and
inconvenience to genuine people.
SWOT Analysis: The Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats or the SWOT analysis is a
very common way used by almost every organisation including Valentino to improve business
(Bull et al. 2016, p.183).
7
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Fig 5: SWOT Analysis
Source: (Bull et al. 2016, p.186)
Strength: These are the advantages that an Organisation has. Valentino has been running
successfully since 1976 hence has the advantage of experience compared to other
counterparts.
Weakness: These are the things a company should avoid or improve. The only weakness
for Valentino that appears so far is the cost. Not every single individual can afford the
prescribed cost. Hence, he has to think before registering.
Opportunities: These are the changes in social pattern and policies that can be useful.
The fact, that there are many people without a partner is the sole opportunity for
Valentino to expand its business.
Threats: These are the obstacles an Organisation faces consisting usually of competitor’s
study. There are many competitors in the market with extremely good services. Hence,
Valentino has to improve itself without increasing the cost.
8
Source: (Bull et al. 2016, p.186)
Strength: These are the advantages that an Organisation has. Valentino has been running
successfully since 1976 hence has the advantage of experience compared to other
counterparts.
Weakness: These are the things a company should avoid or improve. The only weakness
for Valentino that appears so far is the cost. Not every single individual can afford the
prescribed cost. Hence, he has to think before registering.
Opportunities: These are the changes in social pattern and policies that can be useful.
The fact, that there are many people without a partner is the sole opportunity for
Valentino to expand its business.
Threats: These are the obstacles an Organisation faces consisting usually of competitor’s
study. There are many competitors in the market with extremely good services. Hence,
Valentino has to improve itself without increasing the cost.
8
PESTLE Analysis: PESTLE Analysis consists of a set of factors that altogether act as a tool to
analyse the external environment that affects the performance of an organisation (Zalengera et al.
2014, p.173). It consists of the following factors that also influenced Valentino.
Fig 6: PESTLE Analysis
Source: (Zalengera et al. 2014, p.175)
Political: Government Stability and Global influences make the management of
Valentino to work more towards making the business immune to constantly changing
parameters.
Economic: The Economic growth has to be reasonable despite challenges. Increasing
cost of resources restrict the customers to spend money for dating services. Hence,
Valentino has to make it economic for clients keeping its profit margin.
Social/Cultural: The demographic influences and lifestyle factors of user’s matter a lot
to decide the action plan of business roadmaps. After recognising the needs to people,
Valentino has adjusted its outcome accordingly.
9
analyse the external environment that affects the performance of an organisation (Zalengera et al.
2014, p.173). It consists of the following factors that also influenced Valentino.
Fig 6: PESTLE Analysis
Source: (Zalengera et al. 2014, p.175)
Political: Government Stability and Global influences make the management of
Valentino to work more towards making the business immune to constantly changing
parameters.
Economic: The Economic growth has to be reasonable despite challenges. Increasing
cost of resources restrict the customers to spend money for dating services. Hence,
Valentino has to make it economic for clients keeping its profit margin.
Social/Cultural: The demographic influences and lifestyle factors of user’s matter a lot
to decide the action plan of business roadmaps. After recognising the needs to people,
Valentino has adjusted its outcome accordingly.
9
Technology: Technology has played a tremendous role to make Valentino accessible to
many people. They are now reaching out here by Telephones and Emails.
Legal: The tax policies keep changing with the judicial system. Moreover, the Valentino
has to deliver adequate employment figures with proper laws of health and safety.
Environment: The functioning of Valentino has to vary with the attitudes of customers,
the basic rules of regulations and restrictions.
2) Developing project initiation product
a) plan suggestion:
The IS/IT projects is an information of system and information technology that help the company
to deliver the products on time. In addition, it also helps to make the perfect use of the budget.
The strategies are well implemented if there is a positive involvement of all the stakeholders.
However, the project's requirements might differ from each other, still, the basic objectives are
always the same. Mainly the project analysis process includes management of lifecycle of the
service, allocating responsibility of each individual (Dabbagh and Lee, 2014, p.14). These all
elements help Valentinoss to increase their cost benefits yearly.
b) Cost-benefit analysis:
The cost benefit analysis refers to the process of analysing the situation and taking appropriate
steps as per necessary. Evaluating this, Valentinos's would be able to identify their profits and
according to the profit, they would be able to allocate next year's budget.
Cost benefit analysis
members 70,000
Payment per head 150
Total Returns 10,500,000
Stakeholders cost 70,000
System cost 43,000
Maintenance cost 9,900
Other costs 7,000
Total revenue 10,370,100
10
many people. They are now reaching out here by Telephones and Emails.
Legal: The tax policies keep changing with the judicial system. Moreover, the Valentino
has to deliver adequate employment figures with proper laws of health and safety.
Environment: The functioning of Valentino has to vary with the attitudes of customers,
the basic rules of regulations and restrictions.
2) Developing project initiation product
a) plan suggestion:
The IS/IT projects is an information of system and information technology that help the company
to deliver the products on time. In addition, it also helps to make the perfect use of the budget.
The strategies are well implemented if there is a positive involvement of all the stakeholders.
However, the project's requirements might differ from each other, still, the basic objectives are
always the same. Mainly the project analysis process includes management of lifecycle of the
service, allocating responsibility of each individual (Dabbagh and Lee, 2014, p.14). These all
elements help Valentinoss to increase their cost benefits yearly.
b) Cost-benefit analysis:
The cost benefit analysis refers to the process of analysing the situation and taking appropriate
steps as per necessary. Evaluating this, Valentinos's would be able to identify their profits and
according to the profit, they would be able to allocate next year's budget.
Cost benefit analysis
members 70,000
Payment per head 150
Total Returns 10,500,000
Stakeholders cost 70,000
System cost 43,000
Maintenance cost 9,900
Other costs 7,000
Total revenue 10,370,100
10
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3) Producing a requirement catalogue
Some major elements in a business are very necessary those assist the business to collapse at an
early stage. Previously many examples are there, where many established organisations were
doomed due to not maintaining the requirements. The amalgamation of the functional and non-
functional requirement is two of them.
Figure 7: the functional and non-functional requirement
(Source: Khan et al. 2016, p.12).
Functional requirements:
i) Business rules: It is one of the most important functional requirement in the scenario of
Valentinos, where the organisation made a set of rules and regulation that helps them to stick to
the basic policies to serve the clients.
ii) Transactional correction: It is a profitable organisation, thus, they concentrate on making
the profit by the payment that their clients make, for the reason they make sure that all their
transaction systems are going on correctly. In any organisation, if the transactional correction is
not right then they do not progress (Khan et al. 2016, p.11). The company takes 150 pounds from
each of their clients for a month's subscription, the transaction are done in both online and
offline, for the reason the transactional process needs to be hassle free for their clients and for
any reason if any discrepancy happens then they need to correct it with the assistance of their
executives.
11
Some major elements in a business are very necessary those assist the business to collapse at an
early stage. Previously many examples are there, where many established organisations were
doomed due to not maintaining the requirements. The amalgamation of the functional and non-
functional requirement is two of them.
Figure 7: the functional and non-functional requirement
(Source: Khan et al. 2016, p.12).
Functional requirements:
i) Business rules: It is one of the most important functional requirement in the scenario of
Valentinos, where the organisation made a set of rules and regulation that helps them to stick to
the basic policies to serve the clients.
ii) Transactional correction: It is a profitable organisation, thus, they concentrate on making
the profit by the payment that their clients make, for the reason they make sure that all their
transaction systems are going on correctly. In any organisation, if the transactional correction is
not right then they do not progress (Khan et al. 2016, p.11). The company takes 150 pounds from
each of their clients for a month's subscription, the transaction are done in both online and
offline, for the reason the transactional process needs to be hassle free for their clients and for
any reason if any discrepancy happens then they need to correct it with the assistance of their
executives.
11
iii) Adjustments and cancellations: In the flow of the business many changes needed to make
for Valentinos, contract cancellation is one of them. In this scenario institution needed to make
adjustments.
iv) Authentication: In this element, Valentinos focuses on maintaining a authenticate profile
and they even try to go through a strict authentication process of their clients. Many case
scenarios are there, where the users create fake profiles to find a proper date, for the reason the
company always needs to authenticate the entire details of the customers (Rahman and Ripon,
2014, p.1496). This can be done effectively if the company does not accept any P.O box numbers
or temporary address. The company always need to validate their real address with the original id
proof.
v) Authorization level: In this department, Valentinos has different segments in the workplace,
where they divided the authorised people according to the requirement.
vi) Audit tracking: In audit tracking, Valentinos needs to track their budget by calculating their
investment and earnings.
vii) External interface: The external interface evaluates the factors outside Valentinos’s
technological process, where they work in a private network, as most of their jobs are online.
viii) Certification requirements: In this segment, the organisation needs to judge the quality,
characteristics of their clients and the service they are providing.
ix) Reporting requirement: the dating organisation in this section needs to instruct all their
department to report online in time about all the daily processings that are going on.
x) Legal or regulatory requirements: In the scenario of Valentinos this element is very
necessary, as they need to follow some major or minor legislation procedures internally or
externally in the institution to run the business in an organised way.
Non-functional requirements:
i) Creating a framework that attracts the clients: Valentinos is a profitable organisation for
the reason they need to create a framework or basic structure that would help the institution to
bring more customers (Chen et al. 2014, p.561). The framework might be the offers they are
giving to the people or the types of work policies they maintain to give a high-quality service.
ii) Cost controlling: the cost control system varies from controlling the institutional budget or
determining the amount of price that their customers are going to pay to receive the service. In
12
for Valentinos, contract cancellation is one of them. In this scenario institution needed to make
adjustments.
iv) Authentication: In this element, Valentinos focuses on maintaining a authenticate profile
and they even try to go through a strict authentication process of their clients. Many case
scenarios are there, where the users create fake profiles to find a proper date, for the reason the
company always needs to authenticate the entire details of the customers (Rahman and Ripon,
2014, p.1496). This can be done effectively if the company does not accept any P.O box numbers
or temporary address. The company always need to validate their real address with the original id
proof.
v) Authorization level: In this department, Valentinos has different segments in the workplace,
where they divided the authorised people according to the requirement.
vi) Audit tracking: In audit tracking, Valentinos needs to track their budget by calculating their
investment and earnings.
vii) External interface: The external interface evaluates the factors outside Valentinos’s
technological process, where they work in a private network, as most of their jobs are online.
viii) Certification requirements: In this segment, the organisation needs to judge the quality,
characteristics of their clients and the service they are providing.
ix) Reporting requirement: the dating organisation in this section needs to instruct all their
department to report online in time about all the daily processings that are going on.
x) Legal or regulatory requirements: In the scenario of Valentinos this element is very
necessary, as they need to follow some major or minor legislation procedures internally or
externally in the institution to run the business in an organised way.
Non-functional requirements:
i) Creating a framework that attracts the clients: Valentinos is a profitable organisation for
the reason they need to create a framework or basic structure that would help the institution to
bring more customers (Chen et al. 2014, p.561). The framework might be the offers they are
giving to the people or the types of work policies they maintain to give a high-quality service.
ii) Cost controlling: the cost control system varies from controlling the institutional budget or
determining the amount of price that their customers are going to pay to receive the service. In
12
this scenario, Valentinos needs to allocate a yearly budget first to cope up with all the
investments in every month.
iii) The relation between the requirement and objective: In this scenario, the dating website
needs to figure out their objectives first, about where they need to go in business or what specific
service they want to provide. Afterwards, the institution needs to analyse their requirements to
fulfil the goals.
iv) Technologies: The entire job of the institution is depending on the upgraded technologies
they use, as the more modern technology they would have the more effective service they would
be able to produce in an accurate way (Khan et al. 2016, p.66). Thus, the hardware and software
they are using needs to be efficient enough to control high traffic in the workplace,
v) Security: In the job frame, the security is must for the institution, as while taking their client's
information to find their match the organisation take many personal data from them. Thus,
protecting those data means they need to maintain a high-security practice in the institution so
that the information do not get leaked.
4) Using case model of the required system
In the scenario of Valentinos, they need to use a modern technological system to make their
service happen in an organised way and to make it possible the use of unified modelling
language very necessary. It is an independent platform, where with the help of graphical
developing software system the institution would be able to provide clients with their matching
profiles (Ameller et al. 2016, p.65). The entire process is a predictive planning development that
needs to be created at the inception of the project and followed at the whole time of conducting
the business. In addition, every executive in the workplace, whether they are associated with
accumulating clients specific interest on the partners or the financial department, all needed to
involve in this system. This is basically the predictive planning process.
On the other hand, in the scenario of Valentinos, it is a matchmaker or personal introduction
agency, where different clients always come up and their requirements also become different. In
this scenario, the agency needs to use the adaptive planning model under UML process, where
the institution is assisted in making changes in the entire procedure. In this matter, they need to
list the changes that are necessary and plan accordingly (Sharda et al. 2013, p.7).
13
investments in every month.
iii) The relation between the requirement and objective: In this scenario, the dating website
needs to figure out their objectives first, about where they need to go in business or what specific
service they want to provide. Afterwards, the institution needs to analyse their requirements to
fulfil the goals.
iv) Technologies: The entire job of the institution is depending on the upgraded technologies
they use, as the more modern technology they would have the more effective service they would
be able to produce in an accurate way (Khan et al. 2016, p.66). Thus, the hardware and software
they are using needs to be efficient enough to control high traffic in the workplace,
v) Security: In the job frame, the security is must for the institution, as while taking their client's
information to find their match the organisation take many personal data from them. Thus,
protecting those data means they need to maintain a high-security practice in the institution so
that the information do not get leaked.
4) Using case model of the required system
In the scenario of Valentinos, they need to use a modern technological system to make their
service happen in an organised way and to make it possible the use of unified modelling
language very necessary. It is an independent platform, where with the help of graphical
developing software system the institution would be able to provide clients with their matching
profiles (Ameller et al. 2016, p.65). The entire process is a predictive planning development that
needs to be created at the inception of the project and followed at the whole time of conducting
the business. In addition, every executive in the workplace, whether they are associated with
accumulating clients specific interest on the partners or the financial department, all needed to
involve in this system. This is basically the predictive planning process.
On the other hand, in the scenario of Valentinos, it is a matchmaker or personal introduction
agency, where different clients always come up and their requirements also become different. In
this scenario, the agency needs to use the adaptive planning model under UML process, where
the institution is assisted in making changes in the entire procedure. In this matter, they need to
list the changes that are necessary and plan accordingly (Sharda et al. 2013, p.7).
13
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In the case scenario of Valentinos they need to go through five major formats in the use case
diagram:
Figure 8: Use case model
(Source: Jaggia et al. 2016, p.13).
i) Requirement: In this phase, the organisation validates the requirement of the consumers about
what types of people or payment procedure they prefer.
ii) Design: In this stage, Valentinos needs to make a design about the technical roadmap to
perfect execution or coding system on the server. It includes the user surface that their clients
use.
iii) Build: In this build phase the coding system needed to be done by the experts and engineers.
iv) Testing: The testing sometimes prefers to the accessing level testing by the customers or the
internal testing by the experts to make the online programme more effective (Jaggia et al. 2016,
p.11). Besides, no programmes are launched without testing them internally in the workplace.
v) Deliver: In the delivery phase Valentinos successfully provide the service to their customers
that might vary from giving them their exact match or sending them any important information
about their public profile.
vi) Maintenance: With the perfect delivery system the institution needs to maintain their entire
use case diagram, as without maintaining it can not work properly.
14
diagram:
Figure 8: Use case model
(Source: Jaggia et al. 2016, p.13).
i) Requirement: In this phase, the organisation validates the requirement of the consumers about
what types of people or payment procedure they prefer.
ii) Design: In this stage, Valentinos needs to make a design about the technical roadmap to
perfect execution or coding system on the server. It includes the user surface that their clients
use.
iii) Build: In this build phase the coding system needed to be done by the experts and engineers.
iv) Testing: The testing sometimes prefers to the accessing level testing by the customers or the
internal testing by the experts to make the online programme more effective (Jaggia et al. 2016,
p.11). Besides, no programmes are launched without testing them internally in the workplace.
v) Deliver: In the delivery phase Valentinos successfully provide the service to their customers
that might vary from giving them their exact match or sending them any important information
about their public profile.
vi) Maintenance: With the perfect delivery system the institution needs to maintain their entire
use case diagram, as without maintaining it can not work properly.
14
Valentinos generally uses the Use cases in the requirement phase to collect different requirement
of not only their clients, however, also to their employees. Afterwards, the Use cases are
transferred into the design phase to evaluate the technical roadmap. Thus they are used mainly in
the requirement document to focus on the clarity regarding the system. Mainly three crucial
factors are there in the Use case of Valentinos.
The actor: the actor defined as the end user or who of the system. In this scenario the client
needs to login to the system to find whether any matches of him or her were found or not and to
make this possible they need to the user needs to log in into the system (Reiser et al. 2016, p.18).
Thus, the user is the actor and login are the Use case and the entire programme is a scenario.
Primary actors and secondary actors are there, the primary actors are the active participants those
initiate the use case. For example the accountant of the organisation prints the invoice of the
service they use, the contact medium by which the invoice is delivered to the customers (Lee et
al. 2014, p.3). In this segment, the primary actor is the accountants as they printed the invoice
and the other actors only followed it. Thus depending on the Use case, the primary and
secondary actors varies. As in any case, if the contact medium got the main job then the
particular medium become the primary actor. Thus, the actor who is the primary actor in a Use
case can become the secondary actor in other Use case. Thus, the actors play an important role in
all Use cases.
User presentation: The use case of Valentinos has two views of presentation, among them one
shows a higher level of view and other one shows detail with integrity (Lee et al. 2014, p.4625).
Where there is a simple user's, those could add simple customer and the admin user those could
ass discounted customer and in both cases, they need to send emails.
Use case
name
Login
Description In this section, the account holders of Valentinos go through the entire process
to avail the service
Trigger User type service application on the main website of Valentinos
Assumption In this section, no security system would be present for the service
Main scenario User logins to the website of Valentinos to get the service
In the main page, the client completes the authentication process
15
of not only their clients, however, also to their employees. Afterwards, the Use cases are
transferred into the design phase to evaluate the technical roadmap. Thus they are used mainly in
the requirement document to focus on the clarity regarding the system. Mainly three crucial
factors are there in the Use case of Valentinos.
The actor: the actor defined as the end user or who of the system. In this scenario the client
needs to login to the system to find whether any matches of him or her were found or not and to
make this possible they need to the user needs to log in into the system (Reiser et al. 2016, p.18).
Thus, the user is the actor and login are the Use case and the entire programme is a scenario.
Primary actors and secondary actors are there, the primary actors are the active participants those
initiate the use case. For example the accountant of the organisation prints the invoice of the
service they use, the contact medium by which the invoice is delivered to the customers (Lee et
al. 2014, p.3). In this segment, the primary actor is the accountants as they printed the invoice
and the other actors only followed it. Thus depending on the Use case, the primary and
secondary actors varies. As in any case, if the contact medium got the main job then the
particular medium become the primary actor. Thus, the actor who is the primary actor in a Use
case can become the secondary actor in other Use case. Thus, the actors play an important role in
all Use cases.
User presentation: The use case of Valentinos has two views of presentation, among them one
shows a higher level of view and other one shows detail with integrity (Lee et al. 2014, p.4625).
Where there is a simple user's, those could add simple customer and the admin user those could
ass discounted customer and in both cases, they need to send emails.
Use case
name
Login
Description In this section, the account holders of Valentinos go through the entire process
to avail the service
Trigger User type service application on the main website of Valentinos
Assumption In this section, no security system would be present for the service
Main scenario User logins to the website of Valentinos to get the service
In the main page, the client completes the authentication process
15
After completing the authentication process the users would able to see
whether any match for them came up or not.
Success
scenario
In this last process, the organisation evaluates the list of successful
matchmaking cases they had.
5) Producing class model of the required system
In the scenario of Valentinos, the class diagram assists them to conduct their entire online
process in an effective way so that all their registered customers would find their perfect match.
The organisation uses a two-way process to view it one is a dynamic architecture of the project
and another one is the static architecture of the project (Panetto and Cecil, 2013, p.15). The
dynamic architecture project defines on the final product or the main objective that the institution
needs to follow to shape their pre-evaluate strategies. However, Valentinos gives stress on the
static architecture or diagram in this matter. The entire static diagram assesses the static view of
the project.
The static diagram not only visualises or describe the document. However, it also stresses on the
execution of the diagram. This diagram represents the basic attributes that needed to be imposed
on the service. It helps the company to link the UML diagram directly with the object-oriented
process (Roosen, 2014, p.16). The diagram consists of different associations, collaboration and
other constraints. It's basically a prototype that assists Valentinos in creating objects. In the UML
diagram, the clients are divided into three main parts. They are class name it denoted the class
they belong, attribute name it determines the property of the system and methods name, where
the section carries all the methods to act.
16
whether any match for them came up or not.
Success
scenario
In this last process, the organisation evaluates the list of successful
matchmaking cases they had.
5) Producing class model of the required system
In the scenario of Valentinos, the class diagram assists them to conduct their entire online
process in an effective way so that all their registered customers would find their perfect match.
The organisation uses a two-way process to view it one is a dynamic architecture of the project
and another one is the static architecture of the project (Panetto and Cecil, 2013, p.15). The
dynamic architecture project defines on the final product or the main objective that the institution
needs to follow to shape their pre-evaluate strategies. However, Valentinos gives stress on the
static architecture or diagram in this matter. The entire static diagram assesses the static view of
the project.
The static diagram not only visualises or describe the document. However, it also stresses on the
execution of the diagram. This diagram represents the basic attributes that needed to be imposed
on the service. It helps the company to link the UML diagram directly with the object-oriented
process (Roosen, 2014, p.16). The diagram consists of different associations, collaboration and
other constraints. It's basically a prototype that assists Valentinos in creating objects. In the UML
diagram, the clients are divided into three main parts. They are class name it denoted the class
they belong, attribute name it determines the property of the system and methods name, where
the section carries all the methods to act.
16
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Figure 9: Use class model
(Source: Hastings, 2015, p.25).
i) The purpose of the class model in Valentinoss: the class diagram gives a static view of the
application, as it has the ability to give a flow sequentially to make the objective of the company
successful (Hastings, 2015, p.22). Thus to fulfil the purpose at first the class diagram evaluates
and measures the static view of the service, it distributes the responsibility of each group
members. The component and deployment diagrams can be assessed as the base of this process.
The entities like the properties or methods are exposed in external world with the assistance of
this diagram.
ii) The structure of class diagram in Valentinoss:
● the structure of the class diagram in Valentinos starts with a proper name
● A link is created between each of the department of class diagram
● The work procedure of each section is identified
● In every class there need to be a set of important and minimum properties, as many
properties together make the task complicated.
● Using valuable notes to understand each segment of the diagram, so that the developer
could assess it individually
● Finally, before coming to the final conclusion the class model needed to be reviewed
properly.
17
(Source: Hastings, 2015, p.25).
i) The purpose of the class model in Valentinoss: the class diagram gives a static view of the
application, as it has the ability to give a flow sequentially to make the objective of the company
successful (Hastings, 2015, p.22). Thus to fulfil the purpose at first the class diagram evaluates
and measures the static view of the service, it distributes the responsibility of each group
members. The component and deployment diagrams can be assessed as the base of this process.
The entities like the properties or methods are exposed in external world with the assistance of
this diagram.
ii) The structure of class diagram in Valentinoss:
● the structure of the class diagram in Valentinos starts with a proper name
● A link is created between each of the department of class diagram
● The work procedure of each section is identified
● In every class there need to be a set of important and minimum properties, as many
properties together make the task complicated.
● Using valuable notes to understand each segment of the diagram, so that the developer
could assess it individually
● Finally, before coming to the final conclusion the class model needed to be reviewed
properly.
17
iii) The use of class diagram in Valentinoss: Computer languages like C++ or Java are used to
practically use the diagram
● It assess the static view of the service
● It evaluates the relationship between the factors of static view
● Showing the functionalities of the service
● Building the software application using computer language
6. Human stakeholder aspect of dating agency with respect to the case study
of Valentinos
New entrepreneur take advantages of the advent of social media and engagement of people
through online platforms such as web pages, twitter, snap chat, face book and other, they
established dating agency which arranges meeting between people especially who want to share
long-term relationships. This updated business type capture vast area in market and encourages
stakeholders to invest in such types of business that offer huge profit and create employment
opportunities also. Dating agency’s aim is to match people who have same interest to make their
life beautiful (Roscoe and Chillas, 2014, p.817). According to the case study of Valentinos, it is a
reputed organisation and serving for past thirty years in UK at very minimum subscription
charges. The company has also won the trust of many people but now is becoming outdated
because of new technology and innovative methods implemented by other competitors in this
type of business.
● Possible change stakeholder of Valentino may consider: However, due to lack of
investment, the senior management is worried about the current situation of the company
because they are using working strategy that were made 10 years ago. In order to change
their working strategy to maintain their market share and profitability valentino have to
implement new business procedure and innovative technique for retaining their
customers.
● Acceptance of customers: Clients of Valentinos have to go through several
process of application before becoming member of agency for which clients are attracted
towards other dating agency. Thus the stakeholders of company or agency can implement
new technologies in their current working process and can change their 10 years old
working strategy to create better chances of meeting right people through their agency.
18
practically use the diagram
● It assess the static view of the service
● It evaluates the relationship between the factors of static view
● Showing the functionalities of the service
● Building the software application using computer language
6. Human stakeholder aspect of dating agency with respect to the case study
of Valentinos
New entrepreneur take advantages of the advent of social media and engagement of people
through online platforms such as web pages, twitter, snap chat, face book and other, they
established dating agency which arranges meeting between people especially who want to share
long-term relationships. This updated business type capture vast area in market and encourages
stakeholders to invest in such types of business that offer huge profit and create employment
opportunities also. Dating agency’s aim is to match people who have same interest to make their
life beautiful (Roscoe and Chillas, 2014, p.817). According to the case study of Valentinos, it is a
reputed organisation and serving for past thirty years in UK at very minimum subscription
charges. The company has also won the trust of many people but now is becoming outdated
because of new technology and innovative methods implemented by other competitors in this
type of business.
● Possible change stakeholder of Valentino may consider: However, due to lack of
investment, the senior management is worried about the current situation of the company
because they are using working strategy that were made 10 years ago. In order to change
their working strategy to maintain their market share and profitability valentino have to
implement new business procedure and innovative technique for retaining their
customers.
● Acceptance of customers: Clients of Valentinos have to go through several
process of application before becoming member of agency for which clients are attracted
towards other dating agency. Thus the stakeholders of company or agency can implement
new technologies in their current working process and can change their 10 years old
working strategy to create better chances of meeting right people through their agency.
18
The stakeholders can invest in buying new computers and other equipments which are
necessary to make service as flexible as possible. They should acquire new employees
who are familiar with the advance technology thus can support clients to find their
partners. The information of clients can be control by other clients who are interested in
their profile by surfing through the web pages developed by Valentinos which will save
time of people. Valentinos have to update their existing employees to cooperate with the
trends of work flowing in market of dating agency. With respect to the case the
stakeholder of Valentinos are trying to provide various facilities to the clients such as
easy change of location, secure payment method, controlling information of interested
clients, providing free matches at initial stages, altering data, including pictures of other
member to create trust and others.
● Business benefits: Providing such facilities to client they are maintaining their
market position and making their service available to large number of people. The
personal recommendation by customers of company to other people for using the service
has played important role in establishing the fame of dating company (Schmitz, 2014,
p.15). In order to maintain the requirements of old clients the stakeholders before
implementing new ideas and strategy can obtained opinions of them, it will benefit the
business of company and will also retain the customers. The new technology will make
the activities of agency more efficient.
7) a) The benefits of Zachman framework
It is generally a traditional approach that follows a series of process to cover some essential
parameters in the organisation. It is an organised way to view the overall objective of the
enterprise (Nogueira et al. 2013, p.111). The design, documentation, construction of the service
comes under the policies of Zachman's framework, for the reason Valentinoss adapted in to
deliver their service. It consisted of a life cycle that develops the system or service that the
organisation wants to create. As this framework suggests after completion of the each framework
it needs to be transferred to the next framework that makes a continuous flow in the institution.
The Zachman framework consists of seven major parts, they are evaluated below:
i) Strategy: It assist Valentinoss to plan setting up the entire system in the company
ii) Analysis: It instigates a detail definition of the things that is required in the business.
19
necessary to make service as flexible as possible. They should acquire new employees
who are familiar with the advance technology thus can support clients to find their
partners. The information of clients can be control by other clients who are interested in
their profile by surfing through the web pages developed by Valentinos which will save
time of people. Valentinos have to update their existing employees to cooperate with the
trends of work flowing in market of dating agency. With respect to the case the
stakeholder of Valentinos are trying to provide various facilities to the clients such as
easy change of location, secure payment method, controlling information of interested
clients, providing free matches at initial stages, altering data, including pictures of other
member to create trust and others.
● Business benefits: Providing such facilities to client they are maintaining their
market position and making their service available to large number of people. The
personal recommendation by customers of company to other people for using the service
has played important role in establishing the fame of dating company (Schmitz, 2014,
p.15). In order to maintain the requirements of old clients the stakeholders before
implementing new ideas and strategy can obtained opinions of them, it will benefit the
business of company and will also retain the customers. The new technology will make
the activities of agency more efficient.
7) a) The benefits of Zachman framework
It is generally a traditional approach that follows a series of process to cover some essential
parameters in the organisation. It is an organised way to view the overall objective of the
enterprise (Nogueira et al. 2013, p.111). The design, documentation, construction of the service
comes under the policies of Zachman's framework, for the reason Valentinoss adapted in to
deliver their service. It consisted of a life cycle that develops the system or service that the
organisation wants to create. As this framework suggests after completion of the each framework
it needs to be transferred to the next framework that makes a continuous flow in the institution.
The Zachman framework consists of seven major parts, they are evaluated below:
i) Strategy: It assist Valentinoss to plan setting up the entire system in the company
ii) Analysis: It instigates a detail definition of the things that is required in the business.
19
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iii) Design: the design is the specific surface, where the service is conducted.
iv) Construction: the basic framework of the system
v) Documentation: the rules and regulation or the manuals that needed to be provided in the
course of the business
vi) Transition: This segment generally represents the application of the system so that it would
be part of the company’s infrastructure.
vii) Production: It is the last segment of Zachman framework.where a monitoring system is
conducted to know the needs of the company.
Many major and minor advantages are there to use this framework in the institution.
● The system improves communication with all the stakeholders in the organisation
● The framework understand the risks and take steps according to the need of the company
● It helps to spread a wide variety of tools that has relation from one to another
● The new methodologies and and tools are invented to gauge the application of the
development process.
b) Drawing a Zachman’s framework with Valentinos
The Zachman framework thus gives calculative ways of approach that assist the organisations
like Valentinos to make an effective information system. The simplicity in the work process is its
main advantage, where there are approximately thirty-six cells to evaluate the desired output.
However, it is necessary for all the participants those are giving and availing the service to give
full support in every step.
Thus, to imply all the attributes of the frameworks Valentinoss needs to add up more advanced
strategies to find the perfect match for their clients, in this matter to develop a new strategy the
organisation might introduce new offers to the customers (Cameron and McMillan, 2013, p.670.
Afterwards, the company needs to analyse the entire scenario their advantages and disadvantages
at the time of applying the framework. In addition, they need to look after the design of their
system and service, as it has a great role in making the brand value increase and attracting new
customers with their user-friendly interface (Kohn et al. 2013, p.111). Then the construction
process consists of the addition of the new policies and framework in the system. On the other
hand, the documentation needed to be done in a way so that they would maintain all the
governmental and institutional legislation from maintaining the security of the clients or giving
20
iv) Construction: the basic framework of the system
v) Documentation: the rules and regulation or the manuals that needed to be provided in the
course of the business
vi) Transition: This segment generally represents the application of the system so that it would
be part of the company’s infrastructure.
vii) Production: It is the last segment of Zachman framework.where a monitoring system is
conducted to know the needs of the company.
Many major and minor advantages are there to use this framework in the institution.
● The system improves communication with all the stakeholders in the organisation
● The framework understand the risks and take steps according to the need of the company
● It helps to spread a wide variety of tools that has relation from one to another
● The new methodologies and and tools are invented to gauge the application of the
development process.
b) Drawing a Zachman’s framework with Valentinos
The Zachman framework thus gives calculative ways of approach that assist the organisations
like Valentinos to make an effective information system. The simplicity in the work process is its
main advantage, where there are approximately thirty-six cells to evaluate the desired output.
However, it is necessary for all the participants those are giving and availing the service to give
full support in every step.
Thus, to imply all the attributes of the frameworks Valentinoss needs to add up more advanced
strategies to find the perfect match for their clients, in this matter to develop a new strategy the
organisation might introduce new offers to the customers (Cameron and McMillan, 2013, p.670.
Afterwards, the company needs to analyse the entire scenario their advantages and disadvantages
at the time of applying the framework. In addition, they need to look after the design of their
system and service, as it has a great role in making the brand value increase and attracting new
customers with their user-friendly interface (Kohn et al. 2013, p.111). Then the construction
process consists of the addition of the new policies and framework in the system. On the other
hand, the documentation needed to be done in a way so that they would maintain all the
governmental and institutional legislation from maintaining the security of the clients or giving
20
them a quality service and at last with the production work all the elements are reviewed and
improved as per necessary.
Data
(What)
Function
(How)
Network
(Where)
People (Who) Time
(When)
Motivati
on
(Why)
Objectives /
Scope
List of
things
crucial
to the
busine
ss
List of
procedur
es that
the
service
perform
List of
locations,
where
the
business
is
spread.
List of
institution
important in the
business
List of
cycles
crucial to
the
business
Business
entire
goals
and
strategie
s
BusinessMo
del
Seman
tic
models
Business
process
models
Business
logistic
system
Workflow
model
Master
schedule
Business
plan
Model of the
Information
System
Logical
data
models
Applicatio
n
architectu
re
Distribute
d system
architect
ure
Human
interface
architecture
Processi
ng
structure
Business
rule
model
Technology
Model
Physical
data
model
System
design
Technolog
y
architectur
e
Presentation
architecture
Control
structure
Rule
design
Detailed
Representati
ons
Data
definitio
n
Software
programm
es
Network
architectur
e
Security
architecture
Timing
definition
Rule
speculatio
n
(Working systems)
Functioning
Enterprise
Data function network organisati
on
schedule strategy
Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be said that Valentinoss is an institution that deals with numerous customers
and dealing with this the MOST and SWOT analysis would give them a different dimension
including maintaining the social and legal issues would boost their architectural framework in an
21
improved as per necessary.
Data
(What)
Function
(How)
Network
(Where)
People (Who) Time
(When)
Motivati
on
(Why)
Objectives /
Scope
List of
things
crucial
to the
busine
ss
List of
procedur
es that
the
service
perform
List of
locations,
where
the
business
is
spread.
List of
institution
important in the
business
List of
cycles
crucial to
the
business
Business
entire
goals
and
strategie
s
BusinessMo
del
Seman
tic
models
Business
process
models
Business
logistic
system
Workflow
model
Master
schedule
Business
plan
Model of the
Information
System
Logical
data
models
Applicatio
n
architectu
re
Distribute
d system
architect
ure
Human
interface
architecture
Processi
ng
structure
Business
rule
model
Technology
Model
Physical
data
model
System
design
Technolog
y
architectur
e
Presentation
architecture
Control
structure
Rule
design
Detailed
Representati
ons
Data
definitio
n
Software
programm
es
Network
architectur
e
Security
architecture
Timing
definition
Rule
speculatio
n
(Working systems)
Functioning
Enterprise
Data function network organisati
on
schedule strategy
Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be said that Valentinoss is an institution that deals with numerous customers
and dealing with this the MOST and SWOT analysis would give them a different dimension
including maintaining the social and legal issues would boost their architectural framework in an
21
institution. In addition, the case and class model would assist them to make a strong base of the
organisation internally. Still, they need to upgrade their framework on a timely basis to remain in
the competition and making a sustainable business.
22
organisation internally. Still, they need to upgrade their framework on a timely basis to remain in
the competition and making a sustainable business.
22
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331). Springer International Publishing.
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analytics. Prentice Hall Press.
25
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