Multiple sclerosis (MS): Assignment
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Added on 2021-06-15
Multiple sclerosis (MS): Assignment
Added on 2021-06-15
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Running head: MULTIPLE SCLEROSISMULTIPLE SCLEROSISName of the StudentName of the universityAuthor’s note
1MULTIPLE SCLEROSISMULTIPLE SCLEROSISQ. 1Tysabri augments the risk of a unusual type of brain infection known as progressive multifocalleukoencephalopathy (PML) that can lead to mortality or severe disability (Lichtenstein et al.,2012). Using Tysabri can cause this rare brain infection and the risk of getting PML get higherif the patient is infected with the John Cunningham virus. As per the report by Fernández et al.,(2012) a large portion of the patients under Tysabri are becoming positive to the antibodies forthe JC virus. John Cunning ham virus can become prevalent in patient if the immune system of theperson is compromised due to a disease or due to the sage of the immunosuppressivemedications (Palazzo & Yahia, 2012). This virus can affect the brain. This affects the whitematers of the brain and attacks the cells in making the myelin sheath that normally protects thenerve cells (Torkildsen et al. 2014). This is related to multiple sclerosis as it is a disease of thecentral nervous system where the myelin sheath is attacked by the immune system (Loma &Heyman, 2011). The underlying nerve fibers might get damaged due to this. The myelin sheathmay get infected and is gradually destroyed developing sclerosis or lesions.Natazulimab is quite effective in reducing the relapses and delaying the diseaseprogression of multiple sclerosis. However it does so by suppressing the immune system.Tysabri does so by binding to the alpha subunit of the integrin present on the surface of the
2MULTIPLE SCLEROSISlymphocytes (Fernández et al., 2012). This action obstructs the subunit binding of the receptors.This prevents the entry of the lymphocytes in the central nervous system, which reduces thepathological processes of multiple sclerosis. This suppression of the immunity increases thechance of infection by the JC viruses (Fernández et al., 2012).Question 2Relapsing remitting Multiple sclerosis can be defined as attacks of new neurologicsymptoms. The attacks or the relapses or the exacerbations are followed by period of partial orcomplete recovery. At the time of remissions all the symptoms can disappear and some of thesymptoms may persist and can even become permanent. RRMS can be further classified in toactive or inactive and worsening or non worsening range. The new lesions formed are de-myelinating reacting with the myelin sheaths directly in the presence of the infiltrating T cells.As per Høglund & Maghazachi, (2014), RRMS is caused by some genetic, environmental factorsor infectious agents. There are generally two types of immune responses that is the innate and theadaptive immune response. The initiation of the innate immune response is brought about by themicrobial product that activates the specific receptors mainly the toll receptors. Activation of thetoll like receptors by the pathogens initiates the adaptive immune response. This helps in theprogression of the MS by affecting the effector function of the B and the T cells (Høglund &Maghazachi, 2014). The initiation of the adaptive immune response is again promoted by the presentation ofthe antigen to the T- lymphocyte by the Antigen presenting cells like the dendritic cells,microglia and the macrophages (Høglund & Maghazachi, 2014). This interaction initiates theadaptive immune response in MS. The T cells produce several cytokines that promote
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