MOLECULAR BIOLOGY1
Introduction
The following questions and answers cover key functions and components of molecular
biology especially the digestive, endomembrane and circulatory systems.
Discussion
Question 1
The endomembrane system comprises of organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum
(ER), lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, endosomes and secretory vesicles and granules. The function
of this system is to transport macro across extracellular and intracellular pathways. The hormone
insulin is formulated by proteins manufactured by the ER which are transported across the
endomembrane system. Insulin manufactured by ER-bound ribosomes are then bound to the
membrane. This insulin can undergo intracellular and extracellular transportation via ribosomes
and exocytosis. Thus, hyperglycemia triggers ER and ribosome functioning to stimulate insulin
synthesis and transportation. This insulin then facilitates glucose metabolism via GLUT4
transport activation and stimulation of GLUT4 mobilization of containing vesicles to the plasma
membrane (Lizák et al., 2019).
In addition to the role of villi, we learned from the lab that the gut or small intestine
facilitates protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism via secreting proteolytic enzymes like
trypsin and chymotrypsin and stimulate the gall bladder and pancreas to secrete bile and
pancreatic amylase.

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Molecular Biology - Functions and Components

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