Mr. Smith’s Pathophysiology2 Pathophysiology for Mr. Smith's case The symptoms that Mr. Smith has include fatigue, asthenia, arthralgia, and abdominal pain. The signs presented include a distended abdomen, painful palpation, yellowish skin, and pale nail beds, tachypnea. The social and personal history of Mr. Smith is that he drinks alcohol and smokes cigarettes; he is allergic to iodine and penicillin. His family history is that Mr. Smith's father suffers from sickle cellanaemia,essentialhypertension, and diabetesmellitus. The motherunderwent mastectomy years ago due to breast cancer and suffered from sickle cell anaemia. Results in tests showed reduced RBC, Hemoglobin electrophoresis, which indicates abnormal haemoglobin, including Hbs(Rifai, 2018). Abdominal ultrasoundshowed Mr. Smith’s enlarged spleen in the left upper quadrant. The complications the patient is suffering from are tachycardia, tachypnea, jaundice, fever and infection The mechanisms of cellular adaptation include hyperplasia, the increased number of cells in the body as a result of cellular replication, hypertrophy, the increase in the size of body cells, atrophy, the adaptationthathappens when the functionalpart of the celldecreasesand metaplasia, the adaptation that occurs when one type of tissue is replaced by another tissue type ("072 The Four Types Of Cellular Adaptations," 2014, December 16). There are two types of neoplasm when they are classified according to origin. Benign neoplasms that occur when cells grow as a compact mass and remain at their origin site. Malignant neoplasm, which is the uncontrolled cells' growth at a particular site of origin in the body, which then spreads to other tissues (Yohe, 2015).
Mr. Smith’s Pathophysiology3 (Brown, 2016).When red blood cells become sickle shaped due to sickle cell anemia, they reduce their capacity for carrying oxygen and stick to the capillary wall and also to each other, which causes them to block blood flow and induce ischemia to a part in the body (Silent Ischemia and Ischemic Heart Disease). Ischemia is the restriction of blood supply to tissue and can be reversed, while necrosis is tissue death and is irreversible (Brown, 2016). The difference between sickle cell anemia and leukemia is that sickle cell anemia affects red blood cells causing them to lose shape thus affecting blood flow while leukemia is the condition where there increased production of leucocytes which suppress production of normal cells thus causing anemia (Brown, 2016). Signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia include swelling of body parts and fatigue. Lab results for sickle cell patients show low count for red blood cells and platelets ad an increase in haemoglobin levels. Sign and symptoms for leukemia patients are fever and headaches. Lab results for leukemia patients show neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.
Mr. Smith’s Pathophysiology4 References 072 The Four Types Of Cellular Adaptations. (2014, December 16). Interactive Biology, with Leslie Samuel.https://www.interactive-biology.com/3167/072-the-four-types-of- cellular-adaptations/ Brown,R.T. (2016).Comprehensive Handbook of Childhood Cancer and Sickle Cell Disease: A Biopsychosocial Approach. Oxford University Press. Yohe,S.L. (2015). Classification of Plasma Cell Neoplasms.Plasma Cell Neoplasms, 65- 78.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10918-3_4 Rifai, N. (2018). Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics - E-Book. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Health Sciences.