MSc Policing: Contemporary Policing: Challenges, Ethics, and Values

This report, crafted for an MSc in Policing, delves into the multifaceted landscape of contemporary policing. It critically reflects upon challenges and opportunities within the field, emphasizing the crucial link to developments in police science. The report addresses the ethical dimensions and core values essential for effective policing in the 21st century. It further evaluates specific policing operations, identifying best practices, areas for improvement, and the long-term implications for future practices. A significant portion of the report is dedicated to critically examining the role of the police within contemporary society, offering a comprehensive overview of the issues and strategies involved in modern policing. The analysis covers various aspects, including volume crime, approaches to prevention and investigation, anti-social behavior, community relations, and the impact on victims, providing a holistic view of the complexities faced by law enforcement agencies. The report also highlights the structure of accountability in policing, with particular reference to the 'Policing Vision 2025' initiative and the roles of different government and policing bodies.

MSc Policing

Contents
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................3
Assessment 1..............................................................................................................................................3
Critically reflect upon an area in contemporary policing, considering challenges, opportunities and how
this links to developments in Police Science...........................................................................................3
Assessment 3..............................................................................................................................................8
Contemporary policing, the associated ethics and values necessary for policing in the 21st century........8
Critically evaluate the outcomes of a particular policing operation, function or task in contemporary
policing and identify areas of good and inappropriate practice, areas for improvement and the long-
term implications for future practice with reference to contemporary policing.....................................13
Critically reflect upon the role of the police within contemporary society in the 21st century..............14
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................19

INTRODUCTION
Policing is considered as laws, rules and regulations which is mainly forced by police
officers of nation. Through effective policing activities there is peaceful and effective
environment at nation as well as citizens feel safe. There are different types of policing style
such as service style, watchman style, legalistic style and many more. For every nation it is
essential to follow policing laws as well as guidelines in effective manner as that help in
maintaining the nation security successfully (Cuganesan and Free, 2020). The respective model
based on the context related to major changes in respect of policing provided in the
Commissioners as well as National Police Chiefs Council’s which is named as “Policing Vision
2025”. According to its vision statement by 2025, policing will be considered as profession along
with the huge representative workforce. This strategy or policy related right skills, experience as
well as power in order to meet challenging requirements effectively. The respective project is
based on the contemporary consideration of several aspects such as ethics, values as well as
effectiveness for the police. Topics which are discussed in respective project are related to
discussion on an area in contemporary policing, considering challenges, opportunities as well as
how these all link to the development in police science. Moreover, it also include evaluation of
specific police operation or approach related to policing problems as well as it also include good
and inappropriate aspects and performance for the future practices. Along with this, it also
includes understanding related to contemporary policing which are associated with the ethics and
value got policing in 21st century. It also include role of police within contemporary society in
21st century.
Assessment 1
Critically reflect upon an area in contemporary policing, considering challenges, opportunities
and how this links to developments in Police Science
Policing science is considered as study as well as research that deals with the police work
or activities. The respective study is generally based on the forensic science, criminology,
psychiatry, psychology, community policing, criminal; justice, penology, correctional
administration, jurisprudence and many others. Development of police science is mainly linked
to the different areas in contemporary policing, considering challenges and opportunities. It is
essential for every nation to have effective and managed policing as that leads to safe and secure

environment for the citizen (Cushing, 2020). There are several roles which are played by police
officer such as maintain the laws and order in local location or areas through protecting members
of public. In addition to this, police officer also protect others or citizen’s property, take steps for
reducing crime, preventing crime as well as it also leads to improving quality of life for all
residence. There are several models of the policing which need to follow by police offer in order
to deliver quality services to citizens i.e. Fragmented system, Centralized system as well as
integrated system. The Fragmented system of police service is considered as process or
something which is non system or extremely decentralized system. In this there is fear of
potential abuse of the organized police structure that is resulted in development of numbers of
autonomous police agencies inside the nation. On the other hand, Centralized system of police is
characterized as the force which have close control from the head office on the overall policing
practices within specific agency’s jurisdiction. In respective system police force generally follow
several aspect such as assist local law enforcement department in the criminal investigations
(Dunham, Alpert and McLean, 2020). They generally do it when they get asked. In addition to
this, integrated system is determined as the collection as well as centralisation of the data that are
generally used for the policing purpose. In few situation or cases data are being used for the
routine police practices or work that include investigation or responses related to criminal scenes.
Moreover, data collected by respective system are effective as well as helpful for police in
predict crimes.
In order to regulate police the mayor of London provide direction which is mandate or
the policing in London in 2011 according to the part of Police as well as social responsibility
Act. In this case mayor is totally responsible for the setting of strategic direction of policing at
London through the crime and police plan. Moreover, central as well as state police force work
under the superintendence and control of police executive which is of central or state
government. Police also regulate under the police laws which deals with the regulation as well as
code of conduct of law enforcement officials. The laws and regulation developed for police
regulation is deal with several issues like use of excessive force by officer of police, misconduct
by police, corruption. Moreover it also include issues like giving suspects its Miranda rights,
interrogation practices as well as police brutality. Furthermore, police strategies and priorities are
based on the several aspects which is mainly related with the issues and problems experienced by
nation (Egbert and Krasmann, 2020). The policy develop strategies which are based on the

several responsibilities such as enforcing laws and regulation, responding to the emergency
situation. Along with this, they also develop strategies related to preventing crime at area as well
as they also provide support services to citizens so that they feel safe as well as secure. While
developing strategies it is essential for the police to conduct strategic planning as that will help
them in developing effective strategies according to the situation which is faced by citizens. In
addition to this the core priority of police is to minimise crime as well as protect the vulnerable
so that they feel safe as well as secure. So in order to achieve it is essential to enhance the
partnership among the community as well as with the other service providers. In this it is also
necessary to protect the rights of victims as well as engage community led policing in order to
minimise demand. On the other word it can also say that police force or service conduct the
duties assigned to them by law in order to protect the people from violence, theft, crime as well
as other harmful activities in area (Facchini, Knight and Testa, 2020).
Moreover it is also priority of police to develop strategies related to resolving issues
related to problem solving of citizens as well as stop anti social behaviour of people. The
structure of accountability of the policing is based on several aspects or factors such as new
police managers and 2025 vision. The policing vision 2025 was introduced by the National
Police Chief’s Council (NPCC), National crime Agency as well as Association of Police and
Crime commissioners (APCC). This is generally sets out future of policing over the up coming
ten years. Moreover the policing Vision 2025, sets out the arrangement for policing throughout
the following ten years. It will shape choices around change and how people or police utilize
their assets to assist with keeping individuals safe and give a successful, open and incentive for
cash administration that can be trusted. This Vision comes from the administration itself. In
addition to this, contemporary policing is determined as the diversity of policing role as well as
draw upon a variety of context at which policing get discussed and evaluated. According to
contemporary policing it is essential for police offers to follow all the rules and regulation
develop by government as that will help them in conducting their work in effective as well as
efficient manner. Moreover in respect of this, at United Kingdom the contemporary policing
enforce rules, regulations and laws on the three levels i.e. federal, state as well as local
government (Favarel-Garrigues, 2020). There are numbers of contemporary policing issues such
as active shooter response, requirement of officers, immigration as well as sanctuary laws,
transparency in police and many more. So it is essential for police officer and management to

understand these issues and develop effective strategies so that they policing can be done in more
effective and appropriate manner.
In addition to this there are numbers of challenges experienced by police while
conducting activities related to policing and it is essential for management or government bodies
to understand those issue and help police in overcome it effectively. These challenges are related
to managing crime of different types such as volume crime, approaches to prevention and
investigation. Moreover it also include several other challenges like anti social behaviour,
communities as well as crime risk, impact on victims and so on. Volume crime is considered as
crime which take place more often such as street robbery, vehicle related criminality, burglary
and so on. Along with this, it also related to the damage or assaults criminal activities. In current
time volume crime are getting increase due to which citizens are facing several issues which is
challenging for the police to catch those criminals and make them punish (Goff, 2020). It is also
challenging because there is huge increment in the respective situation that affect the nation
environment as well as security level. In respect of another challenge which is related to
approaches to prevention and investigation, according this while doing policing activities police
experienced issues in conducting investigation due to limited resource or skilled manpower.
This will also affect the outcome that is directly impact on the prevention decision
because there is no proper reason of crime or there is no proper outcome on which decision can
be develop. Moreover the past time policing is adopting same types of approaches for prevention
due to which almost all people know about that. This make criminal smart as well as it also
impact on the preventives measures. Around the world there are several people who have anti
social behaviour that encourage them to conduct criminal activities as they not care about others
as well as their feeling. Due to these types of people police officer experienced several
challenges as they need to determine those people and punish. In addition to this, in some cases
these people are mentally disturb then in situation police need to provide medication as well as
session for mental health care. People who have anti social behaviour may harm themselves as
well as other, in some situation they also try to kill other so it is police need to identify these
types of people and provide them proper counselling so that everyone can feel safe.
In policing police offer not only deal with criminals as they also have to face victims. It is
so because victims are considered as person who may provide some essential and effective

information about the criminal or crime scene. But in case of interacting with victims there are
some victims who not in condition to provide information then in this police experienced
challenge as they are not depend on the victim for any types of clue. Along with this, in some
situation victim get impacted due to accident and they feel fear from criminal so in this case
victim also not provide any information about the crime which affect the policing practices
(Holley, Mutongwizo and Shearing, 2020). In addition to this, community is also considered as
the reason of crime risk according to which there are several communities who take criminal
action in the name of preventing their culture or believes. In this types of situation police officer
experienced as the other community people are in favour of crime as they also believe the same.
This affect the investigation as well as outcome of the police. Moreover it also leads to afraid
situation in the society which impact on the people leaving. These are some of the main
challenges which are experienced by police officer in order to conduct their work in effective
and appropriate way for making safe as well as secure environment in nation. So it is essential
for the police officers to adopt policing practices in effective way so they can conduct their work
effectively and appropriately.
Furthermore, there are numbers of opportunities which are experienced by police officer
by conducting their work in proper manner in the society such as them able to maintain effective
and safe environment for the people. In addition to this, it will also leads to minimising the rate
of crime which enhance the image of nation around the world as well as in such situation police
also get appraisal from government. Along with this, in order to get opportunities police officers
need to develop effective decision so that they can implement strategies properly for making
nation safe and secure (Knox, Lowe and Mummolo, 2020). For this they need to consider several
approaches or aspects such as The National Decision Model which help in understanding
situation and then developing strategies and plans effectively. Moreover in this it is also
necessary to avoid the unconscious bias as well as for this it is necessary to evaluate external and
internal factors as that help in developing more effective decision. In respect of this it is also
necessary that people or society must have trust as well as confidence in police or policing
practices as that motivate officers and encourage them to more in more effective way. It is also
necessary to for media and policing to showcase those news which are provided by police
without any kind of additional content as that may impact on the decision of police and it also
affect security situation.

Assessment 3
Contemporary policing, the associated ethics and values necessary for policing in the 21st century
Contemporary policing primarily focuses on the diversity of the policing role and draws
various ideas that wherein policing is analyzed as well as discussed. This is because there are a
variety of roles as responsibilities that the contemporary police have to play within a nation. In
the contemporary society, police is referred to as a body of officers who represent the civil
authority of the government (Nelson and Brown, 2020). The contemporary police is responsible
for maintaining public safety as well as order. Apart from this, contemporary policing is also
responsible for following the law and investigating as well as detecting crimes and other criminal
activities. There are various associated ethics and values that are necessary for policing in the 21st
century. The Commissioners and National Police Chief’s Council has stated that in the coming
five years, i.e., 2025, policing will be a profession and will have a more representative
workforce. The workforce will align the right skills, experience as well as powers in order to
meet the challenging requirements. The various ethics and values that are necessary for policing
in the 21st century are explained below in detail.
Performance
Ethics and values in Policing – The code of ethics in policing is all about being self-
aware and ensuring that everyone who is a part of policing feels to always do the right thing.
They should be confident to challenge their colleagues irrespective of their position, rank or role.
Police ethics can be defined as a se6t of moral values that are accepted as professional standards
in contemporary policing. Ethics can include allegiance, courage, loyalty and honesty at all times
(Owens, 2020). New police officers in the 21st century are expected to develop their values as
well as ethics from their experiences on the street and with other police officers who are more
experienced than them. Both ethics as well as values play a very integral role in policing and
facilitates the control of crime practices. The ethical behavior on duty among the contemporary
police officers is maintained through training standards, combination of laws as well as standard

help police officers. It is important to understand that the ethics in policing are different from the
written rules and regulations that are developed by the police department.
Police Conduct – The IOPC or Independent Office for Police Conduct is a government
body in the United Kingdom that is responsible for increasing the public confidence within the
police complaints system. Apart from this, it also ensures that all police officers have a
professional conduct. It also investigates the various complaints as well as allegations of
misconduct that are raised against the police. It is necessary for the police officers in the 21st
century to demonstrate honesty about their respective duties (Parmar, 2020). Besides this, they
are expected to show integrity at all times. Integrity in contemporary policing is all about
ensuring that people are a part of the same sustain the values of the service and always strive to
do the right thing, whatever the situation might be. Critical thinking, problem solving, strong
communication are some important examples of values that are necessary for contemporary
police officers in the United Kingdom. They should be able to make ethical decisions with the
help of the National Decision Model, which is a police framework that helps in making the
decision-making process easier and more uniform for the police officers.
Use of Force – This is another important performance ethic that the contemporary police
officers are expected to follow at all times. There are different police officers who have different
authorities. Police can be referred to as the civil authority of the government of a nation and is
mainly responsible for maintaining the public order and safety within the country. They also
enforce the law and prevent any kind of criminal activities that can prove to be threatening.
Professional courtesy among police officers is most expected at the different traffic spots.
Professional courtesy should always be possessed by the contemporary police officers and this is
because it helps them in carrying out their duties in an effective manner. communication is
another very important and integral part of contemporary policing. This is because it allows the
officers to manage the witnesses by interrogating them as well as suspects in order to gather
accurate and relevant information (White, 2020). This is further helpful in solving a crime case
and as a result, they are able to make more informed decisions. Also, since police officers use
two-way radios in order to communicate with each other, it is important for them to have
excellent communication skills which are considered a must-have in contemporary policing in
the 21st century.

Inclusion, Equality and Diversity – Inclusion in policing refers that all people,
regardless of their disabilities as well as abilities or healthcare needs, have the right to be
respected and appreciated. This is because they are valuable as other members of the community.
Apart from this, they also possess the right to participate in the recreational activities and
working different jobs within the community that pay a certain competitive way. The
contemporary police officers should provide services that are fair and responsive as this
promotes engagement within the community. There are various policies that are developed by
the police departments help in attracting, developing as well as retaining the best people. The
Policing Vision is provides the police officers with the policing ambitions. On the other hand,
diversity is also important in policing because it helps in understanding that different people have
different needs in the policing job. It is important for the police department to offer diversity
training to all the new police officers who work at the same level. Therefore, this will help the
police department in promoting diversity within the workforce and there by making sure that the
people are served in a better way (Police Officers Explain Why Diversity in Law Enforcement
Matters, 2020).
Legitimacy and the Role of Police in Society
Historical overview of Policing in the UK - The first professional policemen, in
England, known as 'Peelers', were posted in London in 1829 with the aid of Robert Peel, the then
Home Secretary, after 'The Metropolitan Police Act' of 1829. It was the beginning of a campaign
to enhance public law. In response to the excessive stage of crime in London, the brothers Henry
and John Fielding, both of whom served as magistrates at Bow Street Court, created a salaried
constabulary in 1750. The employer, known as the Bow Street Runners, patrolled the highways
and streets within the parish of Bow Street. However, there was little famous or governmental
support for the creation of a salaried, professional police pressure in the course of England at that
time.
The Policing Vision 2025 – The Policing Vision is set by the Commissioners and
National Police Chief’s Council and it states that by the year 2025, policing will become a
profession that will have a workforce that will be more representative and will align the right
skills, experience as well as powers in order to meet requirements that will be more challenging
(Årman, 2018). Therefore, new contemporary officers will be required to follow all the rules and

regulations more strictly. Also, there will be certain changes that will be made to the existing
contemporary policing. Hence, this will make it more necessary for the new joiners to follow the
most appropriate ways that will help them in serving the citizens of the country in a much more
effective manner. Under this vision, the workforce will be provided high quality training across
various segments in order to enhance their overall professionalism. Apart from this, in order to
attain the vision, the overall development of the policing department will be required. As a result,
the year 2025, the police service will be much more upgraded and more focus will be laid on the
overall wellbeing as well as engagement of the police officers.
Workforce Transformation - Workforce transformation refers to improving the
personnel by way of manner of their abilities and talents or the first-class and type of skills to
keep up with the modifications within the organization’s business method. Workforce
transformation is a sequence of applications, services and reforms to support and fortify the
people operating in policing. Taken together, those can assist to reap the personnel-associated
desires agreed by using police and crime commissioners and chief constables within the Policing
Vision 2025 (Workforce Transformation, 2020). This imaginative and prescient is built on a
shared purpose to improve policing for the general public. A file has been posted so you can
easily see how the paintings streams link and spot the timelines involved. The file, created with
the National Police Chiefs' Council, will help forces in making plans and enforcing this work.
Local and Specialist Policing - Local Police includes municipal, county, tribal, and regional
police that derive authority from the neighborhood governing frame that created it (Belur and Johnson,
2018). The number one motive is to uphold the laws of the jurisdiction, offer patrol, and look at local
crimes. On the other hand, Special Police, additionally called Special Jurisdiction Law Enforcement;
normally describes a police force or unit within police pressure whose obligations and responsibilities are
considerably exclusive from other forces within the same united states or from other police inside the
equal force, despite the fact that there may be no regular international. Both local as well as special police
offers have to abide by certain rules and regulations that ensure that they perform their duties in an
appropriate manner and the country is served in an efficient way. In the 21st century, contemporary
policing has changed and the new police officers who will join the policing department will not only have
to follow the general rules and policies but also the ones that will be specific to their field of operation.
Role of Police in multi-agency provision of services

Governance and Accountability – Multi-agency provision of services is another ethic
that is relevant in policing in the 21st century. It refers to working across organizations to deliver
services to human beings with a couple of wishes (Button, 2020). Working in collaboration is
vital if people are to be provided the range of support they require in a timely way. Multi-
business enterprise working is set imparting an unbroken response to people with multiple and
complex needs. The police officers are accountable for their own behavior while being on the
duty. Accountability in policing makes sure that different officers are able to work together with
each other in an effective manner. Apart from this, it also ensures that they can trust their seniors
to make ethical decisions and as a result, a relationship is developed between the police officers
as well as the community.
Response to the public and community policing – Police officers have always had the
responsibility of responding to the public in case of any criminal activity or any other concern that the
public might have (Hendriks, 2018). It is important for them to be present at any public event that takes
place in the country. Community Policing, also referred to as community-oriented policing can be
referred to as a strategy that is mainly focused on developing relationships between the police officers as
well as members of the community. In the 21st century, it is important for the police officers to be able to
develop lasting and positive relationships with the community members. This is because it promotes the
development of strategies that are effective and promote partnership as well as problem-solving
techniques to address any immediate conditions that may arise to the overall safety of the public. This
includes social disorder, criminal activity or a fear of crime.
Safeguarding, mental health and multiagency teams – Safeguarding the public from
any kind of sudden activity is one of the most important responsibilities of the police officers.
Police forces work with other organizations to safeguard children and have particular obligations
for investigating crimes against them and taking shielding movement where this is necessary.
Protecting kids is one of the most vital obligations the police undertake. The police have a
critical function to play within the safety and safety of adults susceptible to damage and abuse. In
addition, a core policing role is identifying and handling perpetrators who pick out to goal adults
who are inclined.
Licensing, security and charging for events – There can be people who do not follow
the rules and might break them. In these types of situations, the contemporary police officers
have to ensure that there is enough security and that events are conducted in an effective manner