Networking Technologies

This document provides an overview of networking technologies including Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA), IP address subnetting, MAC addresses, switches, and routers. It explains the functions and applications of these technologies in supporting and configuring small Local Area Networks (LANs) and improving network security.

Running head: NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES
NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES
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Table of Contents
Question 1........................................................................................................................................2
Question 2........................................................................................................................................2
Question 3........................................................................................................................................3
Question 4........................................................................................................................................3
Reflection Exercise..........................................................................................................................4
References........................................................................................................................................5

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Question 1
Automatic Private IP Addressing or APIPA is a feature of windows OS that allows a computer to
automatically assign itself an IP address in the absence of Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
or DHCP, which is designed to assign the IP addresses. APIPA serves as the failsafe mechanism
in case of DHCP and helps in supporting and configuring small Local Area Networks or LANS.
The APIPA is capable of broadcasting a LAN domain alone in the absence of a DHCP server or
manual configuration.
Question 2
IP address given: 172.16.100.0/22 Class B
CIDR = 22
22 Network bits and 10 Host bits.
Total IP address that can be assigned: 2^10= 1024
Total number of host IP address: 2^n-2= 1022
Total number of networks can be assigned: 2^6= 64
The subnets are below:
1. 2 networks of 32 IP addresses
172.16.100.0/22 to 172.16.100.31/22
172.16.100.32/22 to 172.16.100.63/22
2. 5 networks of 64 IP addresses

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172.16.100.64/22 to 172.16.100.127/22
172.16.100.129/22 to 172.16.100.191/22
172.16.100.193/22 to 172.16.100.255/22
172.16.101.0/23 to 172.16.101.63/23
172.16.101.64/23 to 172.16.101.127/23
3. 3 networks of 128 IP addresses
172.16.101.128/23 to 172.16.101.255/23
172.16.102.0/24 to 172.16.102.127/24
172.16.102.128/24 to 172.16.102.255/24
4. 1 network of 256 IP addresses
172.16.103.0/25 to 172.16.103.255/25
Question 3
Switches use Media Access Control or MAC addresses to determine their receiver of the packet.
Whenever an unknown device sends a packet to the switch, the switch keeps a note of the
address of the unknown device and adds it to the information table. Therefore, whenever it
receives a destination MAC address, it first checks it with its address book and if the address is
found, it sends the packet or it floods all the devices connected to the switch. This mechanism
enables the switch to send the information to the exact correct device and improves the security
of the network.

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Question 4
Each Virtual LAN or VLANS have separate broadcast domain. Each VLAN also has their own
MAC address table that it uses to send packets. The VLANS also contain the ports that are only
assigned to them. This creates a problem for the switch while sending a packet from PC 1 to PC
2 as each VLAN does not have the MAC address of the other device’s VLAN. To solve this
problem, it becomes essential to configure routing. This can be done only by using a router.
Hence, a router is needed to communicate between two VLANS between different devices.
Reflection Exercise
a) In the last two modules, I have learnt about IP address sub netting, MAC address, Switches,
Routers and Automatic Private IP Addressing. IP address is an address used to identify a unique
device in a network of devices. APIPA is a mechanism that is only present in windows OS and
can be used to auto allocate IP addresses in the absence of DHCP. Switches are used to send
information to different devices whose MAC addresses are stored in the switch’s information
table. IP address sub netting is done to allocate different IP addresses to separate devices on the
network from a single IP address. MAC address is an unique physical address of a device. All
these are core-networking technologies and will be very helpful for me in the future.
b) The concept of switches I found a bit difficult to comprehend as sharing of packets and
different networking layers are involved. The use of switches in VLAN is also hard for me to
understand. The concept of IP address sub netting is also quite confusing for me and I often get it
wrong.

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References
Comer, D.E., 2017. Computer networks and internets.
Hamadneh, N. and Murray, D., 2017, August. Private subnetting one (PS1), an algorithm for
private IPv4 address allocation. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on
Information Communication and Management (pp. 40-44). ACM.
Javed, F., Afzal, M.K., Sharif, M. and Kim, B.S., 2018. Internet of Things (IoT) Operating
Systems Support, Networking Technologies, Applications, and Challenges: A Comparative
Review. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 20(3), pp.2062-2100.
Kafle, V.P., Fukushima, Y. and Harai, H., 2016. Internet of things standardization in ITU and
prospective networking technologies. IEEE Communications Magazine, 54(9), pp.43-49.
Li, F., Wang, X., Cao, J., Wang, R. and Bi, Y., 2018. How DHCP Leases Meet Smart Terminals:
Emulation and Modeling. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(1), pp.56-68.
Medhi, D. and Ramasamy, K., 2017. Network routing: algorithms, protocols, and architectures.
Morgan Kaufmann.
Shurman, M.M., Al-Mistarihi, M.F. and Darabkh, K., 2016. Dynamic distribution of security
keys and IP addresses coalition protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. automatika, 57(4),
pp.1020-1034.
Zhang, N. and Lu, S., 2019. Automatic detection of fake Wi-Fi access points.

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