The Music of the Other: New Challenges for Ethnomusicology

To identify new challenges for
ethnomusicology in a global age

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................3
Background of the research....................................................................................................4
Aim of research......................................................................................................................5
Research Objectives...............................................................................................................6
Research Questions................................................................................................................6
Rationale of research..............................................................................................................6
Chapter Structure....................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................9
Concept of Ethnomusicology.................................................................................................9
New challenges faced by ethnomusicology in a global age.................................................12
Impact of new challenges on ethnomusicology within global age.......................................15
CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................18
Research Methodology.......................................................................................................18
Research Philosophy..........................................................................................................19
Research Approach............................................................................................................20
Research Choice..................................................................................................................21
Time Horizon......................................................................................................................21
Research Design..................................................................................................................22
Sources of Data...................................................................................................................23
Data Collection Techniques...............................................................................................24
Sampling..............................................................................................................................25
Research Ethics...................................................................................................................26
Research Limitation...........................................................................................................27
Research Reliability and Validity.....................................................................................28
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS................................................................................................29
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION.........................................................................................................49
CHAPTER : 6 REFLECTION AND ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGY................................51
Reflection.............................................................................................................................51
Alternative methodology......................................................................................................52
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................53

CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................53
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................55

TOPIC : “To identify new challenges for ethnomusicology in a global age”.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Music can be defined as instrumental or vocal sounds that are concerted in a combined
manner, which produces distinctive harmony, expression of emotion and beauty of form. It has
been analysed that, over the years music has been a part of both social and cultural aspects where
different instruments along with vocal sounds gets change from one country to another. Apart
from this, Ethnomusicology can be defined as study of music considering the two aspects and
these are culture and social who has developed it1. In present time, this type of study shows or
puts light on various theoretical along with the methodical approaches that express different
aspects like material, cognitive, cultural, social, biological and many more other types of musical
behaviour rather than considering isolated sound component. If it is talked about challenges for
ethnomusicology at international level then it can be said that, world is basically surrounded by
new musical encounters in present time as never before, and the experience of musics from
elsewhere is progressively affecting all arenas of the human conscience. Yet, why is it that
Western listeners expect a certain cultural and ethnic 'authenticity' or 'otherness' from visiting
artists in world music, while contemporary musicians in Western music are no longer bound by
such restraints2. This could be taken as a subject on which many of the researchers has been
performing investigation over the years. But, due to ample number of factors like culture,
1
Bleibinger, Bernhard. "The struggle, global challenges and international strategies in the
University of Fort Hare’s music department." One World, Many Knowledges: Regional
experiences and cross-regional links in higher education(2016): 103.
2 Booth, Gregory D. "A Long tail in the digital age: music commerce and the mobile
platform in India." Asian Music 48, no. 1 (2017): 85-113.

technological advancements, change among perceptions of people related to music, shift of
interest towards another ethno's values (national values) and many more could be considered as
the reasons, which brought new challenges for ethnomusicology at global age.
Basically, it has been analysed that both social and musical structures stays linked with
the relation of close solidarity, and every reaction on the significance or the aesthetics of music
will necessarily show the study of mentalities i.e. psychology. Along with this, musical facts
have also been consists with high range of acoustic components and including this if it is talked
in a technical manner, which were also basically produced that has helped in identifying the
different range of gaps3. On the other hand, equally by its substance and by what it implies, by
spiritual and social function, an attested psychological and possibly ritual efficacy, the role
traditionally assigned to its producers and receivers, and, finally, the appropriate methods of
learning and diffusion.
Background of the research
Ethnomusicology is study of the music in cultural and social contexts. It helps in
examine the music as social process to understand that not only the music it but it means to
audiences and practitioners. It encompasses the distinct methodical and theoretical approaches
which emphasize social, biological, material and some other dimensions of musical behaviour. It
is explained either as comparative study of the culture and musical system4. Ethnomusicologists
determines music as social process in context to understand that not only the music is but it
3 Chiriacò, Gianpaolo. "Sound Recordings and Dignity Takings: Reflections on the
Racialization of Migrants in Contemporary Italy." Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 92 (2017): 991.
4 Cole, Malcolm. "Context and culture in music education: Lessons from last century."
Australian Journal of Music Education 3 (2015): 59.

means a lot for audiences and practitioners. The people which working in filed many have the
training in the music, performance studies, folklore and some other areas in social sciences and
humanities. Ethnomusicologists are active in the applied and public work. In this, partnering with
music communities which they study, it may promote and document the music traditions in the
project which include conflict resolution, environmental sustainability, education, advocacy on
behalf of the musicians5.
Aim of research
This is being considered as one of the crucial section for every single research, because
without an aim an investigation cannot be developed. Aim of a particular research helps in
pulling out favourable outcomes and aid investigator and readers in gaining better knowledge in
regards to the chosen topic. For present investigation, the aim that has been developed i.e. “To
identify new challenges for ethnomusicology in a global age”, which could be considered as root
of this whole investigation6.
Research Objectives
 To understand the concept of ethnomusicology.
 To identify the number of new challenges for ethnomusicology in a global age.
 To ascertain the impact of new challenges on ethnomusicology within global age.
5 Colmeiro, José. Peripheral visions/global sounds: from Galicia to the world. Oxford
University Press, 2018.
6 Emberly, Andrea. "Sustaining Musical Traditions in Early Childhood: A View from the
Field of Ethnomusicology." In Music in Early Childhood: Multi-disciplinary
Perspectives and Inter-disciplinary Exchanges, pp. 139-154. Springer, Cham, 2019.

Research Questions
 What is the concept of ethnomusicology ?
 What are the number of new challenges for ethnomusicology in a global age ?
 How ethnomusicology is affected by the new challenges at global age ?
Rationale of research
This present report is taken in to consideration on The rationale behind conducting this
investigation is to identify new challenges for ethnomusicology in a global age. It helps in
provide the deep understanding about ethnomusicology in detailed manner. The researcher
conduct investigation for their personal interest and professional. It helps in giving the deep
understanding about particular area and helpful in conducting any investigation in significant
manner7. On the other hand, research is helpful in enhancing the knowledge and the skills of a
researcher so that it can able to perform the all research activities in systematic manner.
Chapter Structure
This section provides the systematic information about the chapters which included in
conducting a research project. Through this, researcher can able to get the positive outcomes or
completing research within given period of time8.
7 Giuriati, Giovanni. "New trends in the Use of audiovisual (and audio) technology in
Contemporary Ethnomusicology." Musical Listening in the Age of Technological
Reproduction (2016): 345.
8 Gold, John R., George Revill, and Daniel Grimley. "Music, Maps and the Global
Jukebox: Culture Areas and Alan Lomax’s Cantometrics Projects Revisited." In
Mapping across academia, pp. 287-303. Springer, Dordrecht, 2017.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
It is a primary chapter in dissertation and provides the basic knowledge about the core
area. It consists relevant aim and objectives related to particular area and give knowledge to
learner so that it can able to conduct the research activities in systematic manner. It is a kind of
summary of proposal that explains about the basic research concepts9.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
It is most importance chapter of dissertation and explain the research topic in detailed
manner. It demonstrate the research area broadly and analyse the particular topic in detailed
manner. This chapter collects data from using the secondary sources like books, articles, journals
etc.
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It defines methods which are mainly used to collect data and information about research
question. This chapter of dissertations provides the effective way to gather information and also
analyse that for getting positive outcomes. It consists the different ways to collect data such as
primary and secondary.
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS
In this part, data will be collected from the primary and secondary sources. In primary
method, questionnaire will be developed through researcher and on the other hand, secondary
information has been collected by using the books, articles, internet sources etc. For analyse the
primary data, thematic analysis methods will be used through researcher for getting positive
outcomes10.
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
9 Gordon, Lillie S. "Women Singers in Global Contexts: Music, Biography, Identity."
(2015): 483-488.

It is a last chapter that provides the outcomes of research in a positive and negative
manner. It answer the research question and leave the clear understanding of central argument.
This part shows findings that contribute to the knowledge in area. On the other hand, in
recommendations researcher provides the suggestion to make the conducting research better and
in systematic way.
10 Greve, Martin. "Writing against Europe: On the Necessary Decline of
Ethnomusicology. By Martin Greve. Translated by Férdia J. Stone-Davis.
Ethnomusicology Translationsm 3 (2016): 1-13.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
It is critical summary of published works on specific subject area. It develops landscape
for reader and giving the full understanding of development in area. This kind of landscape
informs a learner that author has to be indeed assimilated previous work in research filed. The
main purpose of literature review is to give excessive data that help in support new insight. In
this part, information has been collected through using the secondary sources for an instance
internet, articles, books etc. These all are helpful in provide the accurate data and information
about the particular area and gaining positive outcomes of research 11.
Concept of Ethnomusicology
Ethnomusicology is the study of the music in context of society and culture in which it is
build. It encompasses the various kinds of theoretical and methodological approaches to focus on
the music that are culture, social and biological instead a single component of music 12. The term
firstly originated by Jaap Kunst from the Greek word and at time of its early development from
the comparative musicology in the year 1950s, ethnomusicology primarily rely on non-western
music but from the last few decades it focus on the all kinds of music in the whole world from
anthropological to sociological and intercultural perspectives. In words of Bruno Netti, (2015),
11 Hebert, David G. "Ethnicity and music education: Sociological dimensions." In
Sociology and music education, pp. 115-136. Routledge, 2017.
12 Kasra, Mona. "Mohamed Zayani, Networked Publics and Digital Contention, The
Politics of Everyday Life in Tunisia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015). Pp.
304. $29.95 paper. ISBN: 9780190239770." Review of Middle East Studies52, no. 1
(2018): 235-237.

that characterized ethnomusicology as a term of western thinking and announced as an western
culture which actually known as western phenomenon. Majorly ethnomusicology described as a
holistic investigation of music in cultural context to get optimum kinds of outcome out of it . In it
multiple kinds of disciplines included such as folklore, psychology, linguistics and comparative
musicology and many more13. It concerned with how and why people make or originated music
and it endures the hundred and thousands years by revealing the lots of shared values related to
the society to created and preserved their history and values in proper manner. With advent of
modernization and westernisation in the whole world, then ethnomusicologist become collectors
and pace towards preserving the musical customs and that are danger to become extinct as
people of western influencer incrementally popular in the whole world.
There is close relationship in between the two terms musicology and ethnomusicology
that create some kind of chaos in the minds of reader who believed that ethnomusicology is a
recently established branch of comparative musicology. Although ethnomusicology is a new
term designed and developed to take place of traditional term 14. As a great deal a thorough
research should be accomplished in this field that descriptive ethnomusicological studies creates
but the primary motive is for a fruitful comparison of kinds of non-European music with other
aspects of it. Human music and musical phenomenon are also the major part of ethnomusicology
sphere of interest as exotic cultures and non-human behaviour are the common parts. The
13 Keogh, Brent. "Star-spangled Shamisen: In search of the Jimi Hendrix of the…[insert
instrument here]." Perfect Beat 19, no. 1 (2018): 68-85.
14 Kuang, Lanlan. "China's Emerging Food Media: Promoting Culinary Heritage in the
Global Age." Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies 17, no. 3 (2017): 68-
81.

another major contributory part to strengthen which is western civilization that are very much
important for kinds of culture. In twentieth century specialist become the western music
specialist and in nineteenth century musicologist were taken more interest in the music15. There
are majorly three categories in the music firstly the western music and their key interest’s areas
the second category of music that always includes the scope of ethnomusicology is the Asian and
north African high cultures such as China, Japan and Java, Bali and many more. The third
category of music is folk music which defined as music in oral tradition found in areas that are
dominated by high culture.
While music changes there are some kinds of resistances appears due to dynamics in
culture that are distinguished in between the classification of various culture, cultural evolution,
human history, universals and biological evolution. In first attribute classification that categories
the degree of similarity in between the musical works by using musical salient features as
parameters of music. The study of cultural evolution represents the way musical system undergo
from various kinds of changes over time in between and within culture16. It analyses changes that
are transferred through classes of generations in a vertical format and which transmitted
horizontally. The third factor knowledge of music culture evolution proved useful in illuminating
the history that includes the migration, colonialism and globalisation other forms of cultural
contacts. The fourth factor denotes about the cross cultural trends that are majorly contributed
towards understanding the prevailing trends in various nations. In fifth factor the origins and
15 Leung, Bo-Wah. "Coda: Current Trends and Future Development in Transmitting
Traditional Music." In Traditional Musics in the Modern World: Transmission,
Evolution, and Challenges, pp. 261-272. Springer, Cham, 2018.
16 Lowe, Melanie. "Rethinking the Undergraduate Music History Sequence in the
Information Age." this Journal 5 (2015): 65-71.

functions of music that are gist of the whole music and changes in aspects of it. So it can be said
that study of music is very much potential to understand the taste and preferences of the people
and emerging trends in the marketplace to come up with best version of it17.
New challenges faced by ethnomusicology in a global age
Ethnomusicology is new term that is mainly designed to replace traditional one that has
been criticized on ground. It grew out of trend that is known as comparative musicology gain the
momentum. It many be holistic research of the music in cultural context. The ethnomusicology
implies relation among society and music. It results from overlapping and confrontation of two
different cognitive approaches that consider the irreducible. With the advent of globalisation the
changes occurs in the people's taste and preferences as people come across the various
boundaries that creates dynamics in many aspects. Music is very much important in today's
world and everyone surrounded with the new musical encounters and it affected to all arenas of
human consciousness18. Western listeners expect some kind of cultural and ethnic authenticity in
their music while visiting various places in the whole world. There are some challenges that are
faced by music industry that are when people across the national and international boundaries
they listened new kinds of music for that musicians focus on the innovation in it which hinders
the originality of the music. In that aspect people while come across from different culture music
that originated in particular era are the mix up of different kinds of music that can satisfy the
wants of particular people. In addition to it hurts the social and moral aspects of the particular
17 Magnat, Virginie. "Occitan music revitalization as radical cultural activism: From
postcolonial regionalism to altermondialisation." Popular Music and Society 40, no. 1
(2017): 61-74.
18 Parent, Marie-Christine. "" Being on Both Sides": The Ethnomusicologist between
Official Institutions and Musicians." (2016).

group of people while they listen particular music. Ethnomusicologist contributed to develop the
parent disciplines and their major work largely based on the various methods in musicology and
cultural anthropology19. Instead of that recognition of the ethnomusicology is very much
considerable in context of musicology. The primary contribution that involves that they want to
understand the music with taste and preferences of their target audience.
The major issue or concern before musicologist that how can they characterize
similarities between different music. To overcome from the mentioned issue classification forms
the basis of comparative analysis. Due to the vast range of classification units, samples and
features and quantification methodologies the choice of one of appropriate rely on nature of
research questions which being addresses. The another issue of “History” which has two
complementary facets in musicology. The first operates with music history about the changes
occurs overtime and location. It evaluates the changes within a single location and geographical
dispersion regarding music styles by blending various kinds of styles resulting cultural
interaction. Due to people come across the boundaries they lived in different places or
geographical dispersion that bring variation in their music belongingness which creates problem
in front of ethnomusicologist20.
The another major issues is to find out which musical features are found in whole
universal and which are more variable and cultural specific. As the taste and preferences of
listeners changes overtime it creates concern in front of music composers to find out musical
19 Reigersberg, Muriel E. Swijghuisen. "Collaborative Music, Health, and Wellbeing
Research Globally: Some Perspectives on Challenges Faced and How to Engage with
Them." Journal of Folklore Research 54, no. 1-2 (2017): 133-159.
20 Roda, P. Allen. "Ecology of the global tabla industry." Ethnomusicology 59, no. 2
(2015): 315-336.

features that liked by the whole universe as they dwell in different culture. Due to diversity in the
culture it brings changes in features of music that directly effect on the style of music21. The last
but important concern before ethnomusicologist that they have to understand what is music and
its evolution to represent one of best music as per the taste and preferences of music lovers. Due
to advent of globalisation people come across from national and international boundaries in that
regards the culture of many communities mix up with one another. They have to acknowledge
about basic functions of music for human species. Biological approach of music which
surrounded on majorly two kinds of concerns are origins and functions. When they acknowledge
the basic areas of music and reason behind listening of music by human being then they
accordingly build it appropriately. A major shortcoming in early comparative musicology related
with the assumption that traditional tribes for an example hunter gatherer cultures which
represents the ancestral state of human behaviour and thus serves as model of ancient humans.
So from the above discussion it has been summarised that due to advent of change in
culture, taste and preferences and globalisation are major factors that bring dynamics in music.
So the concerning areas is to understand the features that apply in the whole universe and music
as a tool for reconstruction of human history 22. As in modern generation not focused on values
and culture so it creates generation gaps in likeliness of music in today's world. Function and
importance of music differ as the culture and preferences of listeners changes.
21 Schippers, Huib. "Applied Ethnomusicology and Intangible Cultural Heritage." In The
Oxford Handbook of Applied Ethnomusicology, p. 134. Oxford University Press, USA,
2015.
22 Schippers, Huib. "Applied Ethnomusicology and Intangible Cultural Heritage." Theory,
Method, Sustainability, and Conflict: An Oxford Handbook of Applied Ethnomusicology
1 (2019): 132.

Impact of new challenges on ethnomusicology within global age
Branch of the is related with the applied ethnomusicology that has been comparatively
received attention with in setting. The area of ethnomusicology has been characterized through
rumination on nature of situation. Music pedagogues and ethnomusicologists suggest that the
music education should be acknowledge while questioning the dominant musical learning in
west. Under this, ritual genres is a main issue that is ethnomusicologists face. In this category of
dances and music of religious character and all the genres with sacred combination that attract
large audience. On the other hand, ethnomusicologists would be appear that placed to be engage
with government to problem23. In this, problems provocatively for objective of the dramatic
effect and the scholars are working in all the areas of ethical dilemma. Under this, there are
different challenges faced by ethnomusicology within global age such as different musical
features and similarities between different music.
In context to musical feature, feature that might be pertain to specific musical passage,
period, culture, work and style. It many be salient due to the intertextual or intra textual
treatments consisting model, primacy, quotation, model, evocation and allusion. As per the
analysis, it has been stated that the music reduce stress level and enhance overall health of
people24. The different features of music provides the relaxation to people which and they enjoy
in better manner. In addition to this, enjoyment goes beyond present moment as it influence
23 Schippers, Huib. "Cities as Cultural Ecosystems: Researching and Understanding Music
Sustainability in Urban Settings." Journal of Urban Culture Research 12 (2016): 10-19.
24 Treloyn, Sally. "Music in culture, music as culture, music interculturally: reflections on
the development and challenges of ethnomusicological research in Australia." In Voices:
A World Forum for Music Therapy, vol. 16, no. 2. 2016.

directly outcome if hormones as well as cognitive functioning. On the other hand, preferences
and needs of the listeners are changes over a period of time in front of the music composers in
order to search the features which are liked through whole universe as they are related to various
culture. In this, due to cultural diversity in culture, this bring come of the change in feature of the
music that impact on the music style. In addition to this, in globalisation people come across
from the international and national boundaries to mix up the culture of different communities25.
The other challenge is similarity among the different music. In this, area of
ethnomusicology gives detailed analysis that can be explore unique relationship and interaction
that exists among society, music and culture. The music similarity is complex due to number of
the similarity dimensions. If it takes place among various fragments from single musical pieces
then the similarity of music implies repetition of first occurring fragments, In this, culture effect
on ways under which the music is performed, learnt and taught. The music is different on the
basis of culture so that people can understand easily and enjoy26. It develop the positive impact
on people and the music. In this, the language of the song has been changes according to
different languages but the lyrics are same so that people can be listen with proper interest
without getting any kind of issue. Somewhere, it develops the negative impact and to overcome
from it, there is a need to make classification according to comparative analysis. In relation to
vast range of the classification units, features and the sample are choice of rely of nature of the
chosen questions which are needed to be addressed.
25 Whitmore, Aleysia K. "The Art of Representing the Other: Industry Personnel in the
World Music Industry." Ethnomusicology 60, no. 2 (2016): 329-355.
26 Allison, Theresa A., Daniel B. Reed, and Judah M. Cohen. "Toward Common Cause:
Music, Team Science, and Global Health." Journal of Folklore Research 54, no. 1-2
(2017): 1-13.

In this, music genre is one of the most challenging concept of ethnomusicology for which
there are open questions that remain related to the classification approach and also distances
among the genres27. The automatic music classification is one of the most necessary concept that
getting the more attention with development of multimedia technologies as well as growth of the
available information. Under this, music genre classification is most necessary task and many
used to be organise large collection of the music. There are several approached have been created
to determine the music genre in symbolic representation such as Support Vietor Machines.
27 Wong, Deborah. "Ethnomusicology without Erotics." Women and Music: A Journal of
Gender and Culture 19, no. 1 (2015): 178-185.

CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY
Methodology refers to systematic and the theoretical analysis of methods which are
mainly applied to study area28. It provides the systematic information and ways to collecting
accurate information related to particular area in systematic manner. It is general research
strategy that gives way under which an investigation is undertaken in an effective manner. On
the other hand, methodology is system of the wider rules or principles from which particular
methods many derived to be interpret various issues within scope of specific discipline. The
research methodology is body of the practices that provides the deep knowledge and
understanding about specific area29.
Research Methodology
Research Methodology is defined as process of collecting data and information by
researcher about assigned project work. It is the theoretical analysis of principles and methods
related with branch of knowledge. It is collected through help of methods, set of methods and
best practices which can be applied to particular case. This is considered as significant part in
research work that identify research methods in order to conduct study. The researcher has to
explains about data and information to be addresses at research questions and achievement of
aims and objectives. The research methodology covers various elements such as sources of data,
research design, research strategy, instruments, analytical presentations, research validity and
28 Joubert, Estelle. "Analytical encounters: Global music criticism and enlightenment
ethnomusicology 1." In Studies on a Global History of Music, pp. 42-60. Routledge,
2018.
29 Prasad, Pavithra, and Jeff Roy. "Ethnomusicology and Performance Studies: Towards
Interdisciplinary Futures of Indian Classical Music." MUSICultures 44, no. 1 (2017).

reliability and so on. Here, researcher has used research onion for identification of best approach
in order to collect data and information30. It consists of different layers which are described
below:
Research Philosophy
It is belief about way under which the data regarding phenomenon should be analysed,
used and collected. This part of research methodology plays a necessary role in providing the in-
depth analysis. The two types of research philosophy are interpretivism and positivism. The
positivism philosophy is stable and observed from objective viewpoint without any interference.
On the other hand, interpretivist content only through subjective interpretation in reality that can
be understood. Here, researcher will apply interpretivism philosophy for collection of data and
information as it provides accurate results31. The given topic is to identify challenges for
ethnomusicology in global age. The interpretivism integrates interest of human into single study.
It is important to know about views of people regarding music to collect data and information.
The other philosophy is positivism which will not provide appropriate outcome in order to carry
research work as it focus on relations and properties of natural phenomena.
30 Stoichita, Victor A. "Susana Moreno Fernández, Salwa E. Castelo-Branco, Pedro Roxo
and Iván Iglesias (eds.), Current Issues in Music Research. Copyright, Power and
Transnational Music Processes (Lisbon, Edições Colibri, 2012)." Revista Portuguesa de
Musicologia 3, no. 2 (2016): 215-222.
31 Veselinović-Hofman, Mirjana. "TOWARD REMOVING THE BORDERS BETWEEN
THE CENTRE AND THE PERIPHERY-THE NEW SOUND AT 25 (A Word From the
Editor)." New Sound: International Journal of Music 50, no. 2 (2017): 7-12.

Research Approach
It is described as the plan that includes wider assumptions to data collection methods,
interpolation and analysis. There are mainly two research approach for data collection such as
inductive and deductive32. In inductive approach, investigator starts though gathering the relevant
information about particular area. It is based on the qualitative research method that provides
detailed analysis. On the other hand, deductive research approach included beginning with theory
and gathering the data to test hypothesis. It is related to quantitative method and vesicles
hypothesis. As per given topic, investigator will use inductive approach as it helps in gathering
appropriate data and information regarding subject matter to get positive outcomes. The topic of
research is related with ethnomusicology which is related with their interest topic. The researcher
will not consider deductive approach as it moves from generalised principles to particular
conclusion. This is not suitable for gathering appropriate data and information in an effective and
efficient manner33.
Research Choice
It is an important part of research onion. The research choice is of two types such as
qualitative and quantitative. In qualitative research, investigator collect data and information in
form of quality. Under this, data and information are gathered by participants interviews and the
32 Alexander, Patrick. "The Wedding Present—‘Dare’." Suomen Antropologi: Journal of
the Finnish Anthropological Society 43, no. 2 (2018): 96-99.
33 Carrico, Alexandria Heaton. "Constructing a two-way street: An argument for
interdisciplinary collaboration through an ethnomusicological examination of music
therapy, medical ethnomusicology, and Williams syndrome." In Voices: A World Forum
for Music Therapy, vol. 15, no. 3. 2015.

observation. The data are analysed through themes from the descriptions through informants. It
is structured in nature and develop deep understanding about the particular research area in
significant manner. Similarly, quantitative research measure data and information in terms of
facts, figures, numbers. In addition to this, data are gathered by measuring the different things. It
is mainly designed to gather the hard figures and facts34. It gives the proper support when a
researcher draw the general conclusion from investigation. Here, researcher has used qualitative
research because topic of project is to identify challenges for ethnomusicology in a global age.
Time Horizon
This is defined as important component of research onion which will helps researcher to
determine initial and finish time period for completion of assigned project work. Investigator will
take help of Gantt Chart time framework which identify time duration for each and every activity
for completing research work. The data and information will be collected on basis of topic that is
identification of new challenges for ethnomusicology which requires adequate time. The topic is
interdisciplinary in nature which examine music of both cultural and social contexts35. The main
focus of this research is on existing conditions whereas alternative i.e. longitudinal approach
needs use of the repeated studied over time period to determine correlation among observations
and the changes among outcomes over different period of time.
34 Lysloff, René TA. "Ethnomusicology." The International Encyclopedia of
Anthropology: 1-13.
35 Butterworth, James. "Javier F. León and Helena Simonett (eds.), Views from the South:
A Latin American Music Reader (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press in
collaboration with the Society for Ethnomusicology, 2016), pp. xi+ 449,£ 28.99,
pb." Journal of Latin American Studies 50, no. 3 (2018): 773-775.

Research Design
It is defined as framework of tools, techniques and method for conducting research in
order to control or organise project work. This helps in application of methods and tools for
decision making while conducting research36. The different types of research design are
descriptive, experimental and exploratory. These are important for conducting research work as
they assist in collection of data and information. Exploratory is conducted when problem is not
studied more effectively, clearly, to improve final research design. It is helpful in identify the
data collection method, research design and selection of the specific subject. For carried out an
exploratory investigation, there is no previous investigation done and also do not provide the
answer of issue. Similarly, experimental is the practical way of conducting way of conducting
research work. This research design establish the effect and cause relationship of phenomenon.
Here, researcher will not use both exploratory and experimental because they will not reach to
given conclusion of project work37. Therefore, as per assigned topic, researcher will use
descriptive design because it will provide support in depicting profile of situations, person and
events. This helps in providing in depth evaluation of components. The ethnomusicology is
totally based on feeling and emotions of individual that requires to identify person's views and
opinions.
36 Mills, Roger. "Intercultural Tele-Improvisation: Multi-idiomatic Approaches." In Tele-
Improvisation: Intercultural Interaction in the Online Global Music Jam Session, pp.
59-80. Springer, Cham, 2019.
37 Davidson, Robert. "Collaborating across musical style boundaries." Collaborative
creative thought and practice in music (2016): 65-78.

Sources of Data
There are two sources of data collection such as primary and secondary. Here, primary
data collection method is the way of collecting data and information for first time. This provide
correct and accurate data and information to researcher because each and every information is
collected for first time38. It is time consuming and requires more cost to researcher to gather
information. The techniques of primary research are interviews, observations, questionnaire for
data collection. On other side, secondary data collection method is defined as collecting of
information from already published sources. This is less time consuming and cost incurred is
also low as compared to primary source39. The researcher uses information from document
analysis collected from both published and unpublished sources such as google scholar, literature
review, business journals, newspaper, articles. The investigator will use secondary source as it
provides in depth study of subject matter to collect information. The research work is based on
ethnomusicology which is difficult for collecting data and information from primary sources.
From using of different secondary source, information will be abstracted in order to reach aim
and objectives of research work. Therefore, secondary is most suitable as per given research
work.
38 Howard, Keith. "Dal Yong Jin: New Korean Wave: Transnational Cultural Power in the
Age of Social Media. 232 pp. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2016. ISBN 978 0
252 03997." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies79, no. 3 (2016): 705-
706.
39 Johansson, Mats Sigvard. "Making Sense of Genre and Style in the Age of
Transcultural Reproduction." International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of
Music (2016): 45-62.

Data Collection Techniques
Data collection is mainly used to define process of making and gathering data from using
authentic sources. Its main aim is to obtain information to keep on the record, pass information to
the others and make effective decisions regarding necessary problems. Researcher collect data
mainly to give information regarding particular research area40. The different kinds of data
collection techniques are google scholar, observation, interview and questionnaire. These all
assist in collecting accurate data and information about assigned topic. As per project topic,
investigator will use google scholar for getting valid and reliable data and information about
subject matter. There are views and opinions of various authors at google scholar which is easier
to collect data and information in an effective and efficient manner. As per requirement of
researcher, they view their opinions and get information for research work.
Data Analysis Techniques
It refers to process of examining data through using analytical as well as logical
reasoning to evaluate components of provided data. It is the way of analysing data and
information in an appropriate manner41. They are of three types such as inductive analysis,
deductive analysis and regression analysis. These all are important for research but as per
assigned topic, investigator will use inductive techniques that helps in analysing alternative
explanations of given work. This helps in knowing about nature of work in more proper and
40 Miller, Rebecca S., Svanibor Pettan, Anne K. Rasmussen, and Margaret Sarkissian.
"Negotiating the Personal and Professional: Ethnomusicologistsl and Uncomfortable
Truths." Yearbook for Traditional Music 48 (2016): 186-203.
41 Alexander, P., 2018. The Wedding Present—‘Dare’. Suomen Antropologi: Journal of
the Finnish Anthropological Society, 43(2), pp.96-99.

appropriate manner. The views and opinions of different scholar provide idea to researcher for
collecting relevant and correct information in effective and efficient manner 42.
Sampling
It is explained as the process of choosing the number of people for study in manner that
people represent large group from which they are chosen. The researcher select respondents for
collecting the data and analysing their opinion of specific subject area in an effective manner.
The main purpose of sampling is to collect relevant information and data regarding population to
make inferences that can generalised to population in a better manner. In this, probabilistic and
non- probabilistic are two different kinds of sampling methods.
In Probabilistic sampling technique, sample is chosen from the large size population. The
population get equal opportunity to be chosen as the representative sample. For participant to be
considered as probability sample to be chosen with the help of chasing random data sampling
method. In order to perform random sampling method, investigator should assure that all the
people are consists in list because they have the proper knowledge about particular subject area.
On the other hand, Under Non- probabilistic sampling method, this is not known that which
person from whole population will be chosen as sample. The samples are collected in procedure
that does not provide all people in population which equal chances are to be chosen.
In this research, random data sampling method has been chosen in probabilistic method
because it gives the equal chance to all population so that they can give better authentic
information regarding specific area.
42 Ó Briain, Lonán. "Beyond the digital diaspora: YouTube methodologies, online
networking, and the Hmong Music Festival." Journal of World Popular Music 2, no. 2
(2015).

Research Ethics
Ethics is related to the norms, values, principles which need to be followed at the time of
performing any activity or work. It is defined as way of collecting data and information in
appropriate and ethical manner. It is important that an investigator should gather data from using
authentic sources. Here, researcher has used secondary source for getting output to be robust and
relevant. For doing research ethically, there are three principles such as confidentiality, informed
consent and anonymity43. The confidentiality provides all relevant data and information in an
appropriate manner. In case of anonymity, researcher cannot use details of all individual for
collection of information. Similarly, for informed consent, they should collect data as per set
aims and objectives of research work. Apart from these, there are some ethical issues which will
face by researcher in terms of privacy, vulnerable groups of people and so on. It is very
important to collect data and information in ethical manner to get positive outcome of research
topic. Ethics is considered as standard that can be distinguish between wrong and right. This
prevents against any misinterpretation of the data and also help in promote truth. Under this,
researcher is responsible for conducting activities of research in systematic manner. For
gathering the data, it is necessary to use the authentic sources because it helps in provide the
positive outcomes effectively. On the other hand, three different principles are needed to be
included through an investigator like anonymity, confidentiality and informed consent. For the
informed consent, an investigator provide data concerned with enquiry objectives to every
candidate that will guide in drawing reliable and valid outcome through completion of work. In
43 Chan, Clare Suet Ching. "Sustainability of indigenous folk tales, music and cultural
heritage through innovation." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and
Sustainable Development 8, no. 3 (2018): 342-361.

the anonymity, all the associates are not interlinked to primary investigation and also not concern
regarding detailed information in relation to chosen participants. It is essential that investigator
assure the chosen respondents regarding safety as well as security of personal informants. The
questions should not harm the feelings and the sentiments of researcher.
Research Limitation
There are some limitations which has to be faced by investigators while completing
research work. The main issues were in terms of formulation of aim and objectives of research,
data collection methods and implementation, scope, lack of inappropriate information and so on.
These will impact researcher for doing their activities for research work. Apart from this above,
other limitations are in terms of limited time period, inappropriate method for collecting data and
information, lack of resources and funding in order to reach to conclusion in appropriate and
effective manner.
Research Reliability and Validity
The research reliability and validity totally depends upon instrument of research that is
google scholar. With help of secondary data, researcher will easily collect information about
given research topic for completing project work. The google scholar contain opinions, view of
various scholar for collecting information related with assigned topic. It is very important to
collect relevant and required information from reliable and valid sources to reach to ultimate
conclusions.
With help of research methodology, researcher will achieve their set aim and objectives
for given topic in appropriate manner. The topic of research is to identify new challenges for
ethnomusicology in a global age. While collecting data and information, various aspects has to
consider in order to reach to final results and conclusion. In today's scenario, there is more craze

and encouragement of individual to learn music in both social and cultural contexts. It is the self
actualisation need of people which is related with emotions, feeling, satisfaction that provide
them happiness and potential capability to analyse oneself. Therefore, research methodology will
conduct in proper sequence and process so that all relevant and correct data and information can
be collected to achieve aim and objectives of research work. Thus, it is very important to analyse
each and every components of research methodology to reach to final conclusion for end results.

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name:
Age:
Gender:
Contact no.:
Email address:
Q1) Do you have any idea about the concept of ethnomusicology?
a) Yes
b) No
Q2) Does society influence ethnomusicology in a global age?
a) Yes
b) No
Q3) Do you think that culture is important for ethnomusicology in globalised frame?
a) Yes
b) No
Q4) Does globalisation has influenced the concept of ethnomusicology?
a) Yes
b) No
Q5) If not ethnomusic, then which music is most liked by today's youth?
a) Hip-hop

b) Jazz
c) Metal
Q6) What are the new challenges for ethnomusicology in a global age?
a) Cultural diversity
b) Western music
c) Sound ambience
Q7) What influences youth to like western music and not the ethnomusic?
a) Complex rhythms.
b) Percussiveness.
c) Greater use of percussion, brass and woodwind.
Q8) Does ethnomusicology is affected by the new challenges at global age?
a) Yes
b) No
Q9) Does ethnomusicology is build relation between society and music?
a) Yes
b) No
Q10) What are the different phases of ethnomusicology?
a) Folklore
b) Cultural anthropology
c) Comparative musicology
Q11) How to overcome from the new challenges for ethnomusicology in a global age?
a) Enhancing cultural voyeurism
b) Promoting authenticity of traditional music

c) Promoting efforts of traditional music artists
Q12) What are the major segment or issues on which ethnomusicology is worked at global
level?
a) Modelling musical interaction in rock
b) knowledge about impact of world music
c) Music making in migrant communities
Q13) Aspects which has affected ethnomusicological?
a) Evolutionism,
b) Diffusionism,
c) Functionalism
Q14) Suggest the ways to improve the demand of ethnomusicology in a global age.
Q1) Do you have any idea about the concept of
ethnomusicology?
Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10
Q2) Does society influence ethnomusicology in a global age? Frequency
a) Yes 25
b) No 15
Q3) Do you think that culture is important for ethnomusicology
in globalised frame?
Frequency
a) Yes 30

b) No 10
Q4) Does globalisation has influenced the concept of
ethnomusicology?
Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10
Q5) If not ethnomusic, then which music is most liked by today's
youth?
Frequency
a) Hip-hop 15
b) Jazz 15
c) Metal 10
Q6) What are the new challenges for ethnomusicology in a
global age?
Frequency
a) Cultural diversity 20
b) Western music 10
c) Sound ambience 10
Q7) What influences youth to like western music and not the
ethnomusic?
Frequency
a) Complex rhythms 15
b) Percussiveness. 15
c) Greater use of percussion, brass and woodwind. 10

Q8) Does ethnomusicology is affected by the new challenges at
global age?
Frequency
a) Yes 25
b) No 15
Q9) Does ethnomusicology is build relation between society and
music?
Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10
Q10) What are the different phases of ethnomusicology? Frequency
a) Folklore 20
b) Cultural anthropology 10
c) Comparative musicology 10
Q11) How to overcome from the new challenges for
ethnomusicology in a global age?
Frequency
a) Enhancing cultural voyeurism 20
b) Promoting authenticity of traditional music 10
c) Promoting efforts of traditional music artists 10
Q12) What are the major segment or issues on which
ethnomusicology is worked at global level?
Frequency
a) Modelling musical interaction in rock 15

b) knowledge about impact of world music 15
c) Music making in migrant communities 10
Q13) Aspects which has affected ethnomusicological? Frequency
a) Evolutionism, 20
b) Diffusionism, 10
c) Functionalism 10
Theme 1: Idea about the concept of ethnomusicology.
Q1) Do you have any idea about the concept of ethnomusicology? Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10
a) Yes b) No
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
30
10
Column B

Interpretation: Ethnomusicology is related to study of the music in cultural and social contexts.
It is interdisciplinary and the people are working in area that many have the proper training in
folklore, area studies, gender studies and many others. Society for the Ethnomusicology has
developed setting that permit scholars to be publish and also resent work from area, connect with
the fellow investigators and better communication for those which want to make improvement in
area of ethnomusicology. There are 32 respondents which said that they are aware about the
ethnomusicology concept in a better manner in relation to global level. On the other hand, there
are 8 other respondents which do not have the knowledge regarding this concept. So, to collect
information there is a need to give them brief explanation regarding ethnomusicology in detailed
manner.
Theme 2: Society influence ethnomusicology in a global age.
Q2) Does society influence ethnomusicology in a global age? Frequency
a) Yes 25
b) No 15

Interpretation: From the above mentioned graph it can be evaluated that ethnomusicology is
directly influenced by society because it includes different people whose likes different form of
music. In this regards, 25 out of 40 people give their views that yes society is directly influence
the ethnomusicology in a global age. On the other hand, rest of 10 respondents are not agree with
this theme or statement.
Theme 3: Culture is important for ethnomusicology in globalised frame.
Q3) Do you think that culture is important for ethnomusicology in
globalised frame?
Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10
a) Yes b) No
0
5
10
15
20
25
25
15
Column B

Interpretation: As per discussed graphical chart it has been evaluated that culture is one of the
important aspect for ethnomusicology in a globalised frame as it increase the awareness of
people towards the culture and society as well. In this regards, 30 out of 40 people give their
views that culture is crucial for ethnomusicology in a global level but rest of 10 participants are
not agree with this statement.
Theme 4: Globalisation has influenced the concept of ethnomusicology.
Q4) Does globalisation has influenced the concept of
ethnomusicology?
Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10
a) Yes b) No
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
30
10
Column C

Interpretation: From the above mentioned graph it can be examined that globalisation is a
major concept that directly influenced the ethnomusicology in both positive and negative way.
In this regards, 30 out of 40 people give their views that globalisation is affect the concept of
ethnomusicology due to change in culture and so on. On the other hand, 10 participants are not
favour with this statement.
Theme 5: Which music is most liked by today's youth.
Q5) If not ethnomusic, then which music is most liked by today's
youth?
Frequency
a) Hip-hop 15
b) Jazz 15
c) Metal 10
a) Yes b) No
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
30
10
Column B

Interpretation: From the above mentioned graph it can be evaluated that 15 people give their
views that now a day's youth likes Hip-hop music rather than ethnomusic. 15 participants think
that Jazz is also liked by youth and rest of 10 respondents said that metal is consider as most
liked and demanded music by today's youth.
Theme 6: New challenges for ethnomusicology in a global age.
Q6) What are the new challenges for ethnomusicology in a global
age?
Frequency
a) Cultural diversity 20
b) Western music 10
c) Sound ambience 10
a) Hip-hop b) Jazz c) Metal
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16 15 15
10
Column B

Interpretation: Ethnomusicology is a concept of understanding the not only music but also
study about its culture. In this, it face various issues or challenges in a global age. As per 20
participants, cultural diversity is the major concern that faced by ethnomusicology. In addition of
this, 10 people give their views that western music is also consider as a major challenges for
ethnomusicology in global level. Apart from this, 10 respondents think that sound ambience is a
issue for ethnomusicology in which mostly youth likes high sound music that is considet as a
major challenge for ethnomusicology.
Theme 7: Influences youth to like western music and not the ethnomusic.
Q7) What influences youth to like western music and not the
ethnomusic?
Frequency
a) Complex rhythms 15
b) Percussiveness. 15
c) Greater use of percussion, brass and woodwind. 10
a) Cultural diversity b) Western music c) Sound ambience
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
20
10 10
Column B

Interpretation: Now a day's youth is attracted toward the western music rather than ethnomusic.
The main reason behind this is different kind of influences. These are directly change the
perception of youth to like western music. It may reduce the demand of ethnomusic. In context
of this, 15 out of 40 respondents give their views that complex rhythms is a major concern that
directly influence the people to likes western music rather than ethnomusic. In addition of this,
15 participants think that Percussiveness is also consider as an important influence that directly
impact on youth perception to like the western music. On the other side, 10 people think that
greater use of percussion, brass and woodwind in a major influence.
Theme 8: Ethnomusicology is affected by the new challenges at global age.
Q8) Does ethnomusicology is affected by the new challenges at
global age?
Frequency
a) Yes 25
b) No 15
a) Complex rhythms
b) Percussiveness.
c) Greater use of percussion, brass and woodwind.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16 15 15
10
Column B

Interpretation: In a global level, Ethnomusicology is affected by the new challenges this may
also impact on the culture and today's youth. It may change their perceptions towards the music
and make them aware about the concept of Ethnomusicology. In this regards, 25 out of 40 people
give their views towards the current theme as they said that new challenges that faced by
Ethnomusicology in a global age is crucial because it directly reflect on the culture and music as
well. On the other side, 15 are not much agree with this theme in which they think that some
time the term Ethnomusicology does not affected by the new challenges.
Theme 9: Ethnomusicology is build relation between society and music.
Q9) Does ethnomusicology is build relation between society and
music?
Frequency
a) Yes 30
b) No 10
a) Yes b) No
0
5
10
15
20
25
25
15
Column B

Interpretation: From the above mentioned graph it can be evaluated that Ethnomusicology is
consider as an important concept of understanding about the study of culture and society as well.
Through this, both are interrelated because it reflect the society and music which may improve
the awareness in today's youth. In this regards, 30 out of 40 respondents give their views that
ethnomusicology is help in building a better relation between society and music. The main
reason behind this is that the term of ethnomusicology is define the culture through music that
can be demeaned by the youth. On the other side, 10 people are not agree with this statement as
they said that ethnomusicology does not build any kind of relation between music and culture.
Theme 10: Overcome from the new challenges for ethnomusicology in a global age.
Q10) How to overcome from the new challenges for
ethnomusicology in a global age?
Frequency
a) Enhancing cultural voyeurism 20
a) Yes b) No
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
30
10
Column B

b) Promoting authenticity of traditional music 10
c) Promoting efforts of traditional music artists 10
Interpretation: From the above mentioned graph it has been concluded that there various
challenges for ethnomusicology in a global age. In this, they also responsible for using various
ways to overcome from these type issues in effective manner. As per view of 20 participants give
their views that by enhancing cultural voyeurism that help in overcoming issues related to
ethnomusicology. Along with this, 10 people give their views that by promoting authenticity of
traditional music is also consider as an effective way for dealing with new challenges related to
the ethnomusicology. This is an appropriate way to provide better awareness towards the culture
and society as well. On the other side, 10 respondents said that promoting efforts of traditional
music artists is also a way for effectively deal with challenges of ethnomusicology in a global
age.
a) Enhancing cultural voyeurism
b) Promoting authenticity of traditional music
c) Promoting efforts of traditional music artists
0
4
8
12
16
20
20
10 10
Column B

Theme 11: Different phases of ethnomusicology.
Q11) What are the different phases of ethnomusicology? Frequency
a) Folklore 20
b) Cultural anthropology 10
c) Comparative musicology 10
Interpretation: Ethnomusicology includes various phases that assist in developing the concept
of culture and society as well. As it may be evaluated as a holistic investigation towards the
music in context of society and culture as well. Along with this, it includes various aspects that
help in developing the same in a global level. In this context, 20 people think that Folklore is an
effective segment or phase of ethnomusicology as it is precursors to the field of
ethnomusicology. Along with this, 10 participants give their views that cultural anthropology is
a) Folklore
b) Cultural anthropology
c) Comparative musicology
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
20
10 10
Column B

consider as an crucial phase that is related with the religious song that is deeply emotional
character towards the specified culture. Apart from this, 10 respondents said that comparative
musicology is a ethnomusicology phase. As it is also related to the cross cultural study of music.
Theme 12: Major segment or issues on which ethnomusicology is worked at global level.
Q12) What are the major segment or issues on which
ethnomusicology is worked at global level?
Frequency
a) Modelling musical interaction in rock 15
b) knowledge about impact of world music 15
c) Music making in migrant communities 10
Interpretation: Ethnomusicology is a study of of music in context of social and cultural
activities. It also includes process with the purpose of understanding not only what music is but
what is means to practitioners and audiences. Mainly, is evaluation cultural and social aspects as
a) Modelling musical interaction in rock
b) knowledge about impact of world music
c) Music making in migrant communities
0
4
8
12
16
15 15
10
Column B

it also define the musical system and particular culture. In this context, 15 out of 40 participants
give their views that Modelling musical interaction in rock is the important segment on which
ethnomusicology is worked at global level. Along with this, 15 people think that knowledge
about the impact of world music is also an important segment on which ethnomusicology is
working to improve its demand in a global age. On the other side, 10 respondents said that music
making in migrant communities is also consider as a crucial issue on which ethnomusicology is
also worked for enhancing the demand in global age.
Theme 13: Aspects which has affected ethnomusicological.
Q13) Aspects which has affected ethnomusicological? Frequency
a) Evolutionism, 20
b) Diffusionism, 10
c) Functionalism 10
a) Evolutionism, b) Diffusionism, c) Functionalism
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
20
10 10
Column B

Interpretation: As per above mentioned graph it has been concluded that there are various
aspects that directly affect the concept of ethnomusicological in global age. According to 20 out
of 40 respondents Evolutionism is an important aspects that may affect the ethnomusicological
as it is consider as a term that used to evaluate as well as denote the evaluation theory. Along
with this, it also changed over time as the evaluation has progressed. In addition of this, 10
people think that Diffusionism is one of the important aspect that is largely affected
ethnomusicological. It is related to transmission of cultural characteristics or traits from the
common society. Apart from this, 10 participants give their views that Functionalism is an
effective aspect due to which ethnomusicological is affected. This type of theory design an
effective objective of a society serve function for survival of society.

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION
Ethnomusicology refers to the study of music from social as well as cultural aspects of
people who are making it. This involves various unique approaches which focus on cognitive,
material, biological, social as well as other dimensions of musical behaviour rather than only
isolating on specified sound component. It has been analysed that ethnomusicology depends on
non-western music but from some time it comprised of different perspectives which involved
intercultural as well as sociological aspects. It involved wide range of disciplines like
psychology, comparative musicology, linguistic, folklore and many others. With westernisation
along with modernisation, ethnomusicologist became pace for conserving customs associated
with them and those what is in danger for extinction. Basically, it has three categories: western
music along with its interest areas, other is scope of ethnomusicology within high cultures like
Bali, Japan, etc. and last is folk music which can be seen in the areas with high dominated
culture. Biological approach with respect to music comprises of functions and its origin. When
they both are acknowledged then music can be prepared accordingly in an appropriate manner.
Certain facts related with changing music can be understood by taking into consideration
dynamics of culture which classifies it accordingly. Ethnomusicology is considered as new term
which is replacing the traditional touch from the music and it is criticised for the same. It often
overlaps & confronts diverse cognitive approaches. Music creates a strong impact on human
consciousness and that is the reason some western listeners look forward to have traditional
authenticity to it. This specifies the culture of particular nation or country. But at present some
kind of challenge is being faced for bringing innovation which impacts originality of music as
well as alters its meaning entirely. It creates an impact on moral as well as social beliefs of
people who listen to that specified piece of music. The primary asset associated with music is
taste along with preferences of their audiences. Music is believed to heal the things and brings
peace within it. The issue that can be addressed with respect to this is that which music covers
the entire universe in terms of culture. But as with modernisation people are changing so their
taste for music is also changes which make it difficult to dwell within diverse culture. It has been
identified that globalisation, taste, culture and preferences of individuals are major driving
components which alters the dynamics of music. Modern generation hardly emphasise on their

values as well as culture which leads to creation of generation gaps and their likeliness towards
folk or traditional music.
Ethnomusicology can be characterized by the situation which prevails. Musical features
involve culture, style, work, period and musical passage. The sound effects as well as the words
minimises the stress levels of individuals as well as improvise their mental state by relaxing
them. As the preferences are altering, musicians are looking forward to identify features through
which world can relate with the elements given in their music. Ethnomusicology also leads to
development of distinct relationship along with communication within diverse cultures and
society. There exists wide range of approaches which leads to determination of music genre in
the form of symbolic representation like Support Vietor Machines. The music varies with respect
to society and culture which exist there, this leads people to acknowledge their roots as well as
understand their origin. This can be also understood easily which creates an affirmative influence
on music. In addition to this, languages of songs also alter depending upon the local language of
the area. Basically, it has been observed that music provides the in-depth knowledge of the
culture in which they hails.

CHAPTER : 6 REFLECTION AND ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGY
Reflection
This present research is taken into consideration on identify new challenges for
ethnomusicology in a global age. Ethnomusicology is related to study regarding the social
aspects and cultural aspects. In this research, there has been discussion about the basic concepts
in detailed manner for gaining better outcomes in significant manner. In context to this, research
is wider aspects that mainly conducted for address problems in a better manner. It is helpful for
a learner to provide right direction for attaining the personal and professional goals. During
implementation of specific project, I experienced the many things in negative and positive
manner. In this, I developed specific aims and objectives related to particular subject area. It is
wider sphere of exploration activity that helps in a right way and also give the effective
information in relation to components of research. Qualitative and quantitative have been used
to transfer activities in a better manner. I have been considering suitable implementation of the
methodology that assist in understanding main reason for selecting particular tool. In given
investigation, secondary and primary sources has been implementation to reaching at potential
outcomes. Through using the primary method, questionnaire has been prepared on particular
area. On the other hand, the secondary method has been used to conducting literature review part
by using the various sources for an instance books, internet sources, articles, journals etc. The
discussion has been completed by me on the basis of literature review part. The researcher
provides their opinion and also provide the conclusion.
On the other hand, I faced some issues related to time and cost. These both are the
necessary resources in conducting research for getting positive outcomes. In this, there are more
activities included in research so that researcher needed more time to be completed. So, time was

not sufficient to conduct all the activities in significant manner. On the other hand, there has been
more cost involved in conducting research. So, in order to overcome from these issue, researcher
need to develop the proper time management plan and divide activities on the basis of set period
of time for getting positive outcomes.
Alternative methodology
For collecting the primary information and data, there are many different sources which
can be used such as interview, observation, survey and other methods. These all are beneficial in
giving the accurate information and data that helps in getting positive outcomes with in specified
period of time. In this present research, questionnaire as the created to gather the large
information within less period of time. On the other hand, investigator can conduct an interview
instead of questionnaire to collect the primary information. In this, there is a communication
among the interviewee and interviewer. The interviewer asks some questions to interviewee
concerned with the specific area. This method is time consuming and not collect the information
from large size population.

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION
From the above mention report it has been concluded that Ethnomusicology is area of the
scholarship that helps in encompasses study of music from different perspectives. It is
comparative study about musical system and culture. It has been examined from above
discussion that some of the ethnomusicologists include their area related with musicology and
some other people see as the anthropology. This helps in provide the deep understanding about
Ethnomusicology and the issues faced at global level. Under this, aims and objectives has been
developed for determining the specific issue related to specific topic. The literature review has
been completed for gathering detailed information by using different sources such as books,
internet sources, previous research and many others. There has been discussed about the new
challenges for ethnomusicology in a global age and also their impact in a detailed manner. This
part has been done on the basis of developed objectives and research questions. On the other
hand, methodology has been conducted for collecting the information and data from authentic
sources through using various resources. There has been qualitative method chosen for getting
the detailed information regarding particular area. The primary and secondary both methods has
been used through researcher. With the help of selecting 40 respondents, questionnaire has been
developed to collect primary information. In this, there are different questions developed on the
basis of specific subject area. The discussion part has been done on the basis of literature review.
It is a kind of conclusion that provides the short overview of discussed literature. At last,
concluded has been made according to whole work and recommendations has been given for
doing something better and gain positive outcomes which will be beneficial for a researcher and
an organisation in future.

RECOMMENDATION
Ethnomusicology is liable for examining the music like a social process for
acknowledging what music is and what it means to audiences along with practitioners. This is a
highly interdisciplinary. It is recommended that individuals working within this field needs to
have appropriate cultural anthropology, gender studies, training within the music slong with
other fields associated with social sciences or humanities. This will lead them to a development
of music which will lead to creation of affirmative impact on society as well as modern people
with respect to culture they belongs to. It is suggested that there needs to be a global perspective
in this context so that it involves different types as well as music from diverse geographic areas.
Furthermore, music has to be viewed as human activity that is associated with cultural and social
context as it will lead future generations to learn about their culture and take it ahead rather then
moving forward without knowing their values & culture.
It is recommended that ethnomusicologists needs to work within different spheres by
which they can learn different forms of music which exists around the world and identify
connections which prevails within different elements of culture & social life. Moreover, they can
observe and participate with different activities related with ethnographic fieldwork. There has to
be emphasis on all the aspects rather than only emphasising on single aspect, i.e. anthropological
study instead of detailed analytical study of music. Music acts as a reflection of social-ethic,
economic and a political movement which incurs within the society as well as it illustrates the
cultural meaning. If it is being utilised in an appropriate manner then music from different
cultures can be acknowledged.

REFERENCES
Books & Journals