Molecular Biology Assignment 2022

Running head: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author note

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1
Question 1:
During the GPCR pathway, trimetric g protein breakdown to two subunits and exhibit
their activity. In this context, FRET can be performed for demonstrating the separation of G from
G subunits. Two proteins such as can be yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and cyan fluorescent
protein (CFP) can be labeled and attached to the G subunit through genetic engineering. Labeling
with organic fluorescent dyes requires purification, chemical modification, and intracellular
injection of a host protein (Bajar et al. 2016). If trimetric G is present, these two proteins
together will provide emission at 414 nm. During the pathway, if the subunit of G separated then,
these two proteins will also cleaved and give yellow emission at 525nm.
Question 2:
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that bind to protein hormones usually exist as dimers
or while binding to ligands. In this context, Ligand binding leads to activation of the kinase
activity of the receptor along with the auto phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in its cytosolic
domain (Wang 2016). Hence, after attachment with the ligand, it initiates a Signal Transduction
Cascade Involving Ras and MAP Kinase.
Question 3:
Secondary messenger is intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response
to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules. It is Camp. High levels of Camp inhibit PKA
and low levels inhibit PKA.