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Near-field Communication Sensors Modulation for Secured Data Transmission in Personal Security System

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Added on 2024/06/28

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This literature review explores the use of near-field communication (NFC) sensors for secure data transmission in personal security systems. It examines various techniques and algorithms, including probabilistic model checking, inductive coupling, active defense mechanisms, and smartphone-centric mobile gateways. The review analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each solution, highlighting their potential applications in areas such as healthcare, environment monitoring, and smart tourism. The review also discusses the importance of addressing security concerns, such as eavesdropping and relay attacks, to ensure the reliability and integrity of NFC-based security systems.

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Literature Review
Student Name & CSU ID
Project Topic Title Near-field communication sensors modulation for secured data transmission in personal security system
1

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Version 1.0 _ Week 1 (5 Journal Papers from CSU Library)
1
Reference in APA format that will be in 'Reference List' Alexiou, N., Basagiannis, S., & Petridou, S. (2016). Formal security analysis of near field
communication using model checking. Computers and Security, 60, 1-14.
Citation that will be in the content (Alexiou, et. al., 2015)
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/science/
article/pii/S0167404816300244
Journal Ranking: Q1 Wireless communication, Near field
communication, Relay attack, Probabilistic model
checking, Security analysis
The Name of the Current Solution (Technique/ Method/
Scheme/ Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ... etc. )
The Goal (Objective) of this
Solution & What is the Problem
that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Probabilistic model checking
Radiofrequency identification
Tools:
PRISM model checker
Applied Area:
Security analysis
Problem:
The major problem is of security. It
faces the problem of relay attacks.
Also, there is a problem of delay in
packets.
Goal:
In this work, we analyze and verify
the NFC model and create a model to
recover quickly from relay attacks.
Also to solve the security issues and
establish secure ad-hoc connections.
 Antenna
 Smartphones
 RFI
 Reliable hardware implementations
 Software card emulation
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
2

Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1 RF collision avoidance: To prevent collisions
between the surrounding readers.
If no RF field is detected than reader enables
its own field.
N/A
2 Initialization single device detection: Allows
the reader to detect NFC- enabled device
It targets nearby by broadcasting polling
request. The further one is selected and then it
is replied back.
Only one card is supported.
3 Transport protocol: Reader select a nearby
target, it starts data transmission with Transport
protocol.
It gives an acknowledgment for receiving a
successful packet.
N/A
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Model transitions between states Protocols
End user application Secure ad-hoc connections
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of
this work, and Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations
of the research current solution,
and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
 Data Packets
For encoding and
decoding thedata
which requires
several processing
 It can be in any form either
picture, document etc. We
can transmit this data to
another device.
NFC is used for wireless
communications in a short range
for secure connections. It is
integrated with devices for the
purpose of authentic and
authorized exchange of data via
The major limitation is the relay
attack. It is similar to a man-in-
the-middle attack. In this when
data is exchanged between two
than malicious user either
intercepts the data and make
3

for the analog data
to be used in
packet reception.
short-range NFC channels. And
also helps in improving personal
security with the help of the near
field sensors.
changes in it. After that, it re-
transmits it back.
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current
solution is valuable for your
project
Near field communication help in allowing wireless communications for
supporting smart device application. In this two devices that are kept at 10 cm are
paired with each other. It is highly secure, but there are chances of relay attacks
between them so we describe the solutions to prevent the relay attacks by using
Probabilistic model checking. This model checking is a formal verification
technique and helps to find out the errors and unusual behavior in the system
(Alexiou, et. al., 2015).
In this the end users are the
humans who uses NFC sensors
with wireless communication
technology using for payments,
tickets.
Model checking is helpful to
analyze the security system. It
offers the advantage of automated
analysis, which helps in
communication technologies and
registered systems. With this, we
can increase personal security by
NFC.
Diagram/Flowchart
Figure: Security analysis proposal
4

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Figure: Steps of relay attacks in NFC
5

2
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Xu, G., Zhang, Q., Lu, Y., Liu, L., Ji, D., Li, S., & Liu, Q. (2017). Passive and wireless near field
communication tag sensors for biochemical sensing with smartphone. Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, 246,
748-755.
Citation that will be in the content (Xu, et. al., 2017)
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
https://www-sciencedirect-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/science/article/pii/
S0925400517303751
Level of Journal: Q1 Near field communication (NFC) tag, Wireless and passive,
Biochemical sensing, Accurate semi-quantitative detection,
Smartphone
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Accurate semi-quantitative detection
Inductive coupling
Tools:
Resonant Circuits
Applied Area:
Environment monitoring, food safety, and
healthcare diagnosis.
Problem:
The major problem is that different sensing
device is used to detect ions, bacteria, and
gases. For each, we need different instruments.
Goal: To develop a wireless NFC tag sensor
that can be used with smartphones and receive
the results.
 Smartphones
 Integrated circuit
 Chip capacitor
 Resonant circuit
 Electrodes
 Sensors
 Rheostat
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
6

Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
NFC tag sensors construction: It has a simple
resonant circuit with IC, capacitor, inductance,
chip and a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
substrate.
Its state is detected by On or Off state. The applications read the NFC tags when
kept at a distance less than 2 cm.
2
NFC tag sensor modification for semi-
quantitative detections: With adding rheostat
in threshold value it changes.
It can also be calculated by using a sensor
array.
N/A
3
With NFC tag sensors and smartphone,
detection is performed: In this an
electrochemical workstation is connected
through an electrode for recording time-
impedance.
It is used to calculate the accuracy rate of
detections.
N/A
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Accuracy Sensor array
Gas detection NFC tag sensors
7

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Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
Different types of
Gas solutions used
with NFC tags
sensors. Doping,
functionalizing and
hybridization can be
done using diverse
gases.
The gas detector
detects the gases and
their leakage in a
particular area as a
safety.
In this gas is with the help of smartphones and
NFC sensors for the purpose of safety. When a
leakage is found then an alarm rings so that
precautions can be taken and some safety measures
can help humans, animals, and organic life.
It has only one sensing module in it and also these
tag sensors cannot be used for purpose of
conversions. Also, these sensors have very less
capacity.
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
In this gas is detected with the NFC sensors and
smartphones. It is used for a safety purpose
because leakage of gas is identified. After
detection, we apply NFC tag sensors for detection
of Staphylococcus aureus and KCL in the
solution (Xu, et. al., 2017).
In this end users are individual and it is used for the
purpose of safety for humans, animals, and organic
life. It is wireless and has a low cost plus it is very
flexible.
It is a wireless solution that is used for food safety,
health care purpose and monitoring of the
environment. It has biochemical sensing and tells
how NFC tag sensors can be used.
Diagram/Flowchart
8

Figure: The construction process of the NFC tag sensors.
9

3
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Han, H., Park, A., Chung, N., & Lee, K. J. (2016). A near field communication adoption and its impact on Expo
visitors’ behavior. International Journal of Information Management, 36(6), 1328-1339.
Citation that will be in the content
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
https://www-sciencedirect-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/science/article/
pii/S026840121630192X#sec0070
Level of Journal: Q1 Satisfaction transfer, Near field communication, Smart
tourism, Expo, the Motivation-opportunity-ability framework
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Measurement model
Structural model
Tools:
Satisfaction transfer
Motivation-opportunity-ability (MOA)
Applied Area:
Tourism sector
Problem:
The major problem is of customer satisfaction
and loyalty at Expo. Also, it is limited to only
those visitors who participated in one Expo.
Goal:
The goal is to enhance and rejuvenate the
experience of visitors at Expo using
Motivation-opportunity-ability (MOA).
 Tags
 Stickers
 Key Fobs
 Cards
 Initiator
 A target
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
10

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Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
Instrument development:
In this those items are considered whose
parameters are reliable and validated. And these
are used by NFC in Expo.
It re-examines the items and confirms the final
questions.
N/A
2
Data collection:
It collects data from NFC capable smartphones
for obtaining info about products in the
exhibition, discounts, location,
recommendations, popular sites etc.
NFC tag is used for counting the total times
when NFC was used at Expo.
It is difficult to conduct probability
sampling.
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Reuse of technology Satisfaction
Recognition and data transmission Network area
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
11

Why (Justify) current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
Information is feed to
the NFC in order to
improve the quality of
the input information
It is transferred in
short distance by
wireless technology
without a physical
device.
If visitors are satisfied with the NFC use at the
Expo, their satisfaction with the overall Expo will
also increase. In studies related to satisfaction,
satisfaction is transferred from one component of an
object to the object overall
The major limitation is that only limited visitors
who have one Expo can participate. Hence
verification of the NFC role is done to verify the
findings. There are females and young age people
in the samples.
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
In this Measurement model and Structural model
is used. These models enhance the Expo
experience with the use of NFC. It mainly focuses
satisfaction of visitors, motivation-opportunity-
ability framework, intention to reuse NFC and
loyalty of Expo. They strengthen the expo
experience and helps in delivering the
information. MOA framework is used for
explaining how Expo visitors process the given
information with the help of NFC.
These are used by the visitors. These results
demonstrate why the use and application of new
smart technologies are important to the tourism
industry.
This research is helpful in increasing the
satisfaction level with the use of NFC and with
Expo. This satisfaction creates energy and brings
loyalty. NFC is used for the purpose of delivery of
correct information and improving the experience.
Diagram/Flowchart
12

Figure: NFC model
13

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4
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Al Islam, A. A., Chakraborty, T., Khan, T. A., Zoraf, M., & Hyder, C. S. (2017). Towards defending
eavesdropping on NFC. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 100, 11-23.
Citation that will be in the content Al. et. al., 2017
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
https://www-sciencedirect-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/science/article/pii/
S1084804517303405
Level of Journal: Q1  Near Field Communication
 Security
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that needs to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Analytical model
Active defense mechanism
Active jamming
Tools:
Near-field defence mechanism
Applied Area:
Defense services
Problem:
The major problem is of eavesdropping. It is
one of the major threat to security.
Goal:
The goal is to achieve a system in which the
level of security is increased on the
applications.
 Antenna
 Initiator
 Key Fobs
 Cards
 Tags
 Stickers
 A target
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
14

Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1 Analytical model:
It is used for determining ED distance on NFC.
It calculates by considering all the parameters
from which eavesdropping is influenced.
N/A
2 Formulated model:
Exhaustive simulation is performed.
Individual impacts are analyzed. N/A
3 Passive defense mechanism:
With the help of conductor coating to ED
distance is reduced.
Effectiveness is investigated by this
mechanism by real experiments.
Lenient against external intrusion.
4 Direct attachment:
In this, we analyze the coating with an NFC
antenna.
Also, an insulator is purposed between the
antenna and NFC coating.
N/A
5 Active defence mechanism:
Effectiveness is confirmed by using active
jamming.
Active jammers transmit the signals that get
jammed.
N/A
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Reuse of technology Satisfaction
Recognition and data transmission Network area
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
Oral information and
data shared by
devices.
This data has a chance
to cause
eavesdropping. So the
analytical model and
To address this limitation, we propose to use an
active jammer such that transmitted signal gets
jammed except in the direction towards the
intended receiver. To do so, we couple a Jammer
unit with the original data sender unit. These two
The results of the mechanism do not give the
guarantee of complete removal of eavesdropping
because there are chances that high antennas can
go further and catch some attenuated signal.
15

jammers are used to
overcome this.
units operate simultaneously.
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
For enhancing the level of security an analytical
model is given for the purpose to examine the
eavesdropping notion and a pragmatic defense
mechanism is given for the purpose of analysis of
eavesdropping. (Al. et. al., 2017)
The Eavesdropping is the major problem caused
while communicating and sharing information
between two users or two devices. The model helps
to make it easy, cheap and increases the security.
In this research, an analytical model, Active
defense mechanism, and active jamming are used
to improve the security level NFC applications and
all the further applications as well. Further In
future work can be done to analyze the cost and
power consumption and decrease it.
Diagram/Flowchart
16

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Figure: Active defense mechanism block diagram
17

5
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Aloi, G., Caliciuri, G., Fortino, G., Gravina, R., Pace, P., Russo, W., & Savaglio, C. (2017). Enabling IoT
interoperability through opportunistic smartphone-based mobile gateways. Journal of Network and Computer
Applications, 81, 74-84.
Citation that will be in the content Aloi. et. al., 2017
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
https://www-sciencedirect-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/science/article/pii/
S1084804516302405
Level of Journal: Q1 Smart Objects, Internet of Things, Interconnection,
Interoperability, Smartphone-centric Computing
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Traditional ubiquitous communications
Tools:
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC
Applied Area:
Smart health
Smart street
Problem:
The major problem is of interoperability with
standards and communication that are
different.
Goal:
The goal is to integrate communication
architecture and interoperability of different
standards.
 Sensors
 Actuators
 CPU
 RAM
 Battery
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
18

Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1 Gathering of data: In this stage, information is
collected.
It helps to provide an access interface. N/A
2 Distribution of data: The data that is viewed by
the user is shared with others.
It will help in sharing important information
with others.
N/A
3 The interaction between devices: It has a
gateway between two heterogeneous devices.
It helps in the interaction of two devices for the
purpose of sharing information.
N/A
4 Dynamic services: different IoT devices located
at different places provides a gateway and
interact.
These are smart based approach and goal
driven according to how it is programmed.
N/A
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Wi-Fi communication interface Network area protocol
Devices Communication protocol
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
 Data
 Message
 Video
streaming
The data is collected
and then forward
through a wireless
channel and
transmitted over
different
It gives a smartphone-centric mobile gateway
application that collects the data and further
forwards the data on different communication
interfaces using Replication Method for Steady-
State Simulations. Also by asynchronous data
transmission load in traffic is distributed.
It is required to be exceeded in a small duration. It
also needed to be an advanced sense of batteries
and interface of radios. Also, energy consumption
is very high.
19

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communication
interfaces.
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
IOT is a system of linked computing devices and
other machines for allowing data transfer and
sharing on the network. In this, a smartphone-
centric application is proposed which acts as a
mobile gateway to software and supports IOT.
At both, the side end users collect the data and then
send it through wireless channel or devices. Hence
a gateway solution is presented with less energy
consumption, memory, and low load.
It helps in reducing the hardware resources by
implementing multi-technology and multi-
standard in software architecture. It also reduced
energy consumption value and increases the
battery capacity that increases the lifetime of the
smartphone.
Diagram/Flowchart
20

Figure: Basic communication architecture.
21

Version 2.0 _ Week 2 (10 Papers = 5 NEW Journal Papers + Updated pervious 5 papers that you worked on them in Version 1.0)
6
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Rahimi, R., Brener, U., Chittiboyina, S., Soleimani, T., Detwiler, D. A., Lelièvre, S. A., & Ziaie, B. (2018).
Laser-enabled fabrication of flexible and transparent pH sensor with near-field communication for in-situ
monitoring of wound infection. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 267, 198-207.
Citation that will be in the content (Rahimi, et. al., 2018)
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
https://www-sciencedirect-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/science/article/
pii/S0925400518306920#fig0005
Level of Journal: Q1 pH sensor, Wireless, Flexible sensor, Smartphone, Chronic
Wound
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
NFC tag based disposable pH sensor
Tools:
Optical fibre
Electronic readout
Cell signalling
electrochemical transduction
screen-printing
Problem:
Using pH sensor diagnosing the wound and
infection is expensive and it is complicated so
a personal trainee is required for its usage.
Goal:
The goal is to develop a low-cost pH sensing
platform that is smartphone based which
flexible, uses less battery and reuse NFC.
 pH Sensors
 Transformers
 NFC interface circuit
22

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Applied Area:
Medical industry
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
pH sensor fabrication-
In this fabrication of process of both NFC
module with a flexible battery and pH sensor on
ITO film is done.
Aluminium film helps is protected with UV
light.
N/A
2
Electronic readout circuit-
A smartphone with NFC tag in which data
communication and power transfer are done
between chip and circuit
This circuit provided a strong and stable
connection with a user interface.
N/A
3
Characteristics of electronic readout with
sensors-
It helps in determining the frequency where
maximum power is accepted. Also, the effects of
bending are tested.
With wireless reading, measurement is done. N/A
4
Sensor operation in simulated wound models-
With commercial flat pH probe control,
measurements are performed.
N/A
23

The model helps in assessing and monitoring the
performance of pH sensing system.
5 Assessing biocompatibility in vitro-
With Immortalized BJ pH sensors are assessed
and potential toxicity is used.
In Dulbecco modified Eagle medium culturing
of BJ, cells are done.
N/A
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Optical sensors pH test paper
Communication channel Magnetic induction
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
In this, any kind of
Wound on the body is
taken as input.
At the output, the
devices detect the
fluctuations in pH in
vitro microfluidic and
also examine the pH
changes in the wound.
This is a wireless device which is skilled for
detecting pH fluctuation and infected wound model
is utilized to simulate pH variations inside a chronic
wound.
It provides a wireless channel but the equipment is
costly and also the processing time is very slow.
And the measurement process is also complex.
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
In this, a wireless device is made for measuring This device is used in the medical sector. It is a A flexible, modular, transparent and cheap sensing
24

pH that is used for monitoring the wound healing
step by step. In this, it consists of a pH sensor
which is flexible and disposable which is attached
to the NFC transponder (Rahimi, et. al., 2018).
sensing system used for sensing the wounds by
measuring pH which can be used for monitoring
healing of wound.
wireless system is developed that is used for
detecting pH fluctuation and monitoring the
wounds.
Diagram/Flowchart
Figure: Wound pH monitoring wireless system using NFC communication.
25

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7
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Xu, D., Huang, X., Guo, J., & Ma, X. (2018). Automatic smartphone-based microfluidic biosensor system at
the point of care. Biosensors and Bioelectronics.
Citation that will be in the content (Xu, et. al., 2018)
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
https://ac-els-cdn-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/S09565663183019
1X/1-s2.0-S095656631830191X-main.pdf?
_tid=33ab739e-8c55-4cf3-90b2-
269f7e50d068&acdnat=1532695644_8cc7
43395fcff365ae2cf6b7068cd0a6
Level of Journal: Q1 Microfluidic biosensor, Smartphone, Point of care, Biosensor
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Near field communication protocol
Tools:
dosimetric system
android application
Applied Area:
Radiotherapy treatment
Problem:
The major problem identified by the authors in
this module is of thermal drift and lacks in
radiotherapy treatments
Goal:
The goal is to enhance radiotherapy
treatments’ quality and reduce the thermal
dependence.
 NFC sensors
 Smartphones
 Integrated circuits
 Tranister
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
26

Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1 Antenna and RFID chip-
It used for communication, sensor acquisition
and energy harvesting.
Provision of 12.8 mW supply with no battery. N/A
2
Power and signal conditioning-
Measuring the shift in voltage keeping current
constant is an easy way to measure the threshold
voltage shifts as a radiation sensor in of
pMOSFET.
The total power harvested by antenna after it is
rectified with RFID chip it supplies capacitor
voltage doubler.
N/A
3
Sensor module-
It presents 3-6 v of gate-source cut-off voltage
and 125 Ω of on register.
It has a low cost, ionizing response and it also
commercially available.
No negative voltage availablity in NFC tag.
4
Current bias selection for read-out-
Both BJT collector and pMOSFET drain
currents are selected for biasing the device so
that the emitter voltage’s thermal coefficient can
be reduced.
It is also used for minimizing the thermal drift. It is not used for reducing the thermal
dependence.
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
dosimetric system Smartphone
27

commercial pMOSFET Sensors
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
Damaged tumour
tissue found in patient
With the help of vivo
dosimetry technique,
the tumour is
destroyed and cancer
is cured.
It helps in checking the stability of the current
source and using a bipolar buffer to reduce the
thermal drift.
This research lacks somewhere in uncertainty.
Also for the purpose of accurate measurements,
the previous calibration is needed.
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
In this pMOSFET is used and it is suitable for in-
vivo dosimetry for improving the quality of
radiotherapy treatments. In this, the energy at
output must be high enough for destroying the
tumour and minimizing the damage to the
surrounding tissue (Xu, et. al., 2018).
This technique is useful for the patients suffering
from a tumour. It uses pMOSFET for bringing
improvements in the quality of radiotherapy
treatments which helps in fast curing.
This research helps to reduce the thermal drift
using a bipolar buffer. For NFC measurements a
wooden structure, made at home, is needed for
ensuring a proper alignment between antenna and
tag.
Diagram/Flowchart
28

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Figure: Smartphone-based molecular diagnosis.
29

8
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Huang, H. & Zheng, Y. R. (2018). 3-D localization of wireless sensor nodes using near-field magnetic-
induction communications. Physical communication.
Citation that will be in the content (Huang & Zheng, 2018)
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
https://www-sciencedirect-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/science/article/pii/
S187449071730160X
Level of Journal: Q2
Magnetic induction, wireless sensor, localization ambiguity,
near field communication sensors
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
3D localization using Magnetic induction
Tools:
Rotation matrix method
Distance-based method
Applied Area:
Personal security
Home appliances
Problem:
The major problem is of location ambiguity;
also to locate sensor nodes with two anchor
nodes.
Goal:
The RM-based method can achieve high
localization accuracy while the distance-based
method has less computational complexity.
 Wireless sensors
 Anchor nodes
 Coils
 tri-directional coil antenna
 rotation matrix (RM)
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
30

Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
Transmission distance and polar angles-
The distance between sensor coil and the source
coil is calculated
No type of error in orientation and localization
of anchor nodes are being considered.
N/A
2
Rotation Matrix (RM)-based method-
In vector notation excitation of tri-directional
coil of both source and sensor is described.
In this different localization errors have
different initializations.
At a maximum only one coil is active and
the other two is inactive.
3
Distance-based method-
It is used by the parametric model for
substitutions and deduces distance between two
units.
This method is fast and has less computational
complexity.
Localization is ambiguous.
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Magnetic flux Sensor nodes
31

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Location points Anchor nodes
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
The input taken is
wireless sensor nodes.
Applying two
methods the sensor
node is located in 3-D
space.
The MI-based methods are faster and have less
computational complexity.
Localization ambiguity can be solved and both
these methods work correctly also if large
measurement errors are there. It is also more robust
against coil structure errors.
The major limitations in this method are small
bandwidth, the strong directionality of antenna
coils and also serve attenuation range.
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
In this two MI-based methods are purposed by
Huang & Zheng (2018). The first method is the
Rotation matrix based method gives high
localization accuracy with measurement errors
also. And the second method is distance based
method used for selecting the best pair of
methods for by using minimal distance rule.
It is almost used in every field at outdoors, indoors
etc. In sparse network it is able to locate sensor
nodes in 3-D with two anchor nodes. These results
show that estimation of distance has higher
accuracy.
The MI communication has very low cost. Also,
propagation delay is negligible. Also, no line of
sight is and multipath interference is required.
Both the algorithms derived localization and
derived closed-form formula helps in getting more
accuracy also if more measurement errors are
there.
Diagram/Flowchart
32

Figure: Magnetic field generation by a tri-directional coil source
33

9
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Kassal, P., Steinberg, M. D., & Steinberg, I. M. (2018). Wireless chemical sensors and biosensors: A
review. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical.
Citation that will be in the content (Kassal, et. al., 2018)
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
https://www-sciencedirect-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/science/article/
pii/S0925400518305641
Level of Journal: Q1 Biosensor, Chemical sensor, Wearable, Internet of things,
Wireless
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc.)
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
wireless chemical sensor system (WCSs)
Tools:
NFC, (bio)chemical sensing, Bluetooth,
IoT, RFID
Applied Area:
Healthcare
Sport
Military application
Problem:
The major problem is that without wireless
technology complexity is increased in every
device. Further, the dimension of the same also
is increased.
Goal:
With this work the authors are tentative on the
development of a continuous monitoring
wearable system of drug neurotransmitters &
metabolism.
 Antenna
 Smartphones
 WCS
 Biosensors
 IoT
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The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1 Measurement of target-
It has any chemical constituent that plays a role
of interest in any analytical procedure.
Helps in measuring ambiguity. N/A
2 Element recognization-
In this, from sensing chemistry the element is
recognized.
It helps in to identify the elements that are to
be used further.
N/A
3 Transduction mechanism-
Under this, a process in which through a cell of
series of molecular elements, chemical and the
physical signal are transmitted.
It helps in coordination between cells. N/A
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Chemical sensors Transduction principles
Passive pump system Capillary movement
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
35

Input (Data) Output (View)
Any kind of data that
is to be transmitted or
shared.
In this monitoring and
also transmission is
done over a distance.
It helps in transmitting to any place. It is also
flexible so no particular method is needed in
transmitting.
These are generally not suitable to be used
because they need speciality optics plus laser. It
can also be costly sometimes.
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
The wireless sensors are the devices that help in
data collection from local environment (Kassal,
et. al., 2018).
The data is then processed and further
transmitted. This information is delivered to the
device located remotely.
It is used in almost every field like health, fitness,
sport etc. Also compatibility of smartphones with
IoT is and wireless devices realistic approach is
evaluated.
It is helpful as it provides wireless connectivity.
So it can be monitored from large distances. Also,
it is fast, easily accessible and more secured.
Diagram/Flowchart
36

Figure ( A ): Chemical sensor system
Figure ( B ): a Single point-to-point system with WCSs
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10
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Neethirajan, S., Weng, X., Tah, A., Cordero, J. O., & Ragavan, K. V. (2018). Nano-biosensor platforms for
detecting food allergens–New trends. Sensing and bio-sensing research.
Citation that will be in the content (Neethirajan, et. al., 2018)
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
https://ac-els-cdn-
com.ezproxy.csu.edu.au/
S2214180417301137/1-s2.0-
S2214180417301137-main.pdf?
_tid=5262fdc1-04c5-4368-82f9-
fe2453a4f077&acdnat=1532695913_a362a
f2f163f9d7986d8302b80ca88fe
Level of Journal: Q3 Point-of-care, Nanomaterial, Biosensor, Aptamer
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Mobile phone-based biosensing
Tools:
NFC tag
Mobile phones
Applied Area:
Security
healthcare systems
environment safety
Problem:
The major problem is that biosensing is not
that much effective and lacks in many advance
technology. Existing solutions have lesser
range of connection.
Goal:
The goal is to combine the different
capabilities of smartphone for advancing the
biosensing.
 NFC sensors
 Internet
 Bluetooth
 Mobile phone technology
 NFC technology
 Biosensing technology
38

The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1 Raw RDT image acquisition and pixel matrix
generation-
In this image is retrived from the source and also
it is like dot matrix font generator but it is
expanded on a large scale.
N/A N/A
2 Grey scale conversion-
In this it is converted in grey scale.
Image is also enhanced. Blurriness
3 Test strip and segmentation-
In this regions are extracted and non-functional
background is segmented.
It is used in detection of an analyate. N/A
4 Quantative determination-
In this functionalized immunochromatographic
regions are segmented.
RTD and normalized antigen density is
evaluated.
N/A
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Microscopy technique Hologram production
Genetic testing Fluorescence
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
39

Why (Justify) current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
As an input it captures
a signal with camera.
The signals are sensed
and at the output
signals are evaluated
and quantities
determination is done.
Mobile phone biosensing is majorly used in
environmental, safety, healthcare, security sector
etc. which is the most accessible device.
Enhanced sensitivity and resolution is attained with
the application of this module.
The assembly procedure for this is lengthy. Also
external battries are required and also automation
process lacks in it.
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
Mobile phone are used is biosensing applications
either as DCT or in a solution etc. In this it is
combined with features like GPS, sensors etc., so
it helps in increasing biosensing possibilities in
many sectors like health, security, safety and
monitoring (Neethirajan, et. al., 2018).
It is used in many fields. Like determination of
blood type, working as colorimetric reader etc.
Determining these with smartphone and using the
features of smartphone.
In this the features are of smartphone are
combined togather. Now with this biosensing
become quick, easy, portable, user friendly and
can be anywhere.
Diagram/Flowchart
40

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Figure: Different steps of image processing of a LF strip with mobile phone software.
41

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11
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URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
42

2
3
4
5
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
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12
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The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Tools:
Problem:
Goal:
44

Applied Area:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
2
3
4
5
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
45

Why (Justify) current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
Diagram/Flowchart
13
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Citation that will be in the content
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(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution & What are the components of it?
46

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Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
What is the Problem that need to be solved
Technique/Algorithm name:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
2
3
4
5
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
47

Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
Diagram/Flowchart
14
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48

URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
2
3
4
5
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
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Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
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Input (Data) Output (View)
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
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Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
51

1
2
3
4
5
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
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(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name: Problem:
53

Tools:
Applied Area:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
2
3
4
5
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
54

Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
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The Name of the Current Solution
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etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
2
3
4
5
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
56

Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
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Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
2
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3
4
5
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
59

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Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
60

The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
2
3
4
5
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
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What is the Problem that need to be solved
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62

Technique/Algorithm name:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
2
3
4
5
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
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63

Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
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etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
2
3
4
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5
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
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What is the Problem that need to be solved
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current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
Diagram/Flowchart
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Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Citation that will be in the content
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
2
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Diagram/Flowchart
Version 6.0 _ Week 6 (30 Papers = 5 NEW Journal Papers + Updated pervious 25 papers that you worked on them)
26
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Citation that will be in the content
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Tools:
Problem:
Goal:
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Why (Justify) current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
Diagram/Flowchart
27
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Citation that will be in the content
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
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Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
Diagram/Flowchart
28
Reference in APA format that will be in
80

'Reference List'
Citation that will be in the content
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
Process Steps Advantage (Purpose of this step) Disadvantage (Limitation/Challenge)
1
2
3
81

4
5
Validation Criteria (Measurement Criteria)
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
Diagram/Flowchart
82

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29
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Citation that will be in the content
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name:
Tools:
Applied Area:
Problem:
Goal:
The Process (Mechanism) of this Work; The process steps of the Technique/system
83

(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
Diagram/Flowchart
30
Reference in APA format that will be in
'Reference List'
Citation that will be in the content
URL of the Reference Level of Journal (Q1, Q2, …Qn) Keywords in this Reference
The Name of the Current Solution
(Technique/ Method/ Scheme/
Algorithm/ Model/ Tool/ Framework/ ...
etc )
The Goal (Objective) of this Solution &
What is the Problem that need to be solved
What are the components of it?
Technique/Algorithm name: Problem:
85

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Input and Output Critical Thinking: Feature of this work, and
Why (Justify)
Critical Thinking: Limitations of the research
current solution, and Why (Justify)
Input (Data) Output (View)
(Describe the research/current solution) Evaluation Criteria How this research/current solution is valuable
for your project
Diagram/Flowchart
© Dr Abeer Alsadoon 2018_CSU Sydney Study Centre
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