English Language Teaching and Learning

This assignment provides a comprehensive overview of various studies, journals, and books related to English language teaching and learning. It includes research on language acquisition, language testing, language teaching methodologies, and the impact of social class on English language education. The assignment also covers the use of technology in English language teaching and learning, as well as the role of English as an international language.

Running head: NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Necessity of Applied Linguistic for Academic Purpose
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my gratitude to my teacher (Name of the teacher) as well as our principal
(Name of the principal). They gave me the excellent opportunity for conducting this wonderful
project on the topic like English for academic purpose, which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research. I have gained knowledge and experience on so many new things I am really thankful
to them. In addition, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time-frame.

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Abstract
This very specific study has provided an in-depth overview about the importance of using
applied linguistic for enhancing educational skill and qualification. The primary focus of applied
linguistic is to resolve language based problem that people encounter in the practical field of
World. The future of global education is highly dependent on the mutual collaboration of both
students and facilitators. Dialect issue is one of the most effective barriers due to which
international students have to face major challenges.
An effective research methodology is conducted for collective appropriate data by involving 50
students from Iraqi universities. To Statistical data analysis is conducted by using MS excel for
providing an accurate findings about the research issue. While showing the findings of research a
proper graphical representation is given in order to provide an overview of the result. At the end
of the study some of the major recommendations have been provided on how to overcome
linguistic barriers.

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................5
1.1 Background of the research:......................................................................................................5
1.2 Research problem:.....................................................................................................................6
1.3 Rationale:...................................................................................................................................6
1.4 Research aim and objective:......................................................................................................7
1.5 Research question:.....................................................................................................................7
1.6 Research hypothesis:.................................................................................................................7
1.7 Summary:...................................................................................................................................8
Chapter 2: Literature Review:.........................................................................................................9
2.1 Importance of adopting proper English dialect for academic purpose......................................9
2.2 Factors effective linguistic competence:.................................................................................10
2.3 Necessary ways on how to overcome those barriers...............................................................11
2.4 Theories related to applied linguistic.......................................................................................12
2.5 Literature gap...........................................................................................................................13
2.6 Summary..................................................................................................................................14
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................15
3.1 Research design:......................................................................................................................15
3.2 Data collection technique:.......................................................................................................15
3.3 Data analysis:...........................................................................................................................16
3.4 Sampling method:....................................................................................................................16
3.5 Ethical consideration:..............................................................................................................17
3.6 Time horizon:...........................................................................................................................17

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Chapter 4: Data analysis and Findings..........................................................................................19
4.1 Questionnaires for quantitative research:................................................................................19
4.2 Qualitative questionnaires:......................................................................................................31
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation...............................................................................34
5.1 Conclusion:..............................................................................................................................34
5.2 Recommendation.....................................................................................................................34
5.3 Future scope of the study:........................................................................................................34

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background of the research:
The overarching term applied linguistic is the utilization of knowledge about the nature
of language in order to improve the efficiency of practical task where language is the central
component. The primary focus of applied linguistic is to resolve language based problem that
people encounter in the practical field of World. The future of global education is highly
dependent on the mutual collaboration of both students and facilitators. True expertise is a long-
term goal that can be achieved though practice and proper guidance. Academic genre is governed
by rules and conventions regarding language, standard of ethics and professional conduct
(Braine, 2013). Numerous eminent researchers have raised their voice on how regional
universities of various geographical boundaries face linguistic barriers while providing higher
education to the students. As a result, international students after taking admission in universities
are getting affected in enhancing their skill and level of competency (Morrison et al., 2012). In
order to widen the horizon of knowledge every university should grab English accent properly so
that language barrier does not take place among people.
This very specific study has focused to make an in-depth overview on how Iraqi
universities are facing immense challenges in grabbing the attention of international students due
to their language barrier. English is recognized as international language (Carter & McRae,
2014). Therefore, universities while providing higher education should accept English as the first
language. Students of every geographical corner should have equal fluency and flexibility in
following the similar accent of English. This very specific study has concentrated to make an in-

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
depth case study on Iraq students and international students. A huge difference has been
identified on the dialect of international students and the Iraq students.
1.2 Research problem:
With the increasing rate of population, students have to visit to abroad for enhancing their
academic career (Lee, Quinn & Valdés, 2013). It has been observed from the case study that
Iraqi Universities are unable to provide proper education to the students, due to linguistic
problem. On one hand, the Universities are unable to draw the attention of international students
(Alsagoff et al., 2012). On the other hand, Students of Iraqi Universities are facing immense
difficulties in maintaining higher education going beyond their zone due to language barrier.
Universities of English speaking countries are very much advanced in their way of accent, which
became serious barriers of students of Iraq. As a result, large numbers of researchers as well as
practitioners have decided to raise the issue in quest of rendering a solution (Harris, 2013).
Implementation of EAP (English for Academic Purposes) program within Universities is highly
significant that enables both students as well as facilitators for improving their language for
further education. As a result, people belonging to various geographical boundaries and attitudes
would not have to face challenges for continuing their studies from various universities of Iraq.
1.3 Rationale:
With the rapid progress of globalization as well as population, the numbers of students
are becoming high in comparison to the number of Universities. Students in quest of higher
education may have to leave their country (Breen, 2014). As per ethical standard, academic
World should not focus a specific group of people for providing education. Every individual
belonging to various cultural backgrounds and attitudes should get equal priority and response

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
from the University professor. English is the only medium based on which University professors
can make equal interaction with the people of various geographical backgrounds and attitudes
(Crystal, 2012). After conducting the case study form Iraqi Universities, it has been observed
that education administrators of this University are not taking necessary responses for improving
their language (Candlin & Hyland, 2014). As result, University is unable to gain international
image and reputation in the academic industry.
1.4 Research aim and objective:
The primary aim of this very specific study is to evaluate the necessity of applied
linguistic for academic purpose. The objectives of this very specific study are as follows:
 To understand the necessity of applied linguistic for academic purpose
 To highlight the primary barriers for adopting applied linguistic in academic purpose
 To provide some of the major recommendations on how to overcome the linguistic barrier
for enhancing academic careers
1.5 Research question:
 What is the necessity of applied linguistic for academic purpose?
 What are the primary barriers for adopting applied linguistic in academic purpose?
 What should be the major recommendations to overcome the language barrier for enhancing
academic career?
1.6 Research hypothesis:
H0: The exploration of proper dialect has not positive impact on higher education

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
H1: The exploration of proper dialect has positive impact on higher education
1.7 Summary:
This very specific study has focused to make in-depth overview about the importance of
exploring applied linguistic for academic purpose. After conducting an effective case study of
Iraqi Universities, it has been observed that students are not very much flexible in maintaining
their learning process using proper (English Pennycook, 2017). On the other hand, professors are
not using appropriate English while taking classes. As a result, students from other cultural
backgrounds are facing innumerable difficulties in continuing their studies. Iraqi Universities are
constituted with prestigious departments of science, arts and information technology. Therefore,
numerous international students show their attention of being the part of Iraqi Universities. They
have to face immense challenges for adopting the regional dialect.

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Chapter 2: Literature Review:
2.1 Importance of adopting proper English dialect for academic purpose
Bargiela-Chiappini and Nickerson (2014) has pointed out that is overall population in the
global scenario is higher than the total number of universities Worldwide. An individual learner
of a particular geographical boundary for enhancing academic skill and career has to go to other
country. Due to the different regional background, students may not be flexible in using proper
dialect of English language at the time of communication (Vurdien, 2013). It has been observed
that students may not have to face barrier in providing any kind of written presentation. The
entire content is grammatically correct that helps to achieve good marks. Issues are identified
while making an effective interaction at the class. As emphasized by Odlin (2013), a particular
quantitative survey is conducted by involving the international students on how they are facing
immense difficulties while interacting with the regional students. Innumerable countries exist in
the World where English is still considered as second language. In those specific countries, the
inhabitants cannot follow a proper dialect.
As a result, while maintaining higher education those learners have to face immense
challenges in enhancing their skill and competency. Smit and Dafouz (2012) stated that the
efficiency of university facilitators alone is not effective for carrying good marks. As per the
opinion of Samson and Collins (2012), students have to focus on rendering proper dialect so that
both teacher and student can make an effective communication. Especially, it has been observed
that several numbers of Iraqi universities is facing challenges in communicating with the
international students due to their regional English accent. As a result, those international

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
students are unable to make an effective conversation with the professors that became a major
prevention for enhancing educational skill and competency. Farnia and Geva (2013) opined that
on the other hand, regional students while visiting to another country for academic purpose are
facing the similar challenges. As a result, the entire learning process is getting affected due to the
emergence of linguistic barrier.
2.2 Factors effective linguistic competence:
 Non-linguistic reality:
Musa, Lie and Azman (2012) opined that the processes, which steer foreign language
learning, are considerably different from those, which underlie first language acquisition. As per
the geographic region dialect and accent of a language varies. The students of higher education
have to face innumerable challenges in being accustomed with the university structure and
education process as they have language barrier. Hiew (2012) opined that knowledge of language
emerges from the language, which is used. However, regional universities however have faced
immense difficulties in rendering the dialect of proper English used by English speaking
countries. Students belonging to regional culture cannot maintain proper dialect not even
grammar (Davidson et al., 2014). As a result, they have to face innumerable obstacles in
enhancing their educational qualification.
 Cultural barrier:
Burchinal et al. (2012) opined that cultural barrier is one of the most significant factors
due to which linguistic barrier occur among persons. Educational institutions are constituted with
the people of several geographic backgrounds and attitudes. As opined by Morrow (2012),
university facilitators have to deal with cross-cultural people. As a result, communication barrier

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
is one of the most significant challenges that educational institutions have to face while
maintaining their learning method. In addition, anything from mispronunciation of a word can
lead a major misunderstanding between two people using same language (Barac & Bialystok,
2012). For an example, if a student of New York communicates with the student of Brazil for
doing an assignment soon, the word soon would be interpreted in a different way.
 Economic barrier:
Pishghadam and Zabihi (2012) stated that linguistic barrier can easily be improved with
the help of a training and proper development session. However, economy is one of the most
important reasons due to which students cannot improve their dialect at the time of maintaining
higher education. Kieffer (2012) stated that economic strength is one of the most important
factors due to which educational institutions cannot provide effective development session for
the learners.
2.3 Necessary ways on how to overcome those barriers
Huang and Eslami (2013) stated that in the international educational purpose the terms
such as success, doneness, punctuality mean different meaning to different people. However,
while maintaining higher education students should learn on how to use a shared vocabulary so
that the learners do not have to face any kind of communication barrier among them. As stated
by Carter et al. (2016), language for higher education is contextual. Therefore, students may
avoid in using phrases and idioms at the time of communicating with others for maintaining
clarity throughout the entire conversation. Shyamlee and Phil (2012) opined that frequency
check for understanding is one of the most effective ways for overcoming the challenges.

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
By using practice reflective listening students can identify the gap between what is said
and what should be said. Coleman and Pimentel (2012) stated in this occasion that people would
have to be careful about Jargon. Due to the lack of time, professors sometimes use three-letter
abbreviation, which may not be convenient for learners to understand. Therefore, facilitators
should be very much careful in using jargon. As emphasized by Gilakjani (2012), cross-cultural
communication takes more time to become accustomed with the situation. Therefore, people
from various geographical backgrounds and attitudes may need sometimes for being habituated
with the educational environment. Gray (2012) stated that co-operative outlook is the major ways
of going out of linguistic barrier while continuing the learning process in a regional university.
Moreover, implementation of EAP program is a major ways for overcoming linguistic barrier.
Abidin, Pour-Mohammadi and Alzwari (2012) stated that every university should implement this
specific program so that students can develop their skills and level of competency.
2.4 Theories related to applied linguistic
Language expectancy theory is very appropriate for developing competency level of
students who have dialect issue. This specific theory is constituted with three major components
including message strategy, attitude and behavior change. Dornyei (2013) opined that
expectancy Theory believes that language is continuous rule-governed system where people
develop sufficient expectation by concerning language that is employed by others in a persuasive
attempt. Ardasheva, Tretter and Kinny (2012) opined that message strategy implies verbal
aggression that comes out of fear, dare, appeal or explicit opinion. However, this particular
theory implies that the aggression of voice is the effect of rendering self-attitude. If a person gets
hesitated in interacting with an individual due to dialect issue that person would not be able to
show a confident attitude (Hoff et al., 2012). Therefore, while communicating with others, an

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
individual should always be focused in maintaining self-attitude. Based on the attitude of a
person the behavior of an individual changes. However, Khansir (2013) opined that language
expectancy theory is very much applicable in educational centers. At the very beginning,
students do not get the scope of improving their dialect. In this situation, student should use the
components of this particular theory so that they can present their thoughts and views being
confident.
Bolton (2012) stated that Classical rhetoric is the theory of perceiving language in
different perspectives that is language while speaking language while writing. The primary aim
of this very specific theory is to analyze on how resources of language should be used while
speaking and writing. It has been observed that students while showing their presentation in the
written form are not facing any barrier. Dörnyei, Henry and MacIntyre (2014) stated that at the
time of communicating with each other they are facing difficulties due to regional barrier,
cultural barrier and psychological barrier. Classical rhetoric enables the speaker to use
appropriate form of language while communicating with others (Oliver, Vanderford & Grote,
2012).
2.5 Literature gap
This very specific study has focused to provide in-depth analysis about the importance of
using proper linguistic for higher education. Numerous eminent scholars have provided their
own opinion on this very specific research issue. However, while making an effective literature
review the researcher has not focused to highlight the various impacts of communication epically
linguistic barrier that ultimately prevents in improving educational growth. The negative
outcome of linguistic barrier should be discussed in the very specific study. In addition, the study

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
could have highlighted on how dialect and accent plays major role for improving the educational
growth of an individual.
2.6 Summary
Doiz, Lasagabaster and Sierra (2012) stated that importance of ‘applied linguistic’ for
academic purpose is the primary concern of this very specific study. In order to enhance the
academic growth students as well as professors both have to be accustomed with using proper
English language (Vandrick, 2014). International students have to face challenges in enhancing
their career due to linguistic barrier. Therefore, Universities should implement EAP program at
the campus so that students can develop their dialect. Economy is one of the most significant
challenges for which universities are unable to implement effective training and development
program for the career enhancement of students.

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Research design:
Vandrick (2014) stated that research methodology is systematic process of collecting
appropriate data and information from various reliable and valid resources. By using appropriate
methodological tools, the study has focused to gather necessary information on how international
students are facing innumerable barriers after taking admission on Iraqi universities (Graves et
al. 2012). Research philosophy is the systematic method of evaluating the research issue with the
help of keen observation. Research philosophy is primarily constituted with three major types
such as positivism research philosophy, realism and interpretivism.
In this very specific study, positivism research philosophy is used in order to evaluate the
necessity of English for Academic Purpose (Darvin & Norton, 2015). With the help of
descriptive research design, the study had focused to use deductive approach. With the help of
deductive approach, data analyst had collected appropriate information based on the existing
theories (Erhard, Jensen & Zaffron, 2016). However, positivism philosophy enables an
individual for acquiring knowledge of the research issue based on repeated observation. As per
the belief of positivists, observation is repeatable but the phenomenon is isolated. With the help
of repeated observation researcher has evaluated research issue from different perspective.
3.2 Data collection technique:
Data collection is the systematic method of gathering appropriate information from
different reliable resources. Data collection method is of two major types including primary

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
form of data collection technique and secondary data collection technique. In this very specific
study primary data collection technique is used for gathering immediate response from the
participants (Kayi, 2012). Both quantitative and qualitative form of data collection technique is
used for analyzing the research issue properly. 50 respondents from different Iraqi universities
are selected for giving a detailed feedback about the research issue. In addition, the study has
focused to involve 5 university facilitators from various Iraqi universities for conducting a
telephonic interview. By interacting with the professor, the data analyst has provided in-depth
overview on how the they are facing difficulties in interacting with the foreign students due to
linguistic barrier.
3.3 Data analysis:
Statistical data analysis is conducted by using MS excel for providing an accurate
findings about the research issue. While showing the findings of research a proper graphical
representation is given in order to provide an overview of the result. In addition, regression
analysis has also been conducted for maintaining accuracy of data. With the help of an effective
hypothesis test, the positive effective of research issue is proved.
3.4 Sampling method:
Sampling method is the process of collecting necessary from a specific group of people
amidst large number of population (Fairclough, 2014). Sampling method is primarily constituted
with two major ways including probability sampling method and non-probability sampling
method. In this very specific study, non-probability sampling technique is used in order to target
specific group of people. The data analysts has decided to involve those people who are directly
associated with the research issue (Rojas & Iglesias, 2013). In this very specific study, students

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
from different Iraqi Universities are involved in order to know their point of views about the
importance of linguistic for maintaining higher education.
3.5 Ethical consideration:
Every individual researcher has to maintain a proper ethics and values while conducting
research. With the help of data protection act, the personal detail of every individual respondent
should be secured. In addition, respondents should not be forced for providing appropriate data
and information (Bunch, Kibler & Pimentel, 2012). The spontaneous response from the
participants would have to be collected. In addition, the researcher should avoid any kind of
vague references in the study. Without taking permission of the respondents, data should not be
leaked out. In addition, the researcher should not show their gender biasness while collecting
data from the respondents.
3.6 Time horizon:
Main activities/ stages Month
Februar
y
Mont
h
Marc
h
Mont
h
April
Mont
h
May
Month
June
Month
July
Topic Selection 
Data collection from
secondary sources
 
Framing layout of the
research


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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Literature review   
Formation of the research
Plan
 
Selection of the Appropriate
Research Techniques
 
Primary data collection  
Analysis & Interpretation of
Data Collection
 
Conclusion of the Study 
Formation of Rough Draft 
Submission of Final Work 
Table 1: Gnatt Chart
(Source: As created by the author)

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Chapter 4: Data analysis and Findings
4.1 Questionnaires for quantitative research:
1. Your gender?
Row labels No of response Percentage of
response
Total respondents
Male 24 48% 50
Female 26 52% 50
Table 1: gender
(Source: As created by author)

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
48%
52%
Gender
Graph 1: Gender
(Source: As created by author)
Findings
This question has addressed the gender of the respondents and the study shows that 48%
of the respondents taking the survey are male while remaining is female.
2. How far do you agree that foreign students are unaware of the regional dialect?
Row labels No of response Percentage of
response
Total respondents
Strongly Agree 21 42% 50
Agree 22 44% 50
Indifferent 2 4% 50

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Disagree 3 6% 50
Strongly disagree 2 4% 50
Table 2: Awareness
(Source: As created by author)
42%
44%
4%
6% 4%
Awareness
Strongly Agree Agree Indifferent
Disagree Strongly disagree
Graph 2: Awareness
(Source: As created by author)
Findings
The question has highlighted the awareness of the respondents towards regional dialect.
The findings in the study show that 42% strongly agree to the fact that foreign students are
unaware of the regional dialect and they have been supported by 44% of the respondents. On the

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
contrary, it is seen that 10% of the respondents are in disagreement. However, the majority of the
respondents have acknowledged this issue.
3. How far do you agree that foreign students face linguistic barriers at Universities in Iraq?
Row labels No of response Percentage of
response
Total respondents
Strongly Agree 23 46% 50
Agree 20 40% 50
Indifferent 2 4% 50
Disagree 1 2% 50
Strongly disagree 4 8% 50
Table 3: linguistic barriers
(Source: As created by author)

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Strongly Agree
Agree
Indifferent
Disagree
Strongly
disagree
46%
40%
4%
2%
8%
linguistic barriers
Graph 3: linguistic barriers
(Source: As created by author)
Findings
The question has underlined whether foreign students face linguistic barriers at
universities or not. The result shows that 46% of the respondents support the survey question and
they have been backed by 40% of the respondents. On the other hand, 4% of the students are
indifferent towards it. However, 10% of the respondents are not in agreement with the majority.

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
4. How far do you agree that foreign students face issues in understanding lectures and
communicating with professors?
Row labels No of response Percentage of
response
Total respondents
Strongly Agree 20 40% 50
Agree 23 46% 50
Indifferent 2 4% 50
Disagree 2 4% 50
Strongly disagree 3 6% 50
Table 4: Understanding lectures
(Source: As created by author)

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
S t r o n g l y
A g r e e
A g r e e I n d i ff e r e n t D i s a g r e e S t r o n g l y
d i s a g r e e
40% 46% 4% 4% 6%
Understanding lectures
Graph 4: Understanding lectures
(Source: As created by author)
Findings
The question has thrown a light on the difficulty of the foreign students in understanding
lectures and communicating with the professors. The findings show that 40% strongly agree and
46% agree to the question. However, 10% of the respondents are not in agreement with the
question. As the majority of the respondents have accepted this problem, it could be one the
major barriers to higher education in the country.

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
5. How much do you agree that effective communication is essential for higher education?
Row labels No of response Percentage of
response
Total respondents
Strongly Agree 18 36% 50
Agree 25 50% 50
Indifferent 2 4% 50
Disagree 3 6% 50
Strongly disagree 2 4% 50
Table 5: effective communication
(Source: As created by author)
Strongly Agree
Agree
Indifferent
Disagree
Strongly disagree
effective communication

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Graph 5: effective communication
(Source: As created by author)
Findings
This question will address the issue that whether effective communication is important in
higher education or not. The findings of the study shows that majority of the respondents are in
agreement with the research question and considered communication as an essential component
of attaining higher education.
6. How far do you agree that interaction with peer group is crucial for higher education?
Row labels No of response Percentage of
response
Total respondents
Strongly Agree 24 48% 50
Agree 19 38% 50
Indifferent 2 4% 50
Disagree 2 4% 50
Strongly disagree 3 6% 50
Table 9:
(Source: As created by author)

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Strongly Agree
Agree
Indifferent
Disagree
Strongly
disagree
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
48%
38%
4%
4%
6%
Social Factor
Graph 10:
(Source: As created by author)
Findings
This question has determined the importance of interaction among peer groups for
attaining higher education. The findings of the study has showed that 48% strongly agree and
38% agree to the fact interaction asmong peer group are a key component for higher education.
However, 6% strongly disagree and 4% disagree to the research question. However, as majority
of the respondents have acknowledged the research question, it is essential to evaluate this issue.

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
SUMMARY
OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R
0.8974
67438
R Square
0.8054
47803
Adjusted R
Square
0.8013
94632
Standard
Error
0.4510
6559
Observations 50
ANOVA
df SS MS F
Signific
ance F
Regression 1
40.4316
898
40.431
6898
198.72
04207
1.09858
E-18
Residual 48 9.76608 0.2034

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
7975 60166
Total 49
50.1977
7778
Coeffic
ients
Standar
d Error t Stat
P-
value
Lower
95%
Upper
95%
Lower
95.0%
Upper
95.0%
Intercept
0.1553
76961
0.13755
397
1.1295
70897
0.2642
70477
-
0.12119
3827
0.4319
4775
-
0.1211
93827
0.4319
4775
X Variable 1
0.9186
93247
0.06517
0233
14.096
82307
1.0985
8E-18
0.78765
9713
1.0497
26781
0.7876
59713
1.0497
26781
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
f(x) = 0.88 x + 0.23
R² = 0.81
communication barrier
Higher Education
Regression Analysis

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
Analysis
Regression analysis is used to identify the nature and degree of relationship between
independent and the dependent variable. Multiple R determines the correlation between both the
variables and in this current study the value of multiple R is 0.897467438. The value of R is
quite close to 1 which means that there is positive correlation between both the variables. The
value of R² is 0.8054 which is greater than 0.8 and that means that goodness of fit is high.
Therefore, the majority of the data will fall within the regression line. Thus, it has been
determined that the model is effective.
The F value in the study is 1.09858E-18 which is less than 0.05 and so the null
hypothesis in the study can be rejected. In this study, the regression line is y = 0.8767x + 0.2276,
where the x is the independent variable (communication barrier) and higher education is the
dependent variable. When we put the value of x as 1 unit then the value of y becomes 1.1043
which shows positive correlation.
Therefore, the null hypothesis has been rejected in the study, which shows that
communication barrier is evident between the foreign and region students. Moreover, it is
affecting the higher education of the students at university in Iraq.
4.2 Qualitative questionnaires:
1. Do you think students should improve their dialect for communicating with the
university professors effectively?
In this very specific question, one eminent professor of one of the renowned universities
of Iraq has stated that students from multi-national countries take admission in Iraqi universities

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for their higher education. Especially students of different engineering departments are from
various geographic backgrounds. Linguistic barrier is a major issue due to which two individuals
from different cultural backgrounds cannot communicate with each other. On the other hand,
professors have to face difficulties in interacting with the students at the classroom due to dialect
issue.
Another respondent in this very specific context has opined that not only the students but
also professors of regional universities have to face immense accent problem. While making a
written document both the professors and the students do not have to face any issue. English
dialect varies from one region to another. This respondent has also added that communication is
one of the integral parts of education without which an individual cannot proceed for enhancing
knowledge and skill. Without maintaining an effective communication with each other, the
students cannot share their knowledge and experience. However, most of the Iraqi universities
have taken an initiative of improving English accent of students so that they do not face
challenges in maintaining higher education.
2. What are the challenges you are facing while interacting with the international students
while taking classes?
In this very specific question, an efficient expert of Iraqi university has pointed out that
professors have to face obstacles while taking classes. At the time of interacting with each other
both the speaker and the listeners fail to understand each other’s dialect. As a result, the entire
communication process fails to transmit the actual message. Consequently, it has been observed
that students cannot achieve good marks due to communication barrier. Around 40 percent of the
learners of Iraqi universities are from different geographical countries. Therefore, the average

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result of most of the universities is not up to satisfaction level. In the international market, the
learners are gradually showing their reluctant attitude for being part of this university. Dialect
issue is one of the most significant factors due to which professors cannot interact with the
university students effectively. Another eminent person in this context has also added that Iraqi
universities while implementing various development programs for improving dialect have to
face immense obstacles. Economic issue is the most significant barrier due to which universities
cannot implement development plan on English dialect.
3. Do you think language barrier is the most effective challenges for international students
of Iraqi Universities?
In response to this very specific question, one eminent professor from a particular
university of Iraq has opined that psychological barrier, cultural barrier, religious barrier are the
important factors for international students for maintaining higher education. Most importantly,
linguistic barrier is the primary reason due to which international students are facing immense
challenges in carrying good marks. This specific individual has pointed out that students do not
have to face difficulties in written communication. Due to the lack of verbal communication,
barrier foreign students cannot make proper interaction with the regional student. As a result,
they do not get any kind of co-operation from the regional students. In addition, the students
cannot take effective participation on group discussion session due to linguistic barrier. As a
result, international students fail to share their point of views to the professors. In case of taking
any kind of help from the facilitators, they have to face obstacles.
4. What are the necessary ways to resolve this particular issue?

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Professors have provided different opinion in response to this specific question. One of
the experienced professors of Iraqi university has stated that implementation of EAP program on
the university campus is highly important. This very specific program primarily focuses to
instruct individuals for performing in an English-speaking academic context in core subject areas
especially encountered in a university setting. With the help of this program, specific linguistic
demands can be fulfilled. As a result, students among teach other can easily make an effective
communication. Large numbers of Iraqi universities have taken effective initiatives of
implementing this specific program due to language enhancement of students. However,
economic barrier is one of the most important reasons due to which universities cannot arrange
EAP program within university campus. However, the students after receiving an effective
training and development session can improve their skills and level of competency.
5. Do you think the ways mentioned by you is very easier to implement practically within
education system of Iraqi Universities?
In response to this specific question one eminent person of Iraqi University has stated that
EAP program is also effective for developing language skill among the people. At the same time,
it is also undeniable that universities need to hire efficient trainer for providing training session.
Due to the lack of economic strength, trainers do not get appropriate equipment for making the
entire training program successful. Therefore, it can be recommended that university should hire
proficient trainers for making an effective EAP program in quest of developing language skill of
university students.

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Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
The study is extensively focusing on the emerging issues due to the linguistic
barriers in the regional university of Iraq. The obtained ideas from the primary research findings
and the literature study evaluates the major concerns faced by the international students while
communicating with the teachers. The majority of the issues are identified in the usage of the
dialect and linguistic values in spite of the proficiency maintained in the written language. The
issues are mainly appearing due to the diverse accents of the teachers while teaching the
international students. The literature study offers the considerable ideas regarding the theoretical
underpinning, which suggests the usefulness of language in international context. It is notified
that an individual learner seeks enhancements of their academic knowledge out of their
geographical boundaries. Therefore, they tend to take admissions in the international universities
that eventually turn out to be quite challenging. The diverse nature and the lingual values of the
international learning process create the obstacles in communications and speech presentations.
In spite of accepting English as the international language, the students may face the
challenges due to the diverse accents. Especially, when the students from diverse cultural and
lingual values require communicating with the teachers from a different region, the
communication barriers become much recognizable. The literature section of the study develops
the better understanding of the English language significance. However, the literature study
provides the insightful ideas about the factors that are affecting the linguistic competence. On the
other hand, the findings received from the primary data collection process indicate that the

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
international students are mostly looking for the vocational classes that would enhance their
academic skills. Linguistic barrier is considered as the primary reason due to which international
students are facing immense challenges in securing good grades. The use of the appropriate
methodology helps in developing the entire research study specifying the subject matter.
Identifying the information received from primary and secondary data collection process, this
section of the study would present some of the preferable recommendations.
5.2 Recommendation
The linguistic barriers are creating the recognizable obstacle in their career path. It is noticeable
that the advanced educational revolution influences each of the students to enhance their
expertise level even if they have to go out of their country. The majority of the issues are
identified in the usage of the dialect and linguistic values in spite of the proficiency maintained
in the written language. The issues are mainly appearing due to the diverse accents of the
teachers while teaching the international students. However, in order to overcome these barriers,
it is essential for them to recognize the suitable methods. The following recommendations would
thus be beneficial for mitigating these emerging issues. ‘
 Development of the EAP Program
EAP program is developed to provide the communication training to the students who are
pursuing their careers in the foreign universities, especially in Iraq where the linguistic barriers
are quite higher. This communication training would develop their interactive session with the
teachers (Ardasheva, Tretter & Kinny, 2012). The students would be knowledgeable about the
diverse cultural and lingual background of the associated members. However, scheduling the
program within the specific time is essential since the students are often involved with the other

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
academic curriculums. The students require attending this training session and assess their
learning parameter to measure the progress.
 Development of the practice reflective listening skills
The majority of the barriers emerge when the students fail to differentiate what is said and
what is needed to be said. The experts’ lessons on this particular skill would be developing the
understanding of the students, especially when they are struggling with the accentual barriers.
The continuous assessment of their learning process is much essential in such context. Keeping
the track of their learning process would help in overcoming these linguistic barriers in a
significant manner.
 Advanced Classroom Learning
The current advancements in the educational field highlight several innovations in the
classroom activities. If Iraq University also pays attention towards developing more digital
technologies in the classrooms, it would be beneficial in generating practical knowledge among
the international students (Barac & Bialystok, 2012). When the international students are unable
to recover the accent of the languages spoken in the class, they would be benefitted by such
digital learning procedures. However, it is essential for the university to ensure the investment of
the capital resources. These universities can seek help from the Ministry of Education for fund
raising purposes. Investment of the adequate capital resources and establishment of the
appropriate infrastructure would be helpful to promote the advanced learning method within the
classroom. The contribution of the government would be much required in order to fulfill this
objective.

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
The above recommendations are quite beneficial for mitigating the emerging language
barriers faced by the international students (Bolton, 2012). The urge of learning something
innovative may create the positive influence on the students. As an outcome, the observable
issues would be minimized or mitigated for a long run. In fact, the students would be able to
enhance their academic skills in a different cultural background as well.
5.3 Future scope of the study:
The study provides the enriched knowledge about the possible issues with the linguistic
values faced by the international students while pursuing their career in a culturally diverse
environment. The ideas derived from the secondary and primary data collection process would
be used in the future as the secondary resources. The future researchers would be able to use
such information for the similar studies. Moreover, the study helps in strengthening the
analytical skills related to this subject area. The current world is highly influenced by the
advanced method of teaching. The information obtained from the study would thus be much
helpful in future to overcome the similar obstacles, especially in terms of developing the
enriched ideas about linguistic aspects. The international students would also be able to prepare
themselves for the higher studies in the foreign country irrespective of the cultural or lingual
differences. However, the supports from the government officials or the Ministry of Education
would be essential in such context.

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NECESSITY OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
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