Networking Fundamentals Report: OSI Model, Protocols, and Media

This report provides a comprehensive overview of networking fundamentals, focusing on the OSI model, its layers, and the comparison with the TCP/IP model. It delves into the concept of interoperability, the history and functionality of each OSI layer, and identifies protocols operating at each layer. The report further explores wired and wireless media used for network connectivity, offering examples and differentiating them based on speed, cost, and security. The analysis includes figures illustrating the TCP/IP and OSI models, enhancing the understanding of network architecture and data transmission processes. The conclusion summarizes the key concepts, emphasizing the role of protocols in signal transmission and the significance of the OSI/TCP/IP models in facilitating data transfer.

Networking fundamentals
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Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
Discuss about the interoperability, OSI Model, history and functionality of each layers...........3
Comparison between the TCP/IP and OSI Models with examples.............................................4
Identify at least one protocol working at each layer of OSI Model, functionality and also
determine the standardising bodies of protocols.........................................................................5
Discuss about the wireless and wired media that may use to enable the network connectivity
with example................................................................................................................................6
Differentiate the analysis of media in terms of speed, cost and security.....................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9
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INTRODUCTION
Networking refers to the process of creating the computer network with respect to the
software, hardware and other protocol which including both wired and wireless. It may include
the different theories of applications in terms of technological. Networking is mainly used for
exchange the information, signals, ideas from one place to other by using different medias. This
report will discuss about the interoperability, OSI Model that describe the functionality of layers.
It will determine the protocol in each layer of OSI and also understand the standardising bodies
of protocols. Furthermore, it will describe the wired and wireless media that enables the network
connectivity.
MAIN BODY
Discuss about the interoperability, OSI Model, history and functionality of each layers.
Interoperability:
It defined the continuous ability to send and receive the signals by using networks which
providing the high quality expected by end user without data loss. It plays important role in the
networking for exchange the data and make use information to another system (Ahlswede,
2019).
OSI Model:
The Open System Interconnection model is based on the conceptual that standardizes and
characterizes the communication functions. The primary goal of interoperability to diverse the
communication by using standard protocol. OSI Model is basically used for the communication
between two end points which divided into different layers.
History:
OSI model began in 1977 with the use of network communication. It is based on the
conceptual framework that help for sharing data from one node to another. This model was
developed by International Standard organization and also defined the seven layers which
specific what operations needed to be done by each layer (Besanko, 2019).
7 Layers of OSI Model:
 Application Layer – It enables the user to interact with the network through application
layer whenever the user read, transfer files to other network system.
 Presentation Layer- This layer is translating and formats data from the application with
the help of syntax or semantics. It is useful for handle decryption or encryption.
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 Session Layer- this type of layer is mainly set up the coordination between one or more
applications. It must serve the reconnection and authentication after the interruption.
 Transport Layer- This layer is responsible for transferring data or information across the
network and also perform the mechanism of error checking. TCP is the example of
transport layer (Bisikalo, Kovtun and Yukhimchuk, 2019).
 Network Layer- It is packaging the data with the accurate network address information
for selecting the proper routes and forwarding to the stack of transport layer.
 Data-Link Layer- it may handle the problem which occurs during the transmission of
errors. This layer provides the permission to transmit data into different layers.
 Physical Layer- This layer is responsible for sending data in the form of bit from one
hardware device to other through network. It easily predicts the physical connection set
up and how bit represent into the form of signals.
Comparison between the TCP/IP and OSI Models with examples.
TCP/IP OSI Model
Meaning It is based on the client side
server model which mainly
used for the data transmission
over internet.
It is a type of theoretical
model that mainly use for
computing system.
Layers It consists of four layers It consists of seven layers.
Logical operations TCP/IP set up the logical
operations before sending the
data (Borky and Bradley,
2019).
OSI model is treated
individually.
Error checking TCP are resent the faulty
segments to the receiver side.
OSI model doesn’t support to
the error recovery.
Table:1
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Figure 1 TCP/IP
(Source: TCP/IP Model. 2018)
Identify at least one protocol working at each layer of OSI Model, functionality and also
determine the standardising bodies of protocols.
In physical layers, it mainly used the major protocols such as Bluetooth, DSL, OTN which
help for dealing with the hardware of network. It will do work as a cabling.
In Data link layer, it receives the data from physical layer and transform data into frames
by using protocol such as HDLC, SLIP, PPP, X-25, ARP and ATM etc.
In Network layer, it performs the real time processing which transfers information form
one node to another. it can be used the specific protocol such as IPv4, IPv6, ICMP and IGMP
etc.
In Transport layer, it mainly works on two different nodes which based on the connection less
and connection oriented. It can send data from source to the destination by using protocol such as
TCP, UDP, DCCP and SPX (Kausar, 2019).
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In Session layer, it always creates session between the destination and source which
automatically terminates after completion of process. It mainly used the protocols such as
NetBIOS, SAP and PPTP.
In Presentation Layer, it applicable for function of decryption and encryption which convert data
format into the readable forms. It is used the protocols such as MIME, XDR and SSL (Pereira
and Borysov, 2019).
In Application Layer, it works at the end of users that interact with the applications. It uses
the protocols such as FTP, HTTP and DHCP.
Figure 2 OSI Model
(Source: OSI Model. 2018)
Discuss about the wireless and wired media that may use to enable the network connectivity with
example.
A wireless network is a type of computer network that mainly uses the data connection
between the nodes. This type of network is usually implement the radio communication for data
transmission by using OSI Model. For Example- Cell phone network, Wireless LAN of college
campus.
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A wired network is another technique of data transmission that use the Ethernet cables to
transfer data between hardware devices. A single router may use to connect with all computers
which includes switches, routers. For Example- A cable television, optical fiber.
wireless and wired media enable for network connectivity
In wireless network, it will use ad-hoc network devices that help for establish the
connection between one hardware to other. It may have linked between the hardware for sharing
small files. Ad-hoc refers to the decentralised network connection for connecting with one or
more devices. On other hand, a device allows the wireless devices that connect with the wired
network by using Wi-Fi (Rayes and Salam, 2019). This type of hardware devices uses to connect
with the access point for data transmission. In this way, it will be created relationship between
wireless and wired network that enable to establish network connection between source to
destination.
Differentiate the analysis of media in terms of speed, cost and security.
Wireless Wired
Speed The Maximum bandwidth of
wireless network is 11Mpbs.
The wired network offers the
high performance within
100Mbps bandwidth.
Cost The cost of wireless network
are quite expensive as
compare to wired because
access point and equipment
have high price.
The cost of wired network is
lower than the wireless
because it can use switches,
Ethernet and cables which are
not expensive.
Security Wireless network uses the
encryption technique for
protecting the data and
information (Yu and et.al.,
2019).
In terms of security aspects,
the wired network connected
to the internet like firewall
that can install on each
hardware.
Table :2
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CONCLUSION
As per discussion, it has been summarised the process of networking that help for creating
the connection between one or more computers. Network technology is advanced technique that
exchange data from one node to other in the form of signals. It can be concluded that network
technology uses the protocols which help for transmitting signals from sender to receiver side. It
also evaluates the OSI/IP Model that perform different operations in the data transferring through
7- layers. Furthermore, it also understands the wired and wired media in the network technology
that enable for establish the connections between computer system.
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REFERENCES
Book and Journals
Ahlswede, R., 2019. Network Coding. In Probabilistic Methods and Distributed
Information (pp. 333-357). Springer, Cham.
Besanko, D., 2019. Implications for Network Quality and Welfare. US Freight Rail Economics
and Policy: Are We on the Right Track?.
Bisikalo, O.V., Kovtun, V.V. and Yukhimchuk, M.S., 2019. MODELING THE SECURITY
POLICY OF THE INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL USE. Radio Electronics,
Computer Science, Control. (1).
Borky, J.M. and Bradley, T.H., 2019. Developing the Network Dimension. In Effective Model-
Based Systems Engineering(pp. 327-344). Springer, Cham.
Kausar, A., 2019. Interpenetrating polymer network and nanocomposite IPN of
polyurethane/epoxy: a review on fundamentals and advancements. Polymer-Plastics
Technology and Materials. 58(7). pp.691-706.
Pereira, F.C. and Borysov, S.S., 2019. Machine learning fundamentals. In Mobility Patterns, Big
Data and Transport Analytics (pp. 9-29). Elsevier.
Rayes, A. and Salam, S., 2019. The Internet in IoT. In Internet of Things From Hype to
Reality (pp. 37-65). Springer, Cham.
Yu, X. and et.al., 2019. Fundamentals of Wireless Network Analysis. In Stochastic Geometry
Analysis of Multi-Antenna Wireless Networks (pp. 15-36). Springer, Singapore.
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Online
TCP/IP Model. 2018. [online] Available
through:<https://static.javatpoint.com/tutorial/computer-network/images/tcp-ip-model.png>
OSI Model. 2018. [online] Available through:<https://cdncontribute.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-
content/uploads/computer-network-osi-model-layers.png>
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