Networking and Communication

This study material explores the concepts of networking and communication. It covers the layers of the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite, the responsibilities of each layer, the process of data encapsulation, and the advantages of combining layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite. References are provided for further reading.

Running head: NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION 1
Networking and Communication
Student's Name
Institutional Affiliation

NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION 2
Question 1
From the top to the bottom of the Open System Interconnection model, commonly
referred to as, we have the seven layers, namely:- Application, Presentation, Session, Transport,
Network, Data link and Physical layer which is the final layer. The TCP/IP protocol suite
consists of the Application, Transport, Internet and finally the Network Interface (link) layers
(Rayes &Salam, 2017).
Question 2
The connection that exists between the layers of the Open System Interconnection and
TCP/IP convention layers is that, in the TCP/IP convention, Application layer covers three OSI
model's layers which incorporate Session, Presentation and Application. The Transport layer in
the TCP/IP convention relates to the Transport layer of the OSI model, the internet layer of the
TCP/IP convention suite coordinates the Network layer in OSI model and the Network interface
layer in TCP/IP is identical to the two lower layers in OSI model which are the data link and
physical layers.
Question 3
In TCP/IP convention, the network bolster layers are the Network interface (Link) and
Internet layers while the client bolster layers are the Transport and Application layers. The Link
layer is the first and lowest layer of the TCP/IP convention suite and it has techniques for
information correspondence which are held inside one system section. Another Network bolster
layer is the Internet layer which likewise gives correspondence between a few systems that are
independent. Then again, the Transport layer which is a client bolster layer handles

NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION 3
correspondences among hosts and Application layer which offers application information trade
through procedure to-process technique.
Question 4
Data encapsulation is the process through which headers are put around (added to) some
data throughout their transmission so that they can be recognized easily by the next lower layer
they are going to (Gross, Koponen & Lambeth, 2016). The three upper layers, Application,
Presentation, and the Session layers first perform the conversion of a message from the sender to
data then transmits it to the Transport layer. Here, data is converted to segments then transport
headers are given to the segments; after which the segments sent to the Network layer where
network headers are added to them and they become packets. The Network layer transmits these
segments to the Data Link layer which adds Data Link headers to the packets and they become
frames. The formed frames get conveyed to the Physical layer where they are converted into
ones and zeros after which they are then sent across the network.
Question 5
The responsibilities of the Data Link layer are error detection and correction in packets,
Media Access Controller (MAC) addressing and regulation of data flow and provision of an
interface that is well defined to the Network layer. It also uses sequence digits for error-checking
and ensures successful delivery of data.
Question 6
In conveyance terms, the Network layer regulates conveyance of packets starting with
one host then onto the next separately while the Transport layer is responsible for conveyance of
the entire message starting with one procedure then onto the next. Additionally, the Network

NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION 4
layer is in charge of packets conveyance from source to destination crosswise over numerous
networks while the transport layer conveys the whole message from source to target.
Question 7
Another mechanism is needed at the transport layer since the Data link and Transport
layers deal with errors differently. The Data link layer manages blunders physically and
subsequently Transport layer is required for recuperation of mistakes and guideline of stream..
Question 8
The Network layer is accountable for forwarding data packets across networks by making
use of the path that is most appropriate. It also does the translation of IP addresses into Physical
addresses, responding to requests from the Transport layer and also offering service to the data
link layer (Radhakrishnan et al., 2016).
Question 9
The transport network is responsible for control and avoidance of congestion, flow
control, creation of end-to-end connection in between hosts by using TCP and UDP, ensures that
data is transferred completely in TCP, identification of applications, correction of error and
checking data integrity and also does data segmentation and reassembling.
Question 10
A port address does the identification of the process of application on a station and every
application keep running with a port of the computer. The logical address is the systems IP
address which combines the Network ID and Host ID and used for identification of a specific

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network and the physical address is the address of the NIC also called the MAC address. It is
used where cables physically connect two systems.
Question 11
Services that are provided by the Application layer are transferring of data from one end
to another, access, management of files registry administrations, mail administrations, organize
virtual terminal, and data task administration.
Question 12
The advantages of combining the Session layer, Presentation and Application into one in
TCP/IP protocol suite is an increase in bandwidth as layers reduce, a single layer studies all the
functionalities provided in the three layers and also the few layers are considered less rigid as
compared to the OSI model layers.

NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION 6
Reference
Gross IV, J. E., Koponen, T., & Lambeth, W. A. (2016). U.S. Patent No. 9,350,657. Washington,
DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Radhakrishnan, R., Edmonson, W. W., Afghah, F., Rodriguez-Osorio, R. M., Pinto, F., &
Burleigh, S. C. (2016). Survey of inter-satellite communication for small satellite
systems: Physical layer to network layer view. IEEE Communications Surveys &
Tutorials, 18(4), 2442-2473.
Rayes, A., & Salam, S. (2017). The Internet in IoT—OSI, TCP/IP, IPv4, IPv6 and Internet
Routing. In Internet of Things From Hype to Reality (pp. 35-56). Springer, Cham.