Network Routing and Switching

This content covers topics related to network routing and switching, including subnetting, network analysis tools, and protocols like TCP and UDP. It includes solved assignments, essays, and dissertations, and provides expert guidance on the subject. The content also discusses the use of tools like Wireshark, netstat, and tracert for network analysis and troubleshooting.

Network Routing and Switching

Question Number
Question 1: (3 marks)
a)
b)
c)
Classless address block
Address: 154.78.177.3 10011010.01001110.10110001.000 00011
Netmask: 255.255.255.224 = 27 11111111.11111111.11111111.111 00000
Wildcard: 0.0.0.31 00000000.00000000.00000000.000 11111
=>
Network: 154.78.177.0/27 10011010.01001110.10110001.000 00000 (Class B)
Broadcast: 154.78.177.31 10011010.01001110.10110001.000 11111
HostMin: 154.78.177.1 10011010.01001110.10110001.000 00001
HostMax: 154.78.177.30 10011010.01001110.10110001.000 11110
Hosts/Net: 30
Question 2: (8 marks)
a) Network Address
Address: 138.77.216.5 10001010.01001101.11011000 .00000101
Netmask: 255.255.255.0 = 24 11111111.11111111.11111111 .00000000
Wildcard: 0.0.0.255 00000000.00000000.00000000 .11111111
=>
Network: 138.77.216.0/24 10001010.01001101.11011000 .00000000 (Class B)
Broadcast: 138.77.216.255 10001010.01001101.11011000 .11111111
HostMin: 138.77.216.1 10001010.01001101.11011000 .00000001
HostMax: 138.77.216.254 10001010.01001101.11011000 .11111110
Hosts/Net: 254

b) Subnet No. addresses Subnet address Mask /n
1 32 138.77.216.6 255.255.255.255
2 32 138.77.216.7 255.255.255.255
3 16 138.77.216.8 255.255.0.0
4 16 138.77.216.9 255.255.0.0
5 16 138.77.216.10 255.255.0.0
6 16 138.77.216.11 255.255.0.0
c)
The company is granting the host address that can be used in the network. However, in the
address block, the first address will be used as the network address and special address is
assigned as the last address. The 1024 addresses are allocated from the existing block because
the company is granting host address in a block and also provide special addresses for each
subnet.Lifewire. (2018).
Question 3: (4 marks)
a)
i) Three horizontal display shows the following information's,
 Packet Lists
 Packet Details
 Packet Bytes
The Frame 2 is capturing the packet of 85 bytes. It captures the packets by using the User
datagram protocol. It has payload length of 31 and hop limit is 128. It scans the source port

ii)
iii)
iv)
that is 59362 and destination port is https (443). It has data length of 23 to exchange the
packets between the source and destination. It is shown below.
Using UDP and TCP protocol, the Frame 4, 5 and 6 are exchanging the events. In the
captured packets, the effective network information is provided by these UDP and TCP
protocol. Here, the https is exchanging the information from source to destination. The source
https sends the packets to the destination port 59362. These two protocols have exchanged the
packets and messages to each other. The frame 4 and 6 is calculated the window size that is
1026. And The frame 5 is calculated the window size of 225. It provides the checksum of the
source and destination port by using the SEO/ACK analysis (Lifewire, 2018). It is used to
provide the assured forwarding the packets to the destination. TCP and UDP protocols
aspects the behind the SSH key exchanges by using the SSH protocols.
The wireshark is the very popular network analysis tool. The network traffic is monitored by
this tool and also provides the secure network. The network trouble shooting problems are
reduced by using this tool. In a network, the network security problems are determined. It
measures the data in a perfect manner to reduce the network problems to provide the secure
and effective network.
b) B) Netstat
The netstat or network statistics is a command line tool and it is used to display the network
connection, network protocol statistics, number of network interfaces and routing table. It also prints
the masquerade connections and multicast memberships connections (Tldp.org, 2018). The netstat
prints the information about the Linux operating system that are controlled by the first argument such
as --route, --groups, --statistics and more. In our network statistics display the LISTENNING,
ESTANLISHED and CLOSE_WAIT. The socket information is printed by using the ESTABLISHED

states and its established connection. The CLOSE_WAIT states are used to print the information
about the remote end has shut down and waiting for the socket to close. The socket information is
printed by using the LISTENING states and the connection request is listened. Techgenix.com.
(2018).
c) C) Tracert
The Tracert is based on command line tool and it is used to trace the internet protocol
path that take to its source and destination. It will find the path taken to a destination because
it sends the ICMP echo request messages to the destination. If destination sends the traffic,
the tracert will increases the Time to live field values incrementally to determine the path
taken to the destination address. The tracert works by manipulating the TTL (Time to Lie
values). If TTL values is increased, the tracert will be decreased each router hop count from
source to destination (Techgenix.com, 2018). The Tracert working is shown below. The
below displays the path that is the list of routers in the path between the source host and
destination. It also lists the near side interfaces that is interface of the router closest to send
the host in the path. The tracert determines the network device using the IP address of
192.168.1.206. Here, we are tracing the router to www.google.com. The tracert will identify
the thirteen network devices including out router and generally way through to the target of
www.google.com by using the public IP address and our network IP address (Tldp.org.
(2018)).

References
Lifewire.(2018). How to Use the Tracert Command in Windows. [online] Available at:
https://www.lifewire.com/tracert-command-2618101 [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018].
Techgenix.com. (2018).Using Tracert. [online] Available at: http://techgenix.com/Using-Tracert/
[Accessed 14 Apr. 2018].
Tldp.org. (2018).The netstat Command. [online] Available at: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/nag2/x-
087-2-iface.netstat.html [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018].