Monoclonal Antibodies: Development, Mechanism and Therapeutic Applications
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This article discusses the development, mechanism and therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in treating various diseases. It also explores the emerging trends and advancements in mAb technology.
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Running head: PHARMACOLOGY1 Monoclonal Antibodies Student’s Name Professor’s Name Institution of Affiliation Date
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PHARMACOLOGY2 Pharmacology Reflection Since the year 2002, the humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been successfully advanced and approved for the quality clinical practice applications. The development antibody and bispecific drug conjugates as an increase of licensed antibody forms have significantly advanced. The United States and Europe approved about 51 monoclonal antibody products for the treatment of different diseases by the May in the year 2016. In nowadays the mAb has resulted in a remarkable transformation of useful medication in human therapeutics from just a scientific tool[1]. Based on the mAbs technological development, its market has increased dramatically. Approximately 43% of the monoclonal antibody drugs sales were useful for the treatment of disease related to the immune system, and 35% of the total sales of the mAbs were used for tumor therapy. 22% of the mAbs drugs were used for anti-rejection. Based on the action mechanism of the mAbs on human's immune system, they can be categorized into two; a group designated to moderate the immune responses through direct of the immune and competent molecules and cells[2]. The other group of mAbs was designated to modulate the molecules or cells that do not belong to the typical immune system. Also, mAb, as the primary immune cells product and an essential molecule for executing the effective functioning of the immune cells, inevitably, all the mAb have the significant immunoregulatory outcome. During the mechanism, the Fc region of the monoclonal antibodies binds the receptors articulated by different immune cells such as microphages, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and monocytes. As many mAbs have not been directed to target cells of the immune system, they still have the potential to down- or up-regulate the stimulation of the immune cells. The immunoregulatory actions of the mAbs are responsible for their therapeutic effect[3].
PHARMACOLOGY3 The rapid improvement of the literature of the monoclonal antibodies has been expanding due to the extensive research. The emerging trends and development of the monoclonal antibodies can be summarized according to the research chronological and characteristic in the order of four categories; The initial development of the monoclonal antibodies was between 1982-1987. It was during the emergency of the hybridoma technology which contributed to the improvising of the mAb and the production of the in vitro murine mAbs in 1975 from the hybridomas. At this time the mAbs produce was mainly used for clinical therapeutics. The first generated mAb was the murine mAb. These murine mAb were applied in human cancer which provided a feasible approach for the treatment of cancer in the people with immunotherapeutic. The disadvantages of the antibody-drug conjugates that resulted from the murine mAbs affected the development prospects of the monoclonal antibodies[4]. The secondstage which contributedto therapid developmentof themonoclonal antibodies was from 1988 to 1993. During this period the human mAbs, chimeric mAbs, and the humanized mAbs were developed to overwhelm the inherent immunogenicity and minimize the functioning of the murine mAbs in the human being. The disadvantages of the mAbs have been resolved through the techniques of the genetic engineering. The humanized and chimeric MAbs shown more effective than the murine mAb in clinical practice efficacy of immune and kinetic response. Moreover, the human mAbs showed the performance[5]. The third category was from 1994 to 2005 where the mAbs were applied in the diagnosis, detection, and therapy of cancer which made significance progress. At this stage, the blockbuster medicines like rituximab, bevacizumab, and infliximab were approved. Furthermore, there were
PHARMACOLOGY4 the demonstration of the targets EGFR, HER2, CD20, VEGF, and TNFa as the appropriate therapeutic targets. The fourth category is considered to have occurred between 2007 and 2014 which involves the application of modern technologies in the development of the mAbs. The emergence of the engineered fragments of antibodies, nanobodies, antibody drugs conjugates (ADCs) and bispecific was improvised to ameliorate the performance of the monoclonal antibodies. There are expectations of the bispecific to revolutionize the mAb therapy through the progress of the re- targeting and synergistic efficacy in the immune cells with the engagement of several targets. Thus, the ADCs development becomes very significant. There much research that focuses on the ADC design to optimize the cytotoxic molecules ratio in every mAb. This stage explored more on the human treatment in HIV, prophylaxis or avian influenza. Through the apparent humanized technology which plays a significant role in increasing the human mAbs proportion, it can be of great importance in the future for personalized medical treatment. With the progressive trial of the clinical practices to explore the effectiveness of the monoclonal antibodies, there can be more predictions in the future for the treatment of the various human disease associated with immune disorders. The possibility of better results in the future can be evidenced following the extensive therapeutic application of mAbs as the genetic researchersattemptedafterthatattemptingofmAbsinkidneytransplant.Severalother applications of the mAbs were tried and worked in the treatment of breast cancer, lung cancer, Crohn's disease, gastric cancer, colorectal and in other tumors[6]. An example where the mAbs worked is when Behring and Kitasato showed that the immune sera from sheep, chickens, and horses were used to treat infections where a protective immune response could be tempted to animal through vaccination[7].
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PHARMACOLOGY5 Reference 1.Dy GK, Adjei AA. Understanding, recognizing, and managing toxicities of targeted anticancer therapies. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2013 Jul;63(4):249-79. 2.Zitvogel L, Galluzzi L, Smyth MJ, Kroemer G. Mechanism of action of conventional and targetedanticancertherapies:reinstatingimmunosurveillance.Immunity.2013Jul 25;39(1):74-88. 3.Ferris RL. Immunology and immunotherapy of head and neck cancer. Journal of clinical oncology. 2015 Oct 10;33(29):3293. 4.Peters C, Brown S. Antibody-drug conjugates as novel anti-cancer chemotherapeutics. Bioscience reports. 2015 Jun 10:BSR20150089. 5.List T, Neri D. Immunocytokines: a review of molecules in clinical development for cancer therapy. Clinical pharmacology: advances and applications. 2013;5(Suppl 1):29. 6.Diakos CI, Charles KA, McMillan DC, Clarke SJ. Cancer-related inflammation and treatment effectiveness. The Lancet Oncology. 2014 Oct 1;15(11):e493-503. 7.Rang HP, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G. Rang & Dale's Pharmacology E-Book: with STUDENT CONSULT Online Access. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014 Dec 2.